1
|
Zou X, Zhang X, Han S, Wei L, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Xin J, Zhang S. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration: A comprehensive review. Biochimie 2023; 214:27-48. [PMID: 37268183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a common disorder that affects the spine and is a major cause of lower back pain (LBP). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the structural foundation of the biomechanical properties of IVD, and its degradation is the main pathological characteristic of IDD. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of endopeptidases that play an important role in the degradation and remodeling of the ECM. Several recent studies have shown that the expression and activity of many MMP subgroups are significantly upregulated in degenerated IVD tissue. This upregulation of MMPs results in an imbalance of ECM anabolism and catabolism, leading to the degradation of the ECM and the development of IDD. Therefore, the regulation of MMP expression is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IDD. Recent research has focused on identifying the mechanisms by which MMPs cause ECM degradation and promote IDD, as well as on developing therapies that target MMPs. In summary, MMP dysregulation is a crucial factor in the development of IDD, and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved is needed to develop effective biological therapies that target MMPs to treat IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingmin Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingguo Xin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samanta A, Lufkin T, Kraus P. Intervertebral disc degeneration-Current therapeutic options and challenges. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1156749. [PMID: 37483952 PMCID: PMC10359191 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1156749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a normal part of aging. Due to the spine's declining function and the development of pain, it may affect one's physical health, mental health, and socioeconomic status. Most of the intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) therapies today focus on the symptoms of low back pain rather than the underlying etiology or mechanical function of the disc. The deteriorated disc is typically not restored by conservative or surgical therapies that largely focus on correcting symptoms and structural abnormalities. To enhance the clinical outcome and the quality of life of a patient, several therapeutic modalities have been created. In this review, we discuss genetic and environmental causes of IVDD and describe promising modern endogenous and exogenous therapeutic approaches including their applicability and relevance to the degeneration process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra Kraus
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bermudez-Lekerika P, Crump KB, Tseranidou S, Nüesch A, Kanelis E, Alminnawi A, Baumgartner L, Muñoz-Moya E, Compte R, Gualdi F, Alexopoulos LG, Geris L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Le Maitre CL, Noailly J, Gantenbein B. Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Intervertebral Disc Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924692. [PMID: 35846355 PMCID: PMC9277224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a highly prevalent, chronic, and costly medical condition predominantly triggered by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). IDD is often caused by structural and biochemical changes in intervertebral discs (IVD) that prompt a pathologic shift from an anabolic to catabolic state, affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) production, enzyme generation, cytokine and chemokine production, neurotrophic and angiogenic factor production. The IVD is an immune-privileged organ. However, during degeneration immune cells and inflammatory factors can infiltrate through defects in the cartilage endplate and annulus fibrosus fissures, further accelerating the catabolic environment. Remarkably, though, catabolic ECM disruption also occurs in the absence of immune cell infiltration, largely due to native disc cell production of catabolic enzymes and cytokines. An unbalanced metabolism could be induced by many different factors, including a harsh microenvironment, biomechanical cues, genetics, and infection. The complex, multifactorial nature of IDD brings the challenge of identifying key factors which initiate the degenerative cascade, eventually leading to back pain. These factors are often investigated through methods including animal models, 3D cell culture, bioreactors, and computational models. However, the crosstalk between the IVD, immune system, and shifted metabolism is frequently misconstrued, often with the assumption that the presence of cytokines and chemokines is synonymous to inflammation or an immune response, which is not true for the intact disc. Therefore, this review will tackle immunomodulatory and IVD cell roles in IDD, clarifying the differences between cellular involvements and implications for therapeutic development and assessing models used to explore inflammatory or catabolic IVD environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bermudez-Lekerika
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katherine B Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Nüesch
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Exarchos Kanelis
- ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.,School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Ahmad Alminnawi
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Roger Compte
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Gualdi
- Institut Hospital Del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.,School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Liesbet Geris
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States.,Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Munich, Germany
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feldmann DC, Rahim M, Suijkerbuijk MAM, Laguette MJN, Cieszczyk P, Ficek K, Huminska-Lisowska K, Häger CK, Stattin E, Nilsson KG, Alvarez-Rumero J, Eynon N, Feller J, Tirosh O, Posthumus M, Chimusa ER, Collins M, September AV. Investigation of multiple populations highlight VEGFA polymorphisms to modulate anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1604-1612. [PMID: 34664319 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in VEGFA and KDR encoding proteins have been associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. We leveraged a collective sample from Sweden, Poland, and Australia to investigate the association of functional polymorphisms in VEGFA and KDR with susceptibility to ACL injury risk. Using a case-control genetic association approach, polymorphisms in VEGFA and KDR were genotyped and haplotypes inferred from 765 controls, and 912 cases clinically diagnosed with ACL rupture. For VEGFA, there was a significant overrepresentation of the rs2010963 CC genotype (p = 0.0001, false discovery rate [FDR]: p = 0.001, odds ratio [OR]: 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47-3.19) in the combined ACL group (18%) compared to the combined control group (11%). The VEGFA (rs699947 C/A, rs1570360 G/A, rs2010963 G/C) A-A-G haplotype was significantly (p = 0.010, OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.69-1.05) underrepresented in the combined ACL group (23%) compared to the combined control group (28%). In addition, the A-G-G construct was significantly (p = 0.036, OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.64-1.02) underrepresented in the combined ACL group (12%) compared to the combined CON group (16%). Our findings support the association of the VEGFA rs2010963 CC genotype with increased risk and (ii) the VEGFA A-A-G haplotype with a reduced risk, and are in alignment with the a priori hypothesis. Collectively identifying a genetic interval within VEGFA to be implicated in ACL risk modulation and highlight further the importance of vascular regulation in ligament biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daneil C Feldmann
