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Yadav A, Sharma V, Tsai ML, Sharma D, Nargotra P, Chen CW, Sun PP, Dong CD. Synergistic microwave and acidic deep eutectic solvent-based pretreatment of Theobroma cacao pod husk biomass for xylooligosaccharides production. Bioresour Technol 2024; 400:130702. [PMID: 38615968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into novel bioproducts is crucial for sustainable biorefineries, providing an integrated solution for circular economy objectives. The current study investigated a novel microwave-assisted acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment of waste cocoa pod husk (CPH) biomass to extract xylooligosaccharides (XOS). The sequential DES (choline chloride/citric acid, molar ratio 1:1) and microwave (450W) pretreatment of CPH biomass was effective in 67.3% xylan removal with a 52% XOS yield from total xylan. Among different XOS of varying degrees of polymerization, a higher xylobiose content corresponding to 69.3% of the total XOS (68.22 mg/g CPH) from liquid fraction was observed. Enzymatic hydrolysis of residual xylan from pretreated CPH biomass with low commercial xylanase (10 IU/g) concentration yielded 24.2% XOS. The MW-ChCl/citric acid synergistic pretreatment approach holds great promise for developing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method contributing to the sustainable production of XOS from agricultural waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Yadav
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Diksha Sharma
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Tsai MF, Nargotra P, Liao KT, Wang HMD, Tsai YH, Liu YC, Kuo CH. High oxidative stability of a complex fish liver oil nano-capsules in response to long-term storage, and to hyperthermal and sunlight exposure. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:3594-3605. [PMID: 38149759 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, a biocompatible nano-carrying platform using chitosan (ChI) and chondroitin sulfate (ChS) was developed for the encapsulation of cobia liver oil (CBLO) to prevent its oxidation and improve its absorption. An ionic gelation method was applied to encapsulate CBLO with different weight ratios (from 1.0 to 1.5) to obtain ChS-ChI nano-capsules (ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs). RESULTS Morphological observations of the nano-capsules revealed a spherical shape and diameter around 267-381 nm. The maximum loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) for ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs estimated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis were 25.7% and 56.2%, respectively. The structural stability of ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs was confirmed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; moreover DSC also further confirmed the oxidative stability of ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the excellent stability of ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs against high temperature and sunlight exposure. Biocompatibility analysis also verified the non-toxicity of ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs, further indicating safety and potential application in complex-nutritional supplements. CONCLUSION Nano-degree of ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs has a loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of around 16.5 ~ 25.7% and 33.4 ~ 56.2%, respectively, for encapsulation of CBLO. Characterization results also indicate that ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs display high oxidative stability against long-term, hyperthermal, and sunlight exposure. Bioassay results confirm that the ChS-ChI@CBLO NCs are safe and non-toxic. This study demonstrates that nano-capsules are also beneficial in preventing sensitive compounds from metamorphosis, and are non-toxic. These materials are suitable for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fong Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liao
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sharma V, Sharma D, Tsai ML, Ortizo RGG, Yadav A, Nargotra P, Chen CW, Sun PP, Dong CD. Insights into the recent advances of agro-industrial waste valorization for sustainable biogas production. Bioresour Technol 2023; 390:129829. [PMID: 37839650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a transition to a sustainable circular economy model that uses agro-industrial waste biomass waste to produce energy while reducing trash and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is an alternative option in the hunt for clean and renewable fuels. Different approaches are employed to transform the LCB to biogas, including pretreatment, anaerobic digestion (AD), and biogas upgradation to biomethane. To maintain process stability and improve AD performance, machine learning (ML) tools are being applied in real-time monitoring, predicting, and optimizing the biogas production process. An environmental life cycle assessment approach for biogas production systems is essential to calculate greenhouse gas emissions. The current review presents a detailed overview of the utilization of agro-waste for sustainable biogas production. Different methods of waste biomass processing and valorization are discussed that contribute towards developing an efficient agro-waste to biogas-based circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Diksha Sharma
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Rhessa Grace Guanga Ortizo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Aditya Yadav
