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Graziosi S, Puliga F, Iotti M, Amicucci A, Zambonelli A. In vitro interactions between Bradyrhizobium spp. and Tuber magnatum mycelium. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13271. [PMID: 38692852 PMCID: PMC11062863 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Tuber magnatum is the most expensive truffle, but its large-scale cultivation is still a challenge compared to other valuable Tuber species. T. magnatum mycelium has never been grown profitably until now, which has led to difficulties to studying it in vitro. This study describes beneficial interactions between T. magnatum mycelium and never before described bradyrhizobia, which allows the in vitro growth of T. magnatum mycelium. Three T. magnatum strains were co-isolated on modified Woody Plant Medium (mWPM) with aerobic bacteria and characterised through microscopic observations. The difficulties of growing alone both partners, bacteria and T. magnatum mycelium, on mWPM demonstrated the reciprocal dependency. Three bacterial isolates for each T. magnatum strain were obtained and molecularly characterised by sequencing the 16S rRNA, glnII, recA and nifH genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all nine bacterial strains were distributed among five subclades included in a new monophyletic lineage belonging to the Bradyrhizobium genus within the Bradyrhizobium jicamae supergroup. The nifH genes were detected in all bacterial isolates, suggesting nitrogen-fixing capacities. This is the first report of consistent T. magnatum mycelium growth in vitro conditions. It has important implications for the development of new technologies in white truffle cultivation and for further studies on T. magnatum biology and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Graziosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental ScienceUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
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Ori F, Leonardi M, Puliga F, Lancellotti E, Pacioni G, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community and Ascoma Production in a Declining Tuber borchii Plantation. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:678. [PMID: 37367614 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuber borchii is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom of considerable economic value. Its cultivation has become popular in recent years, but there are few studies on the factors affecting its productivity. In this work, the ascoma production and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community of a T. borchii plantation, established in an intensive farming area where this truffle is not naturally present, were studied. Tuber borchii production drastically declined from 2016 to 2021, and ascomata of other Tuber species (T. maculatum and T. rufum) were found from 2017. Molecular characterization of ectomycorrhizae carried out in 2016 identified 21 ECM fungal species, of which T. maculatum (22%) and Tomentella coerulea (19%) were the most abundant. Tuber borchii ectomycorrizae (16%) were almost entirely confined to the fruiting points. The diversity and structure of the ECM community on Pinus pinea were significantly different from those observed on hardwood trees. The obtained results suggest that T. maculatum (a native of the study site) tends to replace T. borchii through a mechanism of competitive exclusion. Although T. borchii cultivation is possible in suboptimal environments, particular care should be taken to limit competition with ECM fungi more suitable for local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ori
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Bucci A, Monaco P, Naclerio G. Tuber magnatum Picco: the challenge to identify ascoma-associated bacteria as markers for geographic traceability. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1142214. [PMID: 37260692 PMCID: PMC10227511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1142214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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4
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Nakano S, Kinoshita A, Obase K, Nakamura N, Furusawa H, Noguchi K, Yamanaka T. Physiological characteristics of pure cultures of a white-colored truffle <i>Tuber japonicum</i>. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:53-57. [PMID: 37092006 PMCID: PMC9999085 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A white-colored truffle Tuber japonicum, indigenous to Japan, is an ascomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungus. To clarify the physiological characteristics of this fungus, we investigated the influence of culture medium, temperature, and sources of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) on the growth of five strains. Tuber japonicum strains grew better on malt extract and modified Melin-Norkrans medium, and showed peak growth at 20 °C or 25 °C. This fungus utilized inorganic (NH4 + and NO3 -) and organic N sources (casamino acids, glutamine, peptone, urea, and yeast extract). Additionally, this fungus utilized various C sources, such as monosaccharide (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, and mannose), disaccharide (maltose, sucrose, and trehalose), polysaccharide (dextrin and soluble starch), and sugar alcohol (mannitol). However, nutrient sources that promote growth and their effects on growth promotion widely varied among strains. This can result from the strain difference in enzyme activities involved in the assimilation and metabolism of these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | | | | | | | - Kyotaro Noguchi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