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Masouda Rahim
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathijs A M Suijkerbuijk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mary-Jessica N Laguette
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paweł Cieszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ficek
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kinga Huminska-Lisowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Charlotte K Häger
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evalena Stattin
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell G Nilsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Javier Alvarez-Rumero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Feller
- OrthoSport Victoria, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oren Tirosh
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Posthumus
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emile R Chimusa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fiani B, Covarrubias C, Jarrah R. Genetic Predictors of Early-Onset Spinal Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Part One of Two. Cureus 2021; 13:e15182. [PMID: 34178503 PMCID: PMC8221406 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a progressive and painful pathology that can root from mechanical, biochemical, and environmental stressors. However, recent advancements in biogenetics have now found a predominating genetic influence. Nevertheless, despite these advancements, the pathophysiology of IVD degeneration remains poorly understood. In the first of our two-part series, we will characterize some of the most recent and best-studied genes in the context of intervertebral disc degeneration. We will attempt to formulate the first contemporary gene guide that characterizes the genetic profile of IVD degeneration. The genes of interest include aggrecan (ACAN), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), vitamin D receptor (VDR), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A), and those encoded for collagens such as collagen type XI alpha 1 chain (COL11A1), collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), collagen type IX alpha 2 chain (COL9A2), and collagen type IX alpha 3 chain (COL9A3). Genetic analysis studies reveal that these genes play vital roles in maintaining the structural integrity of the intervertebral disc, activating enzymes involved in the extracellular matrix, and promoting connective tissue formation. Nevertheless, characterizing these genes alone is not enough to understand the pathophysiology of IVD degeneration. Therefore, further studies are warranted to understand molecular signalling pathways of IVD degeneration better and ultimately create more sophisticated genetic and cell-based therapies to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fiani
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
| | | | - Ryan Jarrah
- Miscellaneous, University of Michigan - Flint, Flint, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Risk Factors of Intervertebral Disc Pathology-A Point of View Formerly and Today-A Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030409. [PMID: 33494410 PMCID: PMC7865549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc pathology is a common disorder that can be caused by genetic, mechanical, and behavioral factors; however, it is possible to slow its progression. Although environmental and behavioral factors were previously considered to be the sole causes of intervertebral disc pathologies such as disc herniation, recent studies have shown that genetic factors also play an important role. This review compares the perception of major risk factors from the last and present centuries. It also examines individual genetic and non-genetic factors acting as risk factors, as well as some approaches for preventing intervertebral disc pathologies, and compares available statistics regarding disc herniation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Suntsov V, Jovanovic F, Knezevic E, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. Can Implementation of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics Improve Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090894. [PMID: 32967120 PMCID: PMC7558486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology of back pain is multifactorial and not completely understood, and for the majority of people who suffer from chronic low back pain (cLBP), the precise cause cannot be determined. We know that back pain is somewhat heritable, chronic pain more so than acute. The aim of this review is to compile the genes identified by numerous genetic association studies of chronic pain conditions, focusing on cLBP specifically. Higher-order neurologic processes involved in pain maintenance and generation may explain genetic contributions and functional predisposition to formation of cLBP that does not involve spine pathology. Several genes have been identified in genetic association studies of cLBP and roughly, these genes could be grouped into several categories, coding for: receptors, enzymes, cytokines and related molecules, and transcription factors. Treatment of cLBP should be multimodal. In this review, we discuss how an individual's genotype could affect their response to therapy, as well as how genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 and other enzymes are crucial for affecting the metabolic profile of drugs used for the treatment of cLBP. Implementation of gene-focused pharmacotherapy has the potential to deliver select, more efficacious drugs and avoid unnecessary, polypharmacy-related adverse events in many painful conditions, including cLBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Suntsov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Filip Jovanovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Emilija Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Kenneth D. Candido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-773-296-5619; Fax: +1-773-296-5362
