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Chen CC, Nargotra P, Kuo CH, Liu YC. High-Molecular-Weight Exopolysaccharides Production from Tuber brochii Cultivated by Submerged Fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054875. [PMID: 36902305 PMCID: PMC10002917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles are known worldwide for their peculiar taste, aroma, and nutritious properties, which increase their economic value. However, due to the challenges associated with the natural cultivation of truffles, including cost and time, submerged fermentation has turned out to be a potential alternative. Therefore, in the current study, the cultivation of Tuber borchii in submerged fermentation was executed to enhance the production of mycelial biomass, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), and intracellular polysaccharides (IPSs). The mycelial growth and EPS and IPS production was greatly impacted by the choice and concentration of the screened carbon and nitrogen sources. The results showed that sucrose (80 g/L) and yeast extract (20 g/L) yielded maximum mycelial biomass (5.38 ± 0.01 g/L), EPS (0.70 ± 0.02 g/L), and IPS (1.76 ± 0.01 g/L). The time course analysis of truffle growth revealed that the highest growth and EPS and IPS production was observed on the 28th day of the submerged fermentation. Molecular weight analysis performed by the gel permeation chromatography method revealed a high proportion of high-molecular-weight EPS when 20 g/L yeast extract was used as media and the NaOH extraction step was carried out. Moreover, structural analysis of the EPS using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that the EPS was β-(1-3)-glucan, which is known for its biomedical properties, including anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first FTIR analysis for the structural characterization of β-(1-3)-glucan (EPS) produced from Tuber borchii grown in submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
- Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (Y.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-7-3617141 (ext. 23646) (C.-H.K.); +886-4-22853769 (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (Y.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-7-3617141 (ext. 23646) (C.-H.K.); +886-4-22853769 (Y.-C.L.)
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Lemmond BR, Healy RA, Bonito G, Smith ME. Tuber eburneum and Tuber mujicii: New pine-associated Tuber species from eastern North America. Mycologia 2022; 114:575-586. [PMID: 35482507 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2037338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal truffle genus Tuber is widespread and diverse. Recent sampling of ascomata, ectomycorrhizal root tips, and environmental sequences has resulted in the identification of many Tuber species that cannot be assigned to described species and require formal description. Using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, we describe two North American Tuber species associated with pines (Pinus spp.). Tuber eburneum, sp. nov., is an early-diverging taxon in the Melanosporum clade that differs substantially from all other taxa in that clade due to its light-colored peridium and gleba, lack of peridial warts, and peridial hairs that are ornamented with small, irregular protrusions. Tuber mujicii, sp. nov., is a whitish truffle species in the Puberulum clade. Although T. mujicii is morphologically similar to many related taxa, it can be distinguished by a combination of characters, including peridium color, spore size, number of ascospores per ascus, and number of reticulations across the spore surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Lemmond
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Rosanne A Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611
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3
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Obase K. Morphological characteristics of ectomycorrhizas formed by in vitro synthesis between conifer seedlings and Tuber mycelial strains of the Puberulum clade isolated in Japan. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:39-44. [PMID: 37091220 PMCID: PMC10045830 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seedlings of Pinus densiflora and Abies sachalinensis were inoculated with Tuber mycelial strains of the Puberulum clade in vitro to examine the morphological characteristics of their ectomycorrhizas. Axenically germinated seedlings were inoculated with the mycelia of five taxa from the Puberulum clade and grown in glass jars for 4 mo in an illuminated incubator. The seedlings were successfully colonized by the inoculated Tuber strains, as confirmed by the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer barcoding of the synthesized ectomycorrhizas. The ectomycorrhizas were characterized by a pale yellow to brown color, short needle-shaped cystidia, and net-like hyphal arrangement, and epidermoid cells on the mantle surface; notably, these features are similar to the ectomycorrhizas of various Puberulum clade members. As the ectomycorrhizas of different Tuber species are indistinguishable by morphological characters, molecular techniques are necessary to identify ectomycorrhizas formed by Tuber species within the Puberulum clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obase
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