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Monaco P, Bucci A, Naclerio G, Mello A. Heterogeneity of the white truffle Tuber magnatum in a limited geographic area of Central-Southern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:591-599. [PMID: 33943006 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molise region (Central-Southern Italy) is one of the Italian richest areas of truffles and contributes significantly to the national production of the precious Tuber magnatum. Nevertheless, Molise truffle has received little scientific attention. Accordingly, in the present study, two T. magnatum populations collected in two different sites of Molise region were characterised from a morphological, genetic and microbiological point of view. A considerable variability between and within the two analysed groups emerged, suggesting an interesting heterogeneity of Molise white truffle populations. Ascocarps of the two groups significantly differed in size and maturation degree, although no linear correlation between weight and maturity was found. Genetic investigations focused on the Sequence-Characterised Amplified Region SCAR A21-inf. Three haplotypes, randomly distributed within the two truffle groups regardless of their collection sites, were detected. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing provided an overview of the composition of the ascocarp-associated bacterial communities. A predominance of α-Proteobacteria was observed, with Bradyrhizobium among the main genera. However, some truffles showed unusual microbial profiles, with Pedobacter, Polaromonas and other bacterial genera as dominant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Monaco
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche (IS), 86090, Italy
| | - Antonio Bucci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche (IS), 86090, Italy
| | - Gino Naclerio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche (IS), 86090, Italy
| | - Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Turin Unit, National Research Council, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, Turin, 10125, Italy
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Comparative metabolome classification of desert truffles Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia boudieri via its aroma and nutrients profile. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Obase K, Yamanaka S, Kinoshita A, Tamai Y, Yamanaka T. Phylogenetic placements and cultural characteristics of Tuber species isolated from ectomycorrhizas. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:124-131. [PMID: 37089255 PMCID: PMC9157752 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pure cultures of Tuber were isolated from ectomycorrhizal root tips in Abies sachalinensis plantations in Hokkaido, Japan. Their phylogenetic relationships as well as vegetative hyphal characteristics on culture media were reported. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer within ribosomal DNA settled well-supported eight lineages within Puberulum, Latisporum, and Maculatum clades in Tuber. Three and one lineages were grouped with undescribed species of Puberulum clade in Japan and that of the Latisporum group in China, respectively. Two lineages were closely associated to but distinct from an undescribed species of Puberulum clade in Japan. One lineage did not group with any sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSD), proposing a new taxon in the Latisporum group. One lineage was grouped with T. foetidum in Maculatum clade. All strains in each lineage displayed yellowish white, thin, filamentous colonies on Melin-Norkrans agar medium. Various differences in morphological characteristics of hyphae on pure cultures of various strains were noted, but they were frequently uncommon among strains of the same taxa. Isolation from ectomycorrhizal root tips can be among the effective ways to acquire pure cultures of Tuber strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obase
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | - Satoshi Yamanaka
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | - Yutaka Tamai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
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Guerin-Laguette A. Successes and challenges in the sustainable cultivation of edible mycorrhizal fungi – furthering the dream. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:10-28. [PMID: 37090021 PMCID: PMC9157773 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) has made great progress since the first cultivation of Tuber melanosporum in 1977 but remains in its infancy. Five cultivation steps are required: (1) mycorrhizal synthesis, (2) mycorrhiza development and acclimation, (3) out-planting of mycorrhizal seedlings, (4) onset of fructification, and (5) performing tree orchards. We provide examples of successes and challenges associated with each step, including fruiting of the prestigious chanterelles in Japan recently. We highlight the challenges in establishing performing tree orchards. We report on the monitoring of two orchards established between Lactarius deliciosus (saffron milk cap) and pines in New Zealand. Saffron milk caps yields reached 0.4 and 1100 kg/ha under Pinus radiata and P. sylvestris 6 and 9 y after planting, respectively. Canopy closure began under P. radiata 7 y after planting, followed by a drastic reduction of yields, while P. sylvestris yields still hovered at 690 to 780 kg/ha after 11 y, without canopy closure. The establishment of full-scale field trials to predict yields is crucial to making the cultivation of EMF a reality in tomorrow's cropping landscape. Sustainable EMF cultivation utilizing trees in non-forested land could contribute to carbon storage, while providing revenue and other ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Guerin-Laguette
- Microbial Systems for Plant Protection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
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9
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Monaco P, Toumi M, Sferra G, Tóth E, Naclerio G, Bucci A. The bacterial communities of Tuber aestivum: preliminary investigations in Molise region, Southern Italy. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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11