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ohnishi T, Novais EJ, Risbud MV. Alterations in ECM signature underscore multiple sub-phenotypes of intervertebral disc degeneration. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100036. [PMID: 33543030 PMCID: PMC7852332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc is a specialized connective tissue critical for absorption of mechanical loads and providing flexibility to the spinal column. The disc ECM is complex and plays a vital role in imparting tissue its biomechanical function. The central NP is primarily composed of large aggregating proteoglycans (PGs) while surrounding AF is composed of fibrillar collagens, I and II. Aggrecan and versican in particular, due to their high concentration of sulfated GAG chains form large aggregates with hyaluronic acid (HA) and provide water binding capacity to the disc. Degradation of aggrecan core protein due to aggrecanase and MMP activity, SNPs that affect number of chondroitin sulfate (CS) substitutions and alteration in enzymes critical in synthesis of CS chains can impair the aggrecan functionality. Similarly, levels of many matrix and matrix-related molecules e.g. Col2, Col9, HAS2, ccn2 are dysregulated during disc degeneration and genetic animal models have helped establish causative link between their expression and disc health. In the degenerating and herniated discs, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 are shown to promote matrix degradation through regulating expression and activity of critical proteases and stimulate immune cell activation. Recent studies of different mouse strains have better elucidated the broader impact of spontaneous degeneration on disc matrix homeostasis. SM/J mice showed an increased cell apoptosis, loss of cell phenotype, and cleavage of aggrecan during early stages followed by tissue fibrosis evident by enrichment of several collagens, SLRPs and fibronectin. In summary, while disc degeneration encompasses wide spectrum of degenerative phenotypes extensive matrix degradation and remodeling underscores all of them. The intervertebral disc absorbs loads and provides flexibility to the spine. The ECM is complex and vital for imparting tissue its biomechanical function. Numerous types of proteoglycans and collagens designate the quality of the disc. Many matrix and matrix-related molecules are dysregulated during disc degeneration. Matrix degradation and remodeling underscores wide spectrum of phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emanuel J Novais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oichi T, Taniguchi Y, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Saito T. Pathomechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1076. [PMID: 32211588 PMCID: PMC7084053 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main contributor to low back pain, which is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of IDD, fundamental and long-lasting treatments for IDD are still lacking. With increased understanding of the complex pathomechanism of IDD, alternative strategies for treating IDD can be discovered. A brief overview of the prevalence and epidemiologic risk factors of IDD is provided in this review, followed by the descriptions of anatomic, cellular, and molecular structure of the intervertebral disc as well as the molecular pathophysiology of IDD. Finally, the recent findings of intervertebral disc progenitors are reviewed and the future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kamieniak P, Bielewicz J, Kurzepa J, Daniluk B, Kocot J, Trojanowski T. The impact of changes in serum levels of metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 on pain perception in patients with disc herniation before and after surgery. J Pain Res 2019; 12:1457-1464. [PMID: 31190955 PMCID: PMC6512951 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s201199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of our research was to investigate the link between serum levels of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and the degree of pain experienced before and 1 and 3 months after microdiscectomy in 70 patients with disc herniation (DH). Patients and methods: The control group (group C) consisted of 70 healthy subjects and the DH group consisted of 70 patients with sciatica pain caused by lumbar DH. Before (DH0) and 1 and 3 months after surgery, the patients were assessed in terms of the following biochemical parameters: MMP-2, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), MMP-2/TIMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and MMP-9/TIMP1, and the following clinical parameters: Numeric Rating Scale for the back (NRS-B) and the leg (NRS-L) and the Pain Rating Index (PRI) and Present Pain Intensity (PPI) of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results: No statistically significant correlations were observed following the biochemical and clinical assessments performed in group C and the DH group before surgery. After surgery (1 month), higher levels of TIMP-1 correlated with higher levels of NRS-B (rs =0.27; p<0.05). At 3 months after surgery higher levels of TIMP-2 and lower levels of MMP-2/TIMP-2 were correlated with higher levels of NRS-L (rs =0.27, p<0.05 and rs =-0.31, p<0.05, respectively) and higher levels of TIMP-2 were correlated with higher PRI scores (rs =0.27; p<0.005) and PPI scores (rs =0.35; p<0.01). Conclusion: The results showed that MMPs are involved in DH and play a significant role in the perception of pain after DH surgery. However, the value of MMPs as a potential therapeutic target in pain treatment should be considered cautiously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bielewicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Daniluk
- Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trojanowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yaltirik CK, Timirci-Kahraman Ö, Gulec-Yilmaz S, Ozdogan S, Atalay B, Isbir T. The Evaluation of Proteoglycan Levels and the Possible Role of ACAN Gene (c.6423T>C) Variant in Patients with Lumbar Disc Degeneration Disease. In Vivo 2019; 33:413-417. [PMID: 30804119 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The present study aimed to investigate the role of an aggrecan (ACAN) gene variant and proteoglycan levels in the risk of lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 108 patients with LDDD and 103 healthy controls were enrolled. Molecular assessment of the ACAN gene (c.6423T>C) variant was determined by real time-polymerase chain reaction. Proteoglycan levels in serum were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The frequency of all alleles and genotypes in all study groups were distributed according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In addition, no association between the ACAN gene (c.6423T>C) variant and presence of risk factors for LDDD was detected. However, proteoglycan levels were significantly lower in patients with LDDD compared to the control group (p<0.00001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that proteoglycan has emerged as a potential novel biomarker which might be used for prediction of LDDD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cumhur Kaan Yaltirik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Timirci-Kahraman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Gulec-Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Ozdogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kartal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Atalay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgay Isbir
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kawaguchi Y. Genetic background of degenerative disc disease in the lumbar spine. Spine Surg Relat Res 2018; 2:98-112. [PMID: 31440655 PMCID: PMC6698496 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a review paper on the topic of genetic background of degenerative disc diseases in the lumbar spine. Lumbar disc diseases (LDDs), such as lumbar disc degeneration and lumbar disc herniation, are the main cause of low back pain. There are a lot of studies that tried to identify the causes of LDDs. The causes have been categorized into environmental factors and genetic factors. Recent studies revealed that LDDs are mainly caused by genetic factors. Numerous studies have been carried out using the genetic approach for LDDs. The history of these studies is divided into three periods: (1) era of epidemiological research using familial background and twins, (2) era of genomic research using DNA polymorphisms to identify susceptible genes for LDDs, and (3) era of functional research to determine how the genes cause LDDs. This review article was undertaken to present the history of genetic approach to LDDs and to discuss the current issues and future perspectives.