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Dong CD, Tsai ML, Nargotra P, Kour B, Chen CW, Sun PP, Sharma V. Bioprocess development for the production of xylooligosaccharide prebiotics from agro-industrial lignocellulosic waste. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18316. [PMID: 37519746 PMCID: PMC10372396 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sustainable biorefineries and bioeconomy has been the mandate of most of the governments with major focus on restricting the climate change concerns and finding new strategies to maintain the global food supply chain. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are short-chain oligomers which due to their excellent prebiotic potential in the nutraceutical sector has attracted intense research focus in the recent years. The agro-industrial crop and food waste can be utilized for the production of XOS which are derived from hemicellulose fraction (xylan) of the lignocellulosic materials. The extraction of xylan, is traditionally achieved by acidic and alkaline pretreatments which, however, have limited industrial applications. The inclusion of cutting-edge and environmentally beneficial pretreatment methods and technologies such as deep eutectic solvents and green catalysts are preferred. Moreover, the extraction of xylans from biomass using combinatorial pretreatment approaches may help in economizing the whole bioprocess. The current review outlines the factors involved in the xylan extraction and depolymerization processes from different lignocellulosic biomass and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis for XOS production. The different types of oligosaccharides and their prebiotic potential for the growth of healthy gut bacteria have also been explained. The introduction of modern molecular technologies has also made it possible to identify enzymes and microorganisms with the desired characteristics for usage in XOS industrial production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, India
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Tsai MF, Huang CY, Nargotra P, Tang WR, Liao KT, Lee YC, Lin CM, Lin C, Shieh CJ, Kuo CH. Green extraction and purification of chondroitin sulfate from jumbo squid cartilage by a novel procedure combined with enzyme, ultrasound and hollow fiber dialysis. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:1711-1722. [PMID: 37187986 PMCID: PMC10169932 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (ChS) from marine sources is gaining attention. The purpose of this study was to extract ChS from jumbo squid cartilage (Dosidicus gigas) using ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE). An ultrasound with protease assistance, including either alcalase, papain or Protin NY100 was used to extract ChS. The results showed that alcalase had the best extraction efficiency. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the relationship between extraction conditions and extraction yield of ChS. The ridge max analysis revealed a maximum extraction yield of 11.9 mg ml- 1 with an extraction temperature of 59.40 °C, an extraction time of 24.01 min, a pH of 8.25, and an alcalase concentration of 3.60%. Compared to ethanol precipitation, purification using a hollow fiber dialyzer (HFD) had a higher extraction yield of 62.72% and purity of 85.96%. The structure characteristics of ChS were identified using FTIR, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR to confirm that the purified ChS structure was present in the form of chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. The results of this study provide a green and efficient process for extraction and purification of ChS and are essential for the use of ChS for the development and production of nutrient food products or pharmaceuticals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05701-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fong Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Tang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liao
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Lin
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chwen-Jen Shieh
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
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Yadav A, Sharma V, Tsai ML, Chen CW, Sun PP, Nargotra P, Wang JX, Dong CD. Development of lignocellulosic biorefineries for the sustainable production of biofuels: Towards circular bioeconomy. Bioresour Technol 2023; 381:129145. [PMID: 37169207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The idea of environment friendly and affordable renewable energy resources has prompted the industry to focus on the set up of biorefineries for sustainable bioeconomy. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is considered as an abundantly available renewable feedstock for the production of biofuels which can potentially reduce the dependence on petrochemical refineries. By utilizing various conversion technologies, an integrated biorefinery platform of LCB can be created, embracing the idea of the 'circular bioeconomy'. The development of effective pretreatment methods and biocatalytic systems by various bioengineering and machine learning approaches could reduce the bioprocessing costs, thereby making biomass-based biorefinery more sustainable. This review summarizes the development and advances in the lignocellulosic biorefineries from the LCB to the final product stage using various different state-of-the-art approaches for the progress of circular bioeconomy. The life cycle assessment which generates knowledge on the environmental impacts related to biofuel production chains is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Yadav
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Xiang Wang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Sharma V, Tsai ML, Chen CW, Sun PP, Nargotra P, Dong CD. Advances in machine learning technology for sustainable advanced biofuel production systems in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Sci Total Environ 2023; 886:163972. [PMID: 37164089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In view of the global climate change concerns, the society is approaching towards the development of 'green' and renewable energies for sustainable future. The non-renewable fossil fuels may be largely replaced by renewable energy sources, which could facilitate sustainable growth, energy development and lessen the reliance on conventional energy sources. The traditional methods employed in biorefineries to estimate the data values for the biofuel production systems are often complicated, time-consuming and labour-intensive. Modern machine learning (ML) technologies hold enormous potential in managing high-dimensional complex scientific tasks and improving decision-making in energy distribution networks and systems. The data-driven probabilistic ML algorithms could be applied to smart biofuel systems and networks that may reduce the cost of experimental research while providing accurate estimates of product yields. The current review demonstrates a thorough understanding of the application of different ML models to regulate and monitor the production of biofuels from waste biomass through prediction, optimization and real-time monitoring. The in-depth analysis of the most recent advancements in ML-assisted biofuel production methods, including thermochemical and biochemical processes is provided. Moreover, the ML models in addressing the issues of biofuel supply chains, case studies, scientific challenges and future direction in ML applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Tran CTH, Nargotra P, Pham HTC, Lieu DM, Huynh PK, Wang HMD, Dong CD, Kuo CH. The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin as debittering agents on bitterness and physicochemical properties of bitter gourd extract. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:1521-1529. [PMID: 37033307 PMCID: PMC10076475 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Bitter gourd extract (BGE) is rich in antioxidants and anti-diabetic components that promote good human health; however, its bitter taste makes it challenging to use in food. In this study, the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the bitterness and properties of BGE were investigated. The bitterness intensity was evaluated by the trained sensory panel, and the physicochemical properties were also determined, including viscosity, total saponin, polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, and α-amylase inhibition activity. It was found that the bitterness of BGE with 0.75%, w/v β-cyclodextrin decreased significantly by more than 90%. Additionally, FTIR, 1 H-NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis of BGE supplemented with β-CD confirmed the formation of a complex between β-CD and components of BGE. The findings of the current study also reveal that debittering agents did not inhibit the bioactivities of BGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cam Thi Hong Tran
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le TrongTan Street, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Thanh Ward Vietnam
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Hoa Thi Cam Pham
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le TrongTan Street, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Thanh Ward Vietnam
| | - Dong My Lieu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le TrongTan Street, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Thanh Ward Vietnam
| | - Phung Kim Huynh
- Hutech Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University, Dien Bien Phu Street, Ward 25, Ho Chi Minh, Binh Thanh Vietnam
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
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Sharma V, Tsai ML, Sun PP, Chen CW, Nargotra P, Dong CD. Sequential ultrasound assisted deep eutectic solvent-based protein extraction from Sacha inchi meal biomass: towards circular bioeconomy. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:1425-1434. [PMID: 36936123 PMCID: PMC10020387 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The need for high-quality dietary proteins has risen over the years with improvements in the quality of life. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been regarded as potential green alternatives to conventional organic solvents for protein extraction from press cake biomass, meeting the needs of sustainable development goals. Sacha inchi seed meal (SIM) is generated as a by-product of the seed oil extraction industries containing high protein content. The current study presents a novel ultrasound assisted DES method for the extraction of SIM protein in a sequential manner. Four different DESs were screened, out of which choline chloride (ChCl)/glycerol (1:2) gave promising results in protein recovery and was further selected. The sequential ultrasound-ChCl/glycerol could effectively extract high total crude protein content (77.43%) from SIM biomass compared to alone ultrasound (29.21%) or ChCl/glycerol (58.32%) treatment strategies. The SIM protein extracted from ultrasound-ChCl/glycerol exhibited high solubility (94.39%) at alkaline pH and highest in vitro digestibility (71.16%) by digestive enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). The protein characterization by SDS-PAGE and FTIR elucidated the structural properties and presence of different functional groups of SIM protein. Overall, the sequential ultrasound-ChCl/glycerol revealed its significant potential for one-step biorefining of the waste Sacha inchi meal biomass for circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Nargotra P, Kuo CH, Liu YC. High-Molecular-Weight Exopolysaccharides Production from Tuber brochii Cultivated by Submerged Fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054875. [PMID: 36902305 PMCID: PMC10002917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles are known worldwide for their peculiar taste, aroma, and nutritious properties, which increase their economic value. However, due to the challenges associated with the natural cultivation of truffles, including cost and time, submerged fermentation has turned out to be a potential alternative. Therefore, in the current study, the cultivation of Tuber borchii in submerged fermentation was executed to enhance the production of mycelial biomass, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), and intracellular polysaccharides (IPSs). The mycelial growth and EPS and IPS production was greatly impacted by the choice and concentration of the screened carbon and nitrogen sources. The results showed that sucrose (80 g/L) and yeast extract (20 g/L) yielded maximum mycelial biomass (5.38 ± 0.01 g/L), EPS (0.70 ± 0.02 g/L), and IPS (1.76 ± 0.01 g/L). The time course analysis of truffle growth revealed that the highest growth and EPS and IPS production was observed on the 28th day of the submerged fermentation. Molecular weight analysis performed by the gel permeation chromatography method revealed a high proportion of high-molecular-weight EPS when 20 g/L yeast extract was used as media and the NaOH extraction step was carried out. Moreover, structural analysis of the EPS using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that the EPS was β-(1-3)-glucan, which is known for its biomedical properties, including anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first FTIR analysis for the structural characterization of β-(1-3)-glucan (EPS) produced from Tuber borchii grown in submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
- Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (Y.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-7-3617141 (ext. 23646) (C.-H.K.); +886-4-22853769 (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (Y.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-7-3617141 (ext. 23646) (C.-H.K.); +886-4-22853769 (Y.-C.L.)