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Nakano S, Kinoshita A, Obase K, Nakamura N, Furusawa H, Noguchi K, Yamanaka T. Influence of pH on in vitro mycelial growth in three Japanese truffle species: Tuber japonicum, T. himalayense, and T. longispinosum. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Khalifa SA, Farag MA, Yosri N, Sabir JS, Saeed A, Al-Mousawi SM, Taha W, Musharraf SG, Patel S, El-Seedi HR. Truffles: From Islamic culture to chemistry, pharmacology, and food trends in recent times. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Leonardi P, Murat C, Puliga F, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. Ascoma genotyping and mating type analyses of mycorrhizas and soil mycelia of Tuber borchii in a truffle orchard established by mycelial inoculated plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:964-975. [PMID: 31393668 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuber borchii (the Bianchetto truffle) is a heterothallic Ascomycete living in symbiotic association with trees and shrubs. Maternal and paternal genotype dynamics have already been studied for the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum but not yet for T. borchii. In this study, we analysed maternal and paternal genotypes in the first truffle orchard realized with plants inoculated with five different T. borchii mycelia. Our aims were to test the persistence of the inoculated mycelia, if maternal and/or paternal genotypes correspond to inoculated mycelia and to assess the hermaphroditism of T. borchii. The mating type of each isolate as well as those of mycorrhizas, ascomata and extraradical soil mycelia was determined. Moreover, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles of maternal and paternal genotypes were assessed in 18 fruiting bodies to investigate the sexual behaviour of this truffle. The maternal genotypes of the fruiting bodies corresponded to those of the inoculated mycelia with only two exceptions. This confirmed that the inoculated mycelia persisted 9 years after plantation. As regards paternal partner, only two had the same genotype as those of the inoculated mycelia, suggesting hermaphroditism. Most of the new paternal genotypes originated from a recombination of those of inoculated mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Li X, Zhang X, Yang M, Yan L, Kang Z, Xiao Y, Tang P, Ye L, Zhang B, Zou J, Liu C. Tuber borchii Shapes the Ectomycorrhizosphere Microbial Communities of Corylus avellana. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:180-190. [PMID: 31448138 PMCID: PMC6691893 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1615297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eight-month-old ectomycorrhizae of Tuber borchii with Corylus avellana were synthesized to explore the influence of T. borchii colonization on the soil properties and the microbial communities associated with C. avellana during the early symbiotic stage. The results showed that the bacterial richness and diversity in the ectomycorrhizae were significantly higher than those in the control roots, whereas the fungal diversity was not changed in response to T. borchii colonization. Tuber was the dominant taxon (82.97%) in ectomycorrhizae. Some pathogenic fungi, including Ilyonectria and Podospora, and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Hymenochaete, had significantly lower abundance in the T. borchii inoculation treatment. It was found that the ectomycorrhizae of C. avellana contained some more abundant bacterial genera (e.g., Rhizobium, Pedomicrobium, Ilumatobacter, Streptomyces, and Geobacillus) and fungal genera (e.g., Trechispora and Humicola) than the control roots. The properties of rhizosphere soils were also changed by T. borchii colonization, like available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium, which indicated a feedback effect of mycorrhizal synthesis on soil properties. Overall, this work highlighted the interactions between the symbionts and the microbes present in the host, which shed light on our understanding of the ecological functions of T. borchii and facilitate its commercial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Zongjing Kang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujun Xiao
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
| | - Ping Tang
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
- CONTACT Chengyi Liu
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Arenas F, Navarro-Ródenas A, Chávez D, Gutiérrez A, Pérez-Gilabert M, Morte A. Mycelium of Terfezia claveryi as inoculum source to produce desert truffle mycorrhizal plants. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:691-701. [PMID: 30238152 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first desert truffle species to be cultivated, the mycorrhizal plants being successfully produced by using both desert truffle spores and mycelia. However, it is more advisable to use mycelium than spores whenever possible and profitable. Given the low yields of mycelia obtained using traditional culture methods of this truffle, the medium composition was modified in an attempt to determine its nutritional requirements. For this, an assay involving response surface methodology was performed using Box-Behnken design to find the optimal parameters for the high production of mycelial biomass. The best results were obtained with glucose as carbon source, buffering the pH at 5 during culture, adding a pool of vitamins, and adjusting the optimal concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources of the MMN medium. Biomass production increased from 0.3 to 3 g L-1 dry weight and productivity increased from 10.7 to 95.8 mg L-1 day-1 dry weight. The produced mycelium was able to colonize Helianthemum roots efficiently, providing more than 50% ectomycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel Chávez
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Vegetal, Campus Los Ángeles, Universidad de Concepción, Escuela de Ciencias y Tecnologías, Los Angeles, Chile
| | - Almudena Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuela Pérez-Gilabert