Collapse
|
13
|
Genetic predictors of human chronic pain conditions. Neuroscience 2016; 338:36-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Martirosyan NL, Patel AA, Carotenuto A, Kalani MYS, Belykh E, Walker CT, Preul MC, Theodore N. Genetic Alterations in Intervertebral Disc Disease. Front Surg 2016; 3:59. [PMID: 27917384 PMCID: PMC5116693 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is considered a multifactorial disease that is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The last two decades of research strongly demonstrate that genetic factors contribute about 75% of the IVDD etiology. Recent total genome sequencing studies have shed light on the various single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with IVDD. AIM This review presents comprehensive and updated information about the diversity of genetic factors in the inflammatory, degradative, homeostatic, and structural systems involved in the IVDD. An organized collection of information is provided regarding genetic polymorphisms that have been identified to influence the risk of developing IVDD. Understanding the proteins and signaling systems involved in IVDD can lead to improved understanding and targeting of therapeutics. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic literature search was performed using the National Library of Medicine for publications using the keywords genetics of IVDD, lumbar disc degeneration, degenerative disc disease, polymorphisms, SNPs, and disc disease. The articles were then screened based on inclusion criteria that included topics that covered the correlation of SNPs with developing IVDD. Sixty-five articles were identified as containing relevant information. Articles were excluded if they investigated lower back pain or just disc herniation without an analysis of disc degeneration. This study focuses on the chronic degeneration of IVDs. RESULTS Various genes were identified to contain SNPs that influenced the risk of developing IVDD. Among these are genes contributing to structural proteins, such as COL1A1, COL9A3, COL9A3, COL11A1, and COL11A2, ACAN, and CHST3. Furthermore, various SNPs found in the vitamin-D receptor gene are also associated with IVDD. SNPs related to inflammatory cytokine imbalance are associated with IVDD, although some effects are limited by sex and certain populations. SNPs in genes that code for extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, such as MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-14, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5 are also associated with IVDD. Apoptosis-mediating genes, such as caspase 9 gene (CASP9), TRAIL, and death receptor 4 (DR4), as well as those for growth factors, such as growth differentiation factor 5 and VEGF, are identified to have polymorphisms that influence the risk of developing IVDD. CONCLUSION Within the last 10 years, countless new SNPs have been identified in genes previously unknown to be associated with IVDD. Furthermore, the last decade has also revealed new SNPs identified in genes already known to be involved with increased risk of developing IVDD. Improved understanding of the numerous genetic variants behind various pathophysiological elements of IVDD could help advance personalized care and pharmacotherapeutic strategies for patients suffering from IVDD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay L Martirosyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Arpan A Patel
- College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | | | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Evgenii Belykh
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia; Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Corey T Walker
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Mark C Preul
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hanaei S, Abdollahzade S, Khoshnevisan A, Kepler CK, Rezaei N. Genetic aspects of intervertebral disc degeneration. Rev Neurosci 2016; 26:581-606. [PMID: 25996483 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is one of the common causes of low back pain. Similar to many other multifactorial diseases, it is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Although not completely understood, genetic factors include a wide spectrum of variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, which could play a significant role in the etiology of this disease. Besides, the interactions with environmental factors could make the role of genetic factors more complicated. Genetic variations in disc components could participate in developing degenerative disc disease through altering the normal homeostasis of discs. Gene polymorphisms in disc proteins (collagens I, II, III, IX, and XI), proteoglycans (aggrecan), cytokines (interleukins I, VI, and X), enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases II, III, and IX), and vitamin D receptor seem to play considerable roles in the pathology of this disease. There are also many other investigated genes that could somehow take part in the process. However, it seems that more studies are needed to clarify the exact role of genetics in IVDD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability and imposes huge economic burdens on human society worldwide. Among many factors responsible for LBP, intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the most common disorder and is a target for intervention. The etiology of IDD is complex and its mechanism is still not completely understood. Many factors such as aging, spine deformities and diseases, spine injuries, and genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of IDD. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances in studies on the most promising and extensively examined genetic factors associated with IDD in humans. A number of genetic defects have been correlated with structural and functional changes within the intervertebral disc (IVD), which may compromise the disc's mechanical properties and metabolic activities. These genetic and proteomic studies have begun to shed light on the molecular basis of IDD, suggesting that genetic factors are important contributors to the onset and progression of IDD. By continuing to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IDD, specific early diagnosis and more effective treatments for this disabling disease will be possible in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Brian Egan
