Effect of the aqueous root extract of Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) against thermally oxidized oil-induced hematological, biochemical and histopathological alterations

Chlorella vulgaris algae ameliorates chlorpyrifos toxicity in Nile tilapia with special reference to antioxidant enzymes and Streptococcus agalactiae infection

BACKGROUND

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used pesticide in the production of plant crops. Despite rapid CPF biodegradation, fish were exposed to wastewater containing detectable residues. Recently, medicinal plants and algae were intensively used in aquaculture to replace antibiotics and ameliorate stress impacts.

METHODS AND RESULTS

An indoor experiment was conducted to evaluate the deleterious impacts of CPF pollution on Nile tilapia health and the potential mitigation role of Chlorella vulgaris algae. Firstly, the median lethal concentration LC50 - 72 h of CPF was determined to be 85.8 µg /L in Nile tilapia (35.6 ± 0.5 g body weight) at a water temperature of 27.5 °C. Secondly, fish were exposed to 10% of LC50 - 72 h for six weeks, and tissue samples were collected and examined every two weeks. Also, Nile tilapia were experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Exposed fish were immunosuppressed expressed with a decrease in gene expressions of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Also, a decline was recorded in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) gene expression in the head kidney tissue. A high mortality rate (MR) of 100% was recorded in fish exposed to CPF for six weeks and challenged with S. agalactiae. Fish that received dietary C. vulgaris could restore gene expression cytokines and antioxidants compared to the control. After six weeks of CPF exposure, fish suffered from anemia as red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) significantly declined along with downregulation of serum total protein (TP), globulin (GLO), and albumin (ALB). Liver enzymes were significantly upregulated in fish exposed to CPF pollution, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (42.5, 53.3, and 61.7 IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (30.1, 31.2, and 22.8) after 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. On S. agalactiae challenge, high MR was recorded in Nile tilapia exposed to CPF (G3) 60%, 60%, and 100% in week 2, week 4, and week 6, and C. vulgaris provided a relative protection level (RPL) of 0, 14.29, and 20%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

It was concluded that CPF pollution induces immunosuppressed status, oxidative stress, and anemic signs in Nile tilapia. In contrast, C. vulgaris at a 50 g/kg fish feed dose could partially ameliorate such withdrawals, restoring normal physiological parameters.

Curcuminoid supplementation in canine diabetic mellitus and its complications using proteomic analysis

Introduction

Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to diabetes pathogenesis and consequences. Therapeutic approaches for canine diabetes remain a challenge. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects and is beneficial for humans with diabetes mellitus (DM); however, data on its impact on canine diabetes is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for causing adverse effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-oxidative effects and proteomic patterns of curcuminoid supplementation on canine DM.

Methods

Altogether, 18 dogs were divided into two groups: DM (n = 6) and healthy (n = 12). Curcuminoid 250 mg was given to the DM group orally daily for 180 days. Blood and urine sample collection for hematological parameters, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and proteomics were performed every 6 weeks.

Results and discussion

Curcuminoid supplementation with standard therapy significantly decreased oxidative stress with the increased glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, but cytokine levels were unaffected. According to the proteomic analysis, curcuminoid altered the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, transthyretin, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-IV, suggesting that curcuminoid improves insulin sensitivity and reduces cardiovascular complications. No negative impact on clinical symptoms, kidneys or liver markers was identified. This study proposed that curcuminoids might be used as a targeted antioxidant strategy as an adjunctive treatment to minimize diabetes complications in dogs.

Response of lymphatic tissues to natural feed additives, curcumin (Curcuma longa) and black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa), in broilers against Pasteurella multocida

The antibiotic residues and pathogenic resistance against the drug are very common in poultry because of antibiotics used in their feed. It is necessary to use natural feed additives as effective alternatives instead of a synthetic antibiotic. This study aimed to investigate the immune response of Nigella sativa and Curcuma longa in broilers under biological stress against Pasteurella multocida. The total 100, one-day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups. Groups 1 and 2 served as control negative and control positive. Both control groups were receiving simple diet without any natural feed additives, but the infection was given in group 2 at day 28 with the dose of 5.14 × 10⁷ CFU by IV. Groups 3A and 3B were offered 2% seed powder of Nigella sativa, groups 4A and 4B were offered C. longa 1% in powdered form, and group 5A and 5B were offered both C. longa 1% and N. sativa 2% in the feed from day 1 and groups 3B, 4B, and 5B were challenged with P. multocida. The haemagglutination inhibition titter against Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), feed conversion ratio, mortality, gross, and histopathology were studied. The results of this study revealed that hemagglutination inhibition titers against NDV were highly significant (P < 0.05) in treated groups, highest titers (3A, 6.8; 3B, 6.4; and 5A, 7.2) were obtained from treated Groups. The feed conversion ratio of N. sativa + C. longa treated groups (5A, 1.57, and 3A, 1.76) were higher than that of other nontreated groups. The gross and histopathological changes were much severe in control positive, but fewer changes were seen in treated groups. Therefore, we recommend that natural feed additives, black cumin (N. sativa) and turmeric (C. longa), act as an immune enhancer in broilers against P. multocida.