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campues de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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16
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Li Q, Yan L, Ye L, Zhou J, Zhang B, Peng W, Zhang X, Li X. Chinese Black Truffle ( Tuber indicum) Alters the Ectomycorrhizosphere and Endoectomycosphere Microbiome and Metabolic Profiles of the Host Tree Quercus aliena. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2202. [PMID: 30283422 PMCID: PMC6156548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles are one group of the most famous ectomycorrhizal fungi in the world. There is little information on the ecological mechanisms of truffle ectomycorrhizal synthesis in vitro. In this study, we investigated the ecological effects of Tuber indicum – Quercus aliena ectomycorrhizal synthesis on microbial communities in the host plant roots and the surrounding soil using high-throughput sequencing and on the metabolic profiles of host plant roots using metabolomics approaches. We observed an increase in the diversity and richness of prokaryotic communities and a decrease in richness of fungal communities in the presence of T. indicum. The microbial community structures in the host roots and the surrounding soil were altered by ectomycorrhizal synthesis in the greenhouse. Bacterial genera Pedomicrobium, Variibacter, and Woodsholea and fungal genera Aspergillus, Phaeoacremonium, and Pochonia were significantly more abundant in ectomycorhizae and the ectomycorrhizosphere soil compared with the corresponding T. indicum-free controls (P < 0.05). Truffle-colonization reduced the abundance of some fungal genera surrounding the host tree, such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Putative prokaryotic metabolic functions and fungal functional groups (guilds) were also differentiated by ectomycorrhizal synthesis. The ectomycorrhizal synthesis had great impact on the measured soil physicochemical properties. Metabolic profiling analysis uncovered 55 named differentially abundant metabolites between the ectomycorhizae and the control roots, including 44 upregulated and 11 downregulated metabolites. Organic acids and carbohydrates were two major upregulated metabolites in ectomycorhizae, which were found formed dense interactions with other metabolites, suggesting their crucial roles in sustaining the metabolic functions in the truffle ectomycorrhization system. This study revealed the effects of truffle-colonization on the metabolites of ectomycorrhiza and illustrates an interactive network between truffles, the host plant, soil and associated microbial communities, shedding light on understanding the ecological effects of truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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17
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Vahdatzadeh M, Splivallo R. Improving truffle mycelium flavour through strain selection targeting volatiles of the Ehrlich pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9304. [PMID: 29915180 PMCID: PMC6006436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles (Tuber spp.) are the fruiting bodies of symbiotic fungi, which are prized food delicacies. The marked aroma variability observed among truffles of the same species has been attributed to a series of factors that are still debated. This is because factors (i.e. genetics, maturation, geographical location and the microbial community colonizing truffles) often co-vary in truffle orchards. Here, we removed the co-variance effect by investigating truffle flavour in axenic cultures of nine strains of the white truffle Tuber borchii. This allowed us to investigate the influence of genetics on truffle aroma. Specifically, we quantified aroma variability and explored whether strain selection could be used to improve human-sensed truffle flavour. Our results illustrate that aroma variability among strains is predominantly linked to amino acid catabolism through the Ehrlich pathway, as confirmed by 13C labelling experiments. We furthermore exemplified through sensory analysis that the human nose is able to distinguish among strains and that sulfur volatiles derived from the catabolism of methionine have the strongest influence on aroma characteristics. Overall, our results demonstrate that genetics influences truffle aroma much more deeply than previously thought and illustrate the usefulness of strain selection for improving truffle flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Mello A, Balestrini R. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Interactions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29497408 PMCID: PMC5818412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of most terrestrial plants are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. They play a key role in terrestrial environments influencing soil structure and ecosystem functionality. Around them a peculiar region, the mycorrhizosphere, develops. This is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil and microorganisms interact. Interest in this fascinating environment has increased over the years. For a long period the knowledge of the microbial populations in the rhizosphere has been limited, because they have always been studied by traditional culture-based techniques. These methods, which only allow the study of cultured microorganisms, do not allow the characterization of most organisms existing in nature. The introduction in the last few years of methodologies that are independent of culture techniques has bypassed this limitation. This together with the development of high-throughput molecular tools has given new insights into the biology, evolution, and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations, as well as, the molecular dialog between plants and fungi. The genomes of many mycorrhizal fungal species have been sequenced so far allowing to better understanding the lifestyle of these fungi, their sexual reproduction modalities and metabolic functions. The possibility to detect the mycelium and the mycorrhizae of heterothallic fungi has also allowed to follow the spatial and temporal distributional patterns of strains of different mating types. On the other hand, the availability of the genome sequencing from several mycorrhizal fungi with a different lifestyle, or belonging to different groups, allowed to verify the common feature of the mycorrhizal symbiosis as well as the differences on how different mycorrhizal species interact and dialog with the plant. Here, we will consider the aspects described before, mainly focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plants and other soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Torino Unit, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