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J, Sun X, Liu J, Liu J, Shen B, Nie L. The role of matrix metalloproteinase 14 polymorphisms in susceptibility to intervertebral disc degeneration in the Chinese Han population. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:801-6. [PMID: 26322093 PMCID: PMC4548033 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.53301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The present study aimed to determine whether two single nucleotide polymorphisms (-378 T/C and -364 G/T) of MMP14 were associated with the risk and severity of IVDD in the Chinese Han population. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 908 patients with IVDD and 906 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The grade of disc degeneration was determined according to Schneiderman's classification for magnetic resonance imaging. The polymorphisms of MMP14 were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. RESULTS The genotype distribution of -364G/T did not show a significant difference between IVDD patients and healthy controls. The frequencies of the -378T/C and CC genotypes were significantly lower among IVDD patients compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001); unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed that the CT and CC genotypes were significantly associated with a decreased risk of IVDD compared with the TT genotype (p < 0.001). Patients with IVDD showed significantly higher frequencies of the T allele at -378T/C than healthy controls (p < 0.001). In addition, the -375 CC genotype, as well as the C allele, was associated with lower degenerative grades of IVDD compared with the TT genotype and the T allele, respectively (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The -378T/C polymorphism of MMP14 may be associated with the risk and severity of IVDD in the Chinese Han population. It shows potential to become a biomarker to predict risk and severity of IVDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, JiNan City, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, YanTai City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiujiang Sun
- Department of Bone and Joint, Yantaishan Hospital, YanTai City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Basic Research, Occupation College of Yantai, YanTai City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianqing Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, YanTai City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Binghua Shen
- Department of Bone and Joint, Yantaishan Hospital, YanTai City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, JiNan City, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang WJ, Yu XH, Wang C, Yang W, He WS, Zhang SJ, Yan YG, Zhang J. MMPs and ADAMTSs in intervertebral disc degeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 448:238-46. [PMID: 26162271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the most common diagnosis in patients with low back pain, a leading cause of musculoskeletal disability worldwide. The major components of extracellular matrix (ECM) within the discs are type II collagen (Col II) and aggrecan. Excessive destruction of ECM, especially loss of Col II and aggrecan, plays a critical role in promoting the occurrence and development of IDD. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) are primary enzymes that degrade collagens and aggrecan. There is a large and growing body of evidence that many members of MMPs and ADAMTSs are highly expressed in degenerative IVD tissue and cells, and are closely involved in ECM breakdown and the process of disc degeneration. In contrast, targeting these enzymes has shown promise for promoting ECM repair and mitigating disc regeneration. In the current review, after a brief description regarding the biology of MMPs and ADAMTSs, we mainly focus on their expression profiles, roles and therapeutic potential in IDD. A greater understanding of the catabolic pathways involved in IDD will help to develop potential prophylactic or regenerative biological treatment for degenerative disc disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wen-Si He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases is positively related to the severity of disc degeneration and growing age in the East Asian lumbar disc herniation patients. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1219-25. [PMID: 24874308 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been known to play a pivotal role in the age- and/or disease-related degradation of intervertebral discs. We aimed to explore as to whether the expression of these enzymes is correlated to disc degeneration caused by increasing age and severity of herniation in the East Asian population. Thus, we studied the expressions of MMP-1 (collagenase), MMP-2 (gelatinase) and MMP-14 (membrane-type protease) in 65 patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their age, and the severity of herniation was graded on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to determine the expression of different MMPs in the post-surgery disc specimens. The results showed that expressions of these three enzymes were directly and positively related to the degree of disc degradation. Whereas, the MMP-1 expression was found to be elevated with the increasing age, the MMP-2 and MMP-14 remained unchanged in groups of different ages. A direct correlation between the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-14 suggested a role of MMP-14 in the modulation of MMP-2 expression.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lao L, Zhong G, Li X, Liu Z. A preliminary association study of fat mass and obesity associated gene polymorphisms and degenerative disc disease in a Chinese Han population. J Int Med Res 2013; 42:205-12. [PMID: 24304927 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513503761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) are associated with the presence and severity of degenerative disc disease (DDD) in a Chinese Han population. METHODS In this case-control study, patients with DDD and controls matched for age, sex and body mass index were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FTO. Disease severity was measured using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score. Allelic, genotypic and genotype-phenotype association analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 80 patients with DDD and 80 controls were studied. All six SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequencies of allele G and genotype G/G of the SNP rs11076008 were significantly associated with DDD after Bonferroni correction. No associations were shown between the SNPs studied and sex or disease severity. CONCLUSION The SNP rs11076008 of FTO may play an important role in the development of DDD in a Chinese Han population. The G/G genotype and/or G allele may be a risk factor for DDD. These results suggest that FTO is a DDD predisposition gene and may support a close relationship between obesity and DDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Lao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mayer JE, Iatridis JC, Chan D, Qureshi SA, Gottesman O, Hecht AC. Genetic polymorphisms associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J 2013; 13:299-317. [PMID: 23537453 PMCID: PMC3655694 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Disc degeneration (DD) is a multifaceted chronic process that alters the structure and function of the intervertebral discs and can lead to painful conditions. The pathophysiology of degeneration is not well understood, but previous studies suggest that certain genetic polymorphisms may be important contributing factors leading to an increased risk of DD. PURPOSE To review the genetic factors in DD with a focus on polymorphisms and their putative role in the pathophysiology of degeneration. Elucidating the genetic components that are associated with degeneration could provide insights into the mechanism of the process. Furthermore, defining these relationships and eventually using them in a clinical setting may allow an identification and early intervention for those who are at a high risk for painful DD. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS This literature review focused on the studies concerning genetic polymorphisms and their associations with DD. RESULTS Genetic polymorphisms in 20 genes have been analyzed in association with DD, including vitamin D receptor, growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), aggrecan, collagen Types I, IX, and XI, fibronectin, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), thrombospondin, cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP), asporin, MMP1, 2, and 3, parkinson protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2), proteosome subunit β type 9 (PSMB9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and IL1α, IL1β, and IL6. Each genetic polymorphism codes for a protein that has a functional role in the pathogenesis of DD. CONCLUSIONS There are known associations between several genetic polymorphisms and DD. Of the 20 genes analyzed, polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor, aggrecan, Type IX collagen, asporin, MMP3, IL1, and IL6 show the most promise as functional variants. Genetic studies are crucial for understanding the mechanism of the degeneration. This genetic information could eventually be used as a predictive model for determining a patient's risk for symptomatic DD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E. Mayer
- Leni and Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 5 East 98th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 5 East 98th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Danny Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheeraz A. Qureshi
- Leni and Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 5 East 98th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Omri Gottesman
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 1468 Madison Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew C. Hecht
- Leni and Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 5 East 98th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA,Corresponding Author: Andrew C. Hecht, Mount Sinai Medical Center. 5 East 98 Street, 9 Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA. Tel: (212) 241-8892; Fax: (212) 423-0827.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vo NV, Hartman RA, Yurube T, Jacobs LJ, Sowa GA, Kang JD. Expression and regulation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in intervertebral disc aging and degeneration. Spine J 2013; 13:331-41. [PMID: 23369495 PMCID: PMC3637842 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) leads to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), which underlies many spine-related disorders. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and disintegrins and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) are believed to be the major proteolytic enzymes responsible for ECM degradation in the intervertebral disc (IVD). PURPOSE To summarize the current literature on gene expression and regulation of MMPs, ADAMTSs, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in IVD aging and IDD. METHODS A comprehensive literature review of gene expression of MMP, ADAMTS, and TIMP in human IDD and reported studies on regulatory factors controlling their expressions and activities in both human and animal model systems. RESULTS Upregulation of specific MMPs (MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -10, and -13) and ADAMTS (ADAMTS-1, -4, and -15) were reported in human degenerated IVDs. However, it is still unclear from conflicting published studies whether the expression of ADAMTS-5, the predominant aggrecanase, is increased with IDD. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-3 is downregulated, whereas TIMP-1 is upregulated in human degenerated IVDs relative to nondegenerated IVDs. Numerous studies indicate that the expression levels of MMP and ADAMTS are modulated by a combination of many factors, including mechanical, inflammatory, and oxidative stress, some of which are mediated in part through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Genetic predisposition also plays an important role in determining gene expression of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of MMP and ADAMTS expression and enzymatic activity is implicated in disc ECM destruction, leading to the development of IDD. Future IDD therapeutics depends on identifying specific MMPs and ADAMTSs whose dysregulation result in pathological proteolysis of disc ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam V. Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert A. Hartman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 5th Ave., Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Takashi Yurube
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Lloydine J. Jacobs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 5th Ave., Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James D. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. Tel: (412) 648-1090; fax: (412) 383-5307.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun Z, Ling M, Chang Y, Huo Y, Yang G, Ji Y, Li Y. Single-nucleotide gene polymorphisms involving cell death pathways: a study of Chinese patients with lumbar disc herniation. Connect Tissue Res 2012. [PMID: 23205884 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.734878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of polymorphisms of death pathway genes FAS and FASL on the risk of developing lumbar disc herniation (LDH) in a Northern Chinese population. BACKGROUND DATA The FAS receptor-ligand system plays a key role to regulate apoptosis of cell. There is evidence that the apoptosis-mediated FAS receptor-ligand system is involved in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Some research considered single-nucleotide polymorphisms of FAS-1377G/A, FAS-670A/G, FASL-844T/C, and FASL INV2nt-124A/G may increase the risk of developing cancer. We therefore assess these four single-nucleotide polymorphisms as candidate susceptibility for LDH. METHODS A total of 475 patients with LDH and 533 control subjects were selected. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Associations with the risk of LDH were estimated by logistic regression model. RESULTS Significant differences were found in genotypic distributions between cases and controls for FASL-844T/C, but not for other three polymorphisms. When compared with CC genotype, subjects with the TT genotype had a higher risk to develop LDH (odds ratio = 3.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.73-5.40). Moreover, an association was found between this genotype of FASL-844TT and more severe grades of disc degeneration. We observed statistically significant interactions between polymorphisms of FASL-844T/C and lumbar load, tobacco smoking, and age. CONCLUSION Genetic polymorphisms of FASL-844T/C may be associated with an increased risk of developing disc degeneration and LDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eskola PJ, Lemmelä S, Kjaer P, Solovieva S, Männikkö M, Tommerup N, Lind-Thomsen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Cheung KMC, Chan D, Samartzis D, Karppinen J. Genetic association studies in lumbar disc degeneration: a systematic review. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185509 PMCID: PMC3503778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Low back pain is associated with lumbar disc degeneration, which is mainly due to genetic predisposition. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate genetic association studies in lumbar disc degeneration as defined on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, The Genetic Association Database and The Human Genome Epidemiology Network for information published between 1990–2011 addressing genes and lumbar disc degeneration. Two investigators independently identified studies to determine inclusion, after which they performed data extraction and analysis. The level of cumulative genetic association evidence was analyzed according to The HuGENet Working Group guidelines. Results Fifty-two studies were included for review. Forty-eight studies reported at least one positive association between a genetic marker and lumbar disc degeneration. The phenotype definition of lumbar disc degeneration was highly variable between the studies and replications were inconsistent. Most of the associations presented with a weak level of evidence. The level of evidence was moderate for ASPN (D-repeat), COL11A1 (rs1676486), GDF5 (rs143383), SKT (rs16924573), THBS2 (rs9406328) and MMP9 (rs17576). Conclusions Based on this first extensive systematic review on the topic, the credibility of reported genetic associations is mostly weak. Clear definition of lumbar disc degeneration phenotypes and large population-based cohorts are needed. An international consortium is needed to standardize genetic association studies in relation to disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi J Eskola
- Oulu Center for Cell - Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Omair A, Lie BA, Reikeras O, Brox JI. An Association Study of Interleukin 18 Receptor Genes (IL18R1 and IL18RAP) in Lumbar Disc Degeneration. Open Orthop J 2012; 6:164-71. [PMID: 22550553 PMCID: PMC3339430 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001206010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To examine association of candidate genetic variants in structural, inflammatory, matrix modifying, vitamin D receptor genes and variants associated with osteoarthritis, with surgical candidates and surgical patients with lumbar disc degeneration (LDD), in light of their previously reported susceptibility for LDD. Methods: Genotyping of 146 Norwegian LDD patients and 188 Norwegian controls was performed for 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from collagen, aggrecan, interleukin, VDR, MMP3 and COX2 genes and 7 SNPs from osteoarthritic genes. Results: The neighboring genes IL18R1 and IL18RAP polymorphisms (rs2287037 and rs1420100), showed a statistically non-significant risk for developing LDD (OR 1.36 [95 % CI 0.99 – 1.87]; p=0.06 and OR 1.33 [95 % CI 0.98-1.81]; p=0.07). Homozygosity of these risk alleles was associated with LDD (p=0.023 and p=0.027). The non-risk alleles at these SNPs were situated on a haplotype negatively associated with LDD (p=0.008). Carriage of at least one non-risk allele at both loci also reduces the risk of developing LDD (OR 0.51 [95 % CI 0.33-0.80]; p=0.003). Conclusion: Our findings support the polygenic nature of LDD and suggest that variation in interleukin 18 receptor genes could affect the risk of severe LDD and associated low back pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Omair
- Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yurube T, Takada T, Suzuki T, Kakutani K, Maeno K, Doita M, Kurosaka M, Nishida K. Rat tail static compression model mimics extracellular matrix metabolic imbalances of matrix metalloproteinases, aggrecanases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R51. [PMID: 22394620 PMCID: PMC3446417 DOI: 10.1186/ar3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The longitudinal degradation mechanism of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the interbertebral disc remains unclear. Our objective was to elucidate catabolic and anabolic gene expression profiles and their balances in intervertebral disc degeneration using a static compression model. Methods Forty-eight 12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rat tails were instrumented with an Ilizarov-type device with springs and loaded statically at 1.3 MPa for up to 56 days. Experimental loaded and distal-unloaded control discs were harvested and analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) messenger RNA quantification for catabolic genes [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1a, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4, and ADAMTS-5], anti-catabolic genes [tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3], ECM genes [aggrecan-1, collagen type 1-α1, and collagen type 2-α1], and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6]. Immunohistochemistry for MMP-3, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 was performed to assess their protein expression level and distribution. The presence of MMP- and aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan neoepitopes was similarly investigated to evaluate aggrecanolytic activity. Results Quantitative PCR demonstrated up-regulation of all MMPs and ADAMTS-4 but not ADAMTS-5. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were almost unchanged while TIMP-3 was down-regulated. Down-regulation of aggrecan-1 and collagen type 2-α1 and up-regulation of collagen type 1-α1 were observed. Despite TNF-α elevation, ILs developed little to no up-regulation. Immunohistochemistry showed, in the nucleus pulposus, the percentage of immunopositive cells of MMP-cleaved aggrecan neoepitope increased from 7 through 56 days with increased MMP-3 and decreased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 immunopositivity. The percentage of immunopositive cells of aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan neoepitope increased at 7 and 28 days only with decreased TIMP-3 immunopositivity. In the annulus fibrosus, MMP-cleaved aggrecan neoepitope presented much the same expression pattern. Aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan neoepitope increased at 7 and 28 days only with increased ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 immunopositivity. Conclusions This rat tail sustained static compression model mimics ECM metabolic imbalances of MMPs, aggrecanases, and TIMPs in human degenerative discs. A dominant imbalance of MMP-3/TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 relative to ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5/TIMP-3 signifies an advanced stage of intervertebral disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yurube