Effects of dietary white mulberry leaves on hemato-biochemical alterations, immunosuppression and oxidative stress induced by Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus

The present work was designed to assess the potential hemato-biochemical protective action, immunemodulatory and antioxidant conclusions of varied concentration of white mulberry Morus alba leaves (MAL) extract supplementation on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis .niloticus). A total two hundred and forty of O. niloticus were haphazardly sorted into four groups. The control (CT) group was fed on basal diet. A group MAL₁, MAL₃ and MAL₅ was fed on 1, 3 and 5 g/kg MAL respectively for thirty days. On day thirty one, half of replicates in each group were challenged by 0.5 ml × 10⁸Aeromonas hydrophila where, the residual replicates were kept without challenge. A. hydrophila challenged tilapias revealed anemia that alleviated by supplementation with 5 g/kg MAL also, recovers the shift of leucogram prompted by the challenge. Elevation of alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde (ALP, ALT, AST, LDH and MDA) in CT, MAL₁ and MAL₃ in the challenged replicates respectively where within normal at MAL₅. Supplementation with MAL₅ showed more potent antioxidant and immune reaction than MAL₁ and MAL₃. There were a rapid increase of immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, nitric oxide, catalase and superoxide dismutase and their allied genes expression (IgM, CAT and SOD) in MAL groups with contrast in CT challenged groups. Where in challenged groups, there was suppression in genes expression of interleukins (8 and 1 beta) and interferon ɤ (IL8. IL-1β and INFɤ). Tilapias challenged by A. hydrophila unveiled plentiful surge in the percentage of mortality in CT challenged fish (80%), followed by the groups supplemented with MAL₁ and MAL₃ were (73.33%) where MAL₅ was 20%. The mortalities have been halted from the 6^th, 13^th, 14^th and 15^th days in, MAL₅, MAL₃, MAL₁, and CT correspondingly. These previous results could be fulfilled that using of MAL 5 g/kg protect tilapias from hemato-biochemical alterations and enhance its immune feedback, antioxidant defense and resistance against A. hydrophila.

Influence of uterine torsion in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with insights into the hematological and biochemical prognostic values regarding to manual correction

Bovine uterine torsion refers to the rotation of the gravid uterus around its longitudinal axis. It is the dominant cause of dystocia in buffaloes. A total of two hundred and seventeen dystocia's Egyptian buffaloes were examined, and another twenty were apparently normal at the full term (healthy pregnant group). From the dystocia's buffaloes, twenty-three percentage (n = 50) was uterine torsion after gynecology inspection at presentation (Ut group) and 5 days after the manual correction (Utc group). The buffaloes with uterine torsion exhibited loss of appetite, constipation, colic, and straining. The incidence of torsion was mostly at first parity that accounting for 50% of cases. Regarding to the pregnancy stage, torsion mostly occurred at full term, where it primarily occurred in buffaloes at 3 years of age. Right-sided torsion ensued in 90% of all cases. The survival rate of the pregnant buffaloes was 90% (45 buffaloes), and 10% (5 buffaloes) was directed to the culling. Regarding to the fetal survival outcome, 30% of fetuses was survived where the other 70% was died. The hematological results denoted leucocytosis in Ut and Utc groups that attributed to neutrophilia, monocytosis, and eosinophilia. Biochemical assessments were denoted an augments in the levels of serum AST, LDH, CPK, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, progesterone, cortisol, MDA, NO, TAC, blood lactate (bLac), TNF-α, and IL-6. Where there were a non significant fluctuations in the ALT, GGT, calcium, and phosphorus levels in the torsion cases. The significant declines in 17-β-oestradiol, total proteins, albumin, magnesium, and GSH levels in the dams suffering from Ut were observed. The robust elevations in AST (156 ± 3.47) and bLac (16.12 ± 0.18) with severe hypomagnesaemia (2.69 ± 0.15) were evident in 10% of the torsion cases that directed to the culling. This can conclude that robust elevations in AST and bLac with severe hypomagnesaemia are factors denoting a poor prognosis for uterine torsion in the buffaloes.

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris enriched diet on growth performance, hemato-immunological responses, antioxidant and transcriptomics profile disorders caused by deltamethrin toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The toxic effect of deltamethrin (DM) was documented in aquaculture. There is no obtainable data on the effect of Chlorella vulgaris against DM toxicity. The current study focused on the effect of dietary supplementation with C. vulgaris (CV) on growth performance, innate immune response, antioxidant activities, and transcriptomics disorders induced by sub-lethal dose of DM in Oreochromis niloticus. A total number of 216 O. niloticus divided into four groups with tri-replicates. The 1^st control group (CT) fed a basal diet, the second group fed diet enriched with 5% CV. The third group was exposed to DM (15 μg/L), where the last group fed CV and simultaneously exposed to DM as previous-mentioned. The procedure of CV feeding and DM exposure were continued for two months. Exposures to DM revealed in stunting of the growth parameters and lessening of survival ratio of tilapias with a significant decline of the erythrogram (macrocytic hypochromic anemic picture), and leucocytes immune cells and related parameters (immunoglobulin M, lysozyme) and sever shifting in the antioxidant indicators. Sever raise was monitored in hepatic and kidney markers. Also, genes expression related to immune and antioxidant parameters were severely impacted. Where tilapias received CV showed a significant increase in the growth and immune parameters besides to an improvement of hematological, antioxidant values and their related genes expressions. The fourth group that received CV simultaneous with DM exposure showed a soothing of the previous indicators and markers toward the values of tilapias fed on basal diet (CT). In turn, CV supplementation may be presented a protective effect alongside DM toxicity in O. niloticus appeared through soothing of the immune, antioxidant and related genes expressions in addition to its hepato-renal protective effects. Therefore, the current study recommended that an incorporating of 5% CV for tilapias diet could improve their growth performance, immunity, antioxidant and transcriptomics disorders induced by deltamethrin.