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Effect of Quercetin on Mycorrhizal Synthesis between Tuberborchii and Arbutusunedo L. In Vitro Plants. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean species used for fruit production; it is tolerant to drought and shows regeneration ability following forest fires. Mycorrhizal plants with Tuber borchii add resilience and value. This study aims to test the effect of quercetin on mycorrhizal synthesis between T. borchii and A. unedo. Two genotypes selected for fruit production and hydric stress tolerance, were micropropagated for mycorrhizal synthesis, accomplished during ex vitro rooting in perlite, using lyophilized spores of T. borchii suspended in culture media with different quercetin levels (0–10 µM). Six months after inoculation, plants were transferred to pots and maintained in nursery. Ten and 12 months after inoculation, roots were morphological examined and molecularly characterized using ITS1-5.8SITS2 rDNA region and specific primers. Results showed that mycorrhizae establishment was dependent on studied factors (genotype, quercetin level, and culture medium) and their interaction (genotype X culture medium). Quercetin levels up to 2.0 µM favored mycorrhizae establishment and plant growth, although levels superior to 4 µM showed a toxic effect. Quercetin showed to be an efficient factor on inducing mycorrhiza thriving independent of the genotype. Morphological observations and molecular analysis confirmed the permanence of the fungus association 10 and 12 months after inoculation.
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5
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Ori F, Leonardi M, Faccio A, Sillo F, Iotti M, Pacioni G, Balestrini R. Synthesis and ultrastructural observation of arbutoid mycorrhizae of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum). MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:715-723. [PMID: 33079241 PMCID: PMC7591440 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbutus unedo (the strawberry tree) is a Mediterranean shrub which forms arbutoid mycorrhizae with a variety of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. After the discovery of the mycorrhizal symbiosis between A. unedo and Tuber borchii, in this study, arbutoid mycorrhizae were synthetized in greenhouse with Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum. Six months after inoculation, both species colonized the roots of all inoculated A. unedo seedlings, but mature mycorrhizae were only observed after 12 months. Ultrastructure analysis of Tuber arbutoid mycorrhizae was described for the first time, showing, as observed in typical endosymbiosis, a rearrangement of host cells and the creation of an interface compartment with both truffle species. Immunolabelling experiments suggested that pectins are not present in the interface matrix surrounding the intracellular hyphae. Thus, the ability to establish symbiosis with A. unedo seems to be a common feature in the genus Tuber, opening up the possibility to use this plant for mycorrhization with valuable truffles. This could represent an important economic opportunity in Mediterranean areas by combining the production of truffles, edible fruits and valued honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ori
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Puliga F, Illice M, Iotti M, Baldo D, Zambonelli A. Tuber iranicum, sp. nov., a truffle species belonging to the Excavatum clade. Mycologia 2020; 112:932-940. [PMID: 32730126 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1783181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Truffles in the genus Tuber are hypogeus fungi that have a worldwide distribution. Despite this, knowledge about their diversity in the Middle East is very limited. In recent years, large quantities of truffles have been imported from Iran for being sold in Italy. While analyzing certain commercial batches of T. aestivum from Iran, we found some ascomata that resembled T. excavatum but had macro- and micromorphological features that were distinct from this species. They were subglobose, or depressed to slightly irregular, with a conspicuous basal cavity, grayish brown, brown, or pinkish gray, with a minutely papillose peridium. The gleba was pinkish gray in youth, brown at maturity, marbled with cream branched veins. Ascospores were broadly ellipsoid, with an irregular reticulum and distinctive long crests along the longitudinal axis, up to 9 µm high. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences showed that these specimens form a monphyletic and well-supported taxon within the Excavatum clade. Morphological and molecular analyses supported the proposal of the new species T. iranicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44 , 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Illice