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11
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Sharma V, Tsai ML, Nargotra P, Chen CW, Sun PP, Singhania RR, Patel AK, Dong CD. Journey of lignin from a roadblock to bridge for lignocellulose biorefineries: A comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 861:160560. [PMID: 36574559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The grave concerns arisen as a result of environmental pollution and diminishing fossil fuel reserves in the 21st century have shifted the focus on the use of sustainable and environment friendly alternative resources. Lignocellulosic biomass constituted by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is an abundantly available natural bioresource. Lignin, a natural biopolymer has over the years gained much importance as a high value material with commercial importance. The present review provides an in-depth knowledge on the journey of lignin from being considered a roadblock to a bridge connecting diverse industries with widescale applications. The successful valorization of lignin for the production of bio-based platform chemicals and fuels has been the subject of intensive investigation. A deeper understanding of lignin characteristics and factors governing the biomass conversion into valuable products can support improved biomass consumption. The components of lignocellulosic biomass might be totally transformed into a variety of value-added products with the improvements in bioprocess techniques that valorize lignin. In this review, the recent advances in the lignin extraction and depolymerization methods that may help in achieving the cost-economics of the bioprocess are summarized and compared. The industrial potential of lignin-derived products such as aromatics, biopolymers, biofuels and agrochemicals are also outlined. Additionally, assessment of the recent research trends in lignin valorization into value-added chemicals has been done and present scenario of technological-industrial applications of lignin with economic perspectives is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Sharma V, Tsai ML, Chen CW, Sun PP, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Nargotra P, Dong CD. Deep eutectic solvents as promising pretreatment agents for sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries: A review. Bioresour Technol 2022; 360:127631. [PMID: 35850394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing reliance on non-renewable fuels has shifted research attention to environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources.The inherently recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) makes downstream processing of the bioprocess challenging. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are popular and inexpensive green liquids found effective for LCB valorisation. DESs have negligible vapor-pressure and are non-flammable, recyclable, cost-economic, and thermochemically stable. This review provides a detailed overview on the DESs types, properties and their role in effective delignification and enzymatic digestibility of polysaccharides for cost-effective conversion of LCB into biofuels and bioproducts. The conglomeration of DESs with assistive pretreatment techniques can augment the process of biomass deconstruction. The current challenges in upscaling the DESs-based pretreatment technology up to commercial scale is summarized, with possible solutions and future directions. These insights would fill the knowledge-gaps to towards development of lignocellulosic biorefineries and to address the global energy crisis and environment issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | | | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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13
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Sharma S, Nargotra P, Sharma V, Bangotra R, Kaur M, Kapoor N, Paul S, Bajaj BK. Nanobiocatalysts for efficacious bioconversion of ionic liquid pretreated sugarcane tops biomass to biofuel. Bioresour Technol 2021; 333:125191. [PMID: 33951579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the hydrolysis of ionic liquid (IL) pretreated sugarcane tops (SCT) biomass with in-house developed IL-stable enzyme preparation, from a fungal isolate Aspergillus flavus PN3. Maximum reducing sugar yield (181.18 mg/g biomass) was obtained from tris (2-hydroxyethyl) methylammonium-methylsulfate ([TMA]MeSO4) pretreated biomass. Pretreatment parameters were optimized to attain enhanced sugar yield (1.57-fold). Functional mechanism of IL mediated pretreatment of SCT biomass was elucidated by SEM, XRD, FTIR and 1H NMR studies. Furthermore, nanobiocatalysts prepared by immobilization of enzyme preparation by covalent coupling on magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with amino-propyl triethoxysilane, were assessed for their hydrolytic efficacy and reusability. Nanobiocatalysts were examined by SEM and FTIR analysis for substantiation of immobilization. This is the first ever report of application of magnetic nanobiocatalysts for saccharification of IL-pretreated sugarcane tops biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Ridhika Bangotra
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Nisha Kapoor