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19
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Picceri GG, Leonardi P, Iotti M, Gallo M, Baldi F, Zambonelli A, Amicucci A, Vallorani L, Piccoli G, Ciccimarra G, Arshakyan M, Burattini S, Falcieri E, Chiarantini L. Bacteria-produced ferric exopolysaccharide nanoparticles as iron delivery system for truffles (Tuber borchii). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1429-1441. [PMID: 29189902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron exopolysaccharide nanoparticles were biogenerated during ferric citrate fermentation by Klebsiella oxytoca DSM 29614. Before investigating their effects on Tuber borchii ("bianchetto" truffle) mycelium growth and morphology, they were tested on human K562 cell line and Lentinula edodes pure culture and shown to be non-toxic. Using these nanoparticles as iron supplement, the truffles showed extremely efficient iron uptake of over 300 times that of a commercial product. This avoided morphological changes in T. borchii due to lack of iron during growth and, with optimum nanoparticle dosage, increased growth without cell wall disruption or alteration of protoplasmatic hyphal content, the nuclei, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticula being preserved. No significant modifications in gene expression were observed. These advantages derive from the completely different mechanism of iron delivery to mycelia compared to commercial iron supplements. The present data, in fact, show the nanoparticles attached to the cell wall, then penetrating it non-destructively without damage to cell membrane, mitochondria, chromatin, or ribosome. Low dosage significantly improved mycelium growth, without affecting hyphal morphology. Increases in hyphal diameter and septal distance indicated a healthier state of the mycelia compared to those grown in the absence of iron or with a commercial iron supplement. These positive effects were confirmed by measuring fungal biomass as mycelium dry weight, total protein, and ergosterol content. This "green" method for biogenerating iron exopolysaccharide nanoparticles offers many advantages, including significant economic savings, without toxic effects on the ectomycorrhizal fungus, opening the possibility of using them as iron supplements in truffle plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Giusi Picceri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio (Coppito), 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Gallo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Franco Baldi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Luciana Vallorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciccimarra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marselina Arshakyan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Burattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falcieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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Leonardi P, Iotti M, Donati Zeppa S, Lancellotti E, Amicucci A, Zambonelli A. Morphological and functional changes in mycelium and mycorrhizas of Tuber borchii due to heat stress. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Li Q, Zhao J, Xiong C, Li X, Chen Z, Li P, Huang W. Tuber indicum shapes the microbial communities of ectomycorhizosphere soil and ectomycorrhizae of an indigenous tree (Pinus armandii). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175720. [PMID: 28410376 PMCID: PMC5391931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Tuber indicum) on the diversity of microbial communities associated with an indigenous tree, Pinus armandii, and the microbial communities in the surrounding ectomycorhizosphere soil. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the richness of microbial communities in the roots or rhizosphere of treatments with or without ectomycorrhizae. The results indicated that the bacterial diversity of ectomycorhizosphere soil was significantly lower compared with the control soil. Presumably, the dominance of truffle mycelia in ectomycorhizosphere soil (80.91%) and ectomycorrhizae (97.64%) was the main factor that resulted in lower diversity and abundance of endophytic pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium, Monographella, Ustilago and Rhizopus and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Amanita, Lactarius and Boletus. Bacterial genera Reyranena, Rhizomicrobium, Nordella, Pseudomonas and fungal genera, Cuphophyllus, Leucangium, Histoplasma were significantly more abundant in ectomycorrhizosphere soil and ectomycorrhizae. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the similarities between rhizosphere and ectomycorrhizosphere soil based on the soil properties differed significantly, indicating the mycorrhizal synthesis may have a feedback effect on soil properties. Meanwhile, some soil properties were significantly correlated with bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere or root tips. Overall, this work illustrates the interactive network that exists among ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil properties and microbial communities associated with the host plant and furthers our understanding of the ecology and cultivation of T. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuqin Chen
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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