- Department of Public Health, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Bologna, Via Cimarosa 5/2, 40033, Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio , 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - David Baldo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44 , 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44 , 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Exploration of Macrofungi in Sub-Tropical Semi-Evergreen Indian Forest Ecosystems. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02622-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Álvarez-Lafuente A, Benito-Matías LF, Peñuelas-Rubira JL, Suz LM. Multi-cropping edible truffles and sweet chestnuts: production of high-quality Castanea sativa seedlings inoculated with Tuber aestivum, its ecotype T. uncinatum, T. brumale, and T. macrosporum. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:29-38. [PMID: 29101543 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plantation and management of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) orchards is a common and traditional land use system in many areas of Europe that offers the advantage of simultaneous production of nuts and timber. During the last decades, sweet chestnut has declined dramatically in many regions because of the profound social changes in rural areas coupled with pathogen attacks. Truffles, the hypogeous ascocarps of the ectomycorrhizal genus Tuber, are currently cultivated using host trees inoculated with these fungi for improving production in truffle orchards. The production of good forestry quality chestnut seedlings inoculated with European truffles in nurseries is essential for multi-cropping plantation establishment, but so far, it has not been implemented in agroforestry practices. Moreover, it is necessary to assess the physiological condition of the seedlings due to the high calcium amendment needed for the growth of Tuber spp. mycelium that can become toxic for the host plants. In this study, seedlings of C. sativa were inoculated with Tuber aestivum and its ecotypes T. uncinatum, T. brumale, and T. macrosporum and were grown in a greenhouse using culture conditions favorable for the production of high-quality plants for forestry purposes. At the end of the assay, levels of root colonization and morphological and physiological parameters of the seedlings were measured. The colonization of C. sativa with T. aestivum, its ecotype T. uncinatum, and T. brumale was successful, and the seedlings showed normal growth. Inoculation protocols with T. macrosporum need to be improved. Tuber species formed well-developed ectomycorrhizae on C. sativa in nursery conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Álvarez-Lafuente
- TRAGSA CNRGF "El Serranillo," Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 19080, Guadalajara, Spain.
| | | | - Juan L Peñuelas-Rubira
- TRAGSA CNRGF "El Serranillo," Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 19080, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, England
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Wan SP, Yu FQ, Tang L, Wang R, Wang Y, Liu PG, Wang XH, Zheng Y. Ectomycorrhizae of Tuber huidongense and T. liyuanum with Castanea mollissima and Pinus armandii. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:249-256. [PMID: 26452572 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuber huidongense and T. liyuanum are common commercial white truffles in China that belong to the Rufum and Puberulum groups of the genus Tuber, respectively. Their mycorrhizae were successfully synthesized with two native trees--Castanea mollissima and Pinus armandii--under greenhouse conditions. The identities of the mycorrhizae were confirmed through internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analyses, and their morphological characteristics were described. All of the obtained mycorrhizae have an interlocking pseudoparenchymatous mantle, which is a typical feature of truffle mycorrhizae. The mycorrhizae of T. huidongense on the two trees have hyaline branched emanating hyphae, similar to the documented mycorrhizae of the Rufum group. The unramified, spiky, and hyaline cystidia on the mycorrhizae of T. liyuanum with both C. mollissima and P. armandii further confirmed that this characteristic is constant for the mycorrhizae of the Puberulum group. The successful mycorrhizal syntheses on the two nut-producing trees will be of economic importance in the cultivation of the two truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ping Wan
- College of Resource and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tang
- College of Resource and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Pei-Gui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- College of Resource and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650100, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Bonito GM, Smith ME. General Systematic Position of the Truffles: Evolutionary Theories. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Tuber magnatum: The Special One. What Makes It so Different from the Other Tuber spp.? SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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14
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Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Lumyong S. A new whitish truffle, Tuber thailandicum from northern Thailand and its ectomycorrhizal association. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Taschen E, Sauve M, Taudiere A, Parlade J, Selosse MA, Richard F. Whose truffle is this? Distribution patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in T
uber melanosporum
brûlés developed in multi-host Mediterranean plant communities. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2747-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Taschen
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Adrien Taudiere
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Javier Parlade
- Sustainable Plant Protection; IRTA; Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils km. 2 Cabrils, Barcelona 08348 Spain
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP 50, 45 rue Buffon Paris 75005 France
| | - Franck Richard
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
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