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Satya Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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Sharma S, Sharma V, Nargotra P, Bajaj BK. Bioprocess development for production of a process-apt xylanase with multifaceted application potential for a range of industrial processes. SN Appl Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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15
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Nargotra P, Sharma V, Bajaj BK. Consolidated bioprocessing of surfactant-assisted ionic liquid-pretreated Parthenium hysterophorus L. biomass for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 2019; 289:121611. [PMID: 31207414 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents the first ever report of surfactant (Tween-20) assisted ionic liquid IL, (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methane sulphonate [Emim][MeSO3]) pretreatment of Parthenium hysterophorus biomass, its saccharification by in-house developed enzyme cocktail from Aspergillus aculeatus PN14, and fermentation of sugars to bioethanol under consolidated bioprocess. Optimization of pretreatment process variables viz. biomass loading, temperature and time, resulted in enhanced sugar yield (40.1%) upon saccharification of pretreated biomass with IL-stable cellulase and xylanase enzymes from an IL-tolerant newly isolated fungus Aspergillus aculeatus PN14. Physicochemical analysis of surfactant assisted IL-pretreated biomass by SEM, FT-IR and XRD provided molecular insights into inter/intra molecular ultrastructural changes in the biomass that eased the saccharification. Thorough understanding of chemical/molecular structure of biomass may help developing customized pretreatment regimes of apt severity which might result in enhanced accessibility of enzymes to biomass, and hence more sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parushi Nargotra
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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Sharma V, Nargotra P, Bajaj BK. Ultrasound and surfactant assisted ionic liquid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enhancing saccharification using enzymes from an ionic liquid tolerant Aspergillus assiutensis VS34. Bioresour Technol 2019; 285:121319. [PMID: 30981012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment represents an effective strategy for effective fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) to fermentable sugars in a biorefinery. Optimization of combinatorial pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl) and surfactant (PEG-8000) resulted in enhanced sugar yield (16.5%) upon enzymatic saccharification. The saccharification enzymes (cellulase and xylanase) used in the current study were in-house produced from a novel IL-tolerant fungal strain Aspergillus assiutensis VS34, isolated from chemically polluted soil, which produced adequately IL-stable enzymes. This is the first ever report of IL-stable cellulase/xylanase enzyme from Aspergillus assiutensis. To get the mechanistic insights of combinatorial pretreatment physicochemical analysis of variously pretreated biomass was executed using SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and 1H NMR studies. The combined action of IL, surfactant and ultrasound had very severe and distinct effects on the ultrastructure of biomass that subsequently resulted in enhanced accessibility of saccharification enzymes to biomass, and increased sugar yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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17
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Nargotra P, Sharma V, Gupta M, Kour S, Bajaj BK. Application of ionic liquid and alkali pretreatment for enhancing saccharification of sunflower stalk biomass for potential biofuel-ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 2018; 267:560-568. [PMID: 30053714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels/chemicals has recently gained immense research momentum. Current study reports sequential pretreatment of sunflower stalk (SFS) biomass in a combinatorial regime involving alkali (NaOH) and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride. The pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic digestibility, and resulted in increased sugar yield (163.42 mg/g biomass) as compared to standalone pretreatment using alkali (97.38 mg/g biomass) or ionic liquid (79.6 mg/g biomass). Ultrastructural and morphological analysis (FTIR and SEM) of pretreated biomass showed that the combined ionic liquid and alkali pretreatment causes more drastic alterations in the biomass ultrastructure as compared to alone ionic liquid or alkali pretreatment. Thus, combined pretreatment led to ease of enzymatic saccharification and consequent increased sugar yield, and this observation was corroborated by physicochemical analysis of the pretreated biomass. The pretreated SFS biomass was subjected to consolidated bioprocessing for its direct conversion to bioethanol in a single vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parushi Nargotra
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Mahak Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Simranjeet Kour
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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Sharma S, Sharma V, Nargotra P, Bajaj BK. Process desired functional attributes of an endoxylanase of GH10 family from a new strain of Aspergillus terreus S9. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:663-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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