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kalb S, Martirosyan NL, Kalani MYS, Broc GG, Theodore N. Genetics of the degenerated intervertebral disc. World Neurosurg 2011; 77:491-501. [PMID: 22120330 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the genetic and proteomic advances of the past decade, understanding of the molecular etiopathogenesis of several complex diseases is increasing. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is no different from other complex diseases where both environmental and genetic constituents are considered causes. This concept has challenged the traditional view that age, occupation, smoking, obesity, and primarily wear and tear are the only sources of disc degeneration. METHODS We conducted a systematic Medline review of the most current articles related to gene involvement in the development of IVDD in humans. RESULTS Candidate gene linkage and association studies involving the functional components of the intervertebral disc, including collagen I, collagen IX, collagen XI, aggrecan, extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα), Fas/FasL and vitamin D receptors, have had promising results. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes the latest advances in gene association with specific degenerated disc phenotypes, single nucleotide polymorphisms, disease heredity, and gene-environmental interactions in relation to IVDD to help improve future studies related to the genetic mechanisms underlying IVDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kalb
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Genetics of lumbar disk degeneration: technology, study designs, and risk factors. Orthop Clin North Am 2011; 42:479-86, vii. [PMID: 21944585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lumbar disk degeneration (LDD) is a common musculoskeletal condition. Genetic risk factors have been suggested to play a major role in its cause. This article reviews the main research strategies that have been used to study the genetics of LDD, and the genes that thus far have been identified to influence susceptibility to LDD. With the rapid progress in genomic technologies, further advances in the genetics of LDD are expected in the next few years.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu GB, Jiang XR, Xia CL, Sun YJ, Zeng QS, Wu XM, Li XC. Association of FAS and FAS ligand polymorphisms with the susceptibility and severity of lumbar disc degeneration in Chinese Han population. Biomarkers 2011; 16:485-90. [PMID: 21806408 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.598563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Apoptosis is involved in the mechanism of lumbar disc degeneration (LDD). OBJECTIVE We aim to determine whether the polymorphisms of FAS and FASL are associated with the presence and severity of LDD. METHODS A total of 348 patients with LDD and 215 healthy controls were genotyped. RESULTS Patients with LDD showed higher frequency of-1377GA and AA, as well as-844CT and TT genotypes than normal controls. These genotypes were found to be associated with the risk of higher grades of LDD. CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of FAS and FASL may be associated with the presence and severity of LDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guo TM, Liu M, Zhang YG, Guo WT, Wu SX. Association between Caspase-9 promoter region polymorphisms and discogenic low back pain. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:133-8. [PMID: 21091209 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.487621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-9 (CASP-9) is an initiator caspase protease for apoptosis, and plays an important role in the development and progression of lumbar disc disease (LDD). The expression and/or activity of CASP-9 are significantly enhanced in the degenerated disc. The polymorphism in the promoter region of CASP-9 enhances the transcriptional activity of this gene, thereby modulating the susceptibility to LDD. The current study investigated the relationship between the CASP-9 -1263A/G (rs4645978) and -712C/T (rs4645981) polymorphisms and discogenic low back pain (LBP). The CASP-9 -1263A/G and -712C/T genotypes in this study were defined by polymerase chain reaction in 154 patients with discogenic LBP and 216 controls that were frequency-matched by age, gender, and occupation. The results showed that the CASP-9 -1263 GG genotype, compared with the AA and AG genotypes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.997, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.216-3.279, p = 0.006] or the AA genotype (OR = 2.760, 95% CI = 1.464-5.203, p = 0.002), is associated with a significant increased risk of discogenic LBP, but the -712 TT or TT and CT genotypes do not contribute to discogenic LBP compared with the CC genotype (OR = 0.547, 95% CI = 0.200-1.494, p = 0.234 and OR = 0.669, 95% CI = 0.439-1.021, p = 0.062, respectively). These results indicated that the CASP-9 -1263A/G polymorphism is associated with a high risk of discogenic LBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Mao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Matrix metalloproteinases: Evolution, gene regulation and functional analysis in mouse models. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:3-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
32
|
Pasternak B, Aspenberg P. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors-diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in orthopedics. Acta Orthop 2009; 80:693-703. [PMID: 19968600 PMCID: PMC2823312 DOI: 10.3109/17453670903448257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and related enzymes (ADAMs, ADAMTS) and their inhibitors control matrix turnover and function. Recent advances in our understanding of musculoskeletal conditions such as tendinopathy, arthritis, Dupuytren's disease, degenerative disc disease, and bone and soft tissue healing suggest that MMPs have prominant roles. Importantly, MMPs are amenable to inhibition by cheap, safe, and widely available drugs such as the tetracycline antibiotics and the bisphosphonates. This indicates that these MMP inhibitors, if proven effective for any novel indication, may be quickly brought into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, IKE, Linköping University, Linköping
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun ZM, Miao L, Zhang YG, Ming L. Association between the -1562 C/T polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene and lumbar disc disease in the young adult population in North China. Connect Tissue Res 2009; 50:181-5. [PMID: 19444758 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802585630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) is involved in the development of lumbar disc disease (LDD). The expression and activity of MMP-9 are significantly enhanced in degenerative discs. The polymorphism -1562C/T in the promoter region of MMP-9 gene alters the transcriptional activity of this gene. In this study we assessed the relationship between the -1562C/T polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene and the extent of degenerative disc disease in the young adult population in North China. Genotypes were defined by polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing in 408 young patients with LDD and 451 control subjects. The resulting genotypes were correlated with the presence of lumbar disc degeneration on MRI. The frequency of the MMP-9 -1562T genotype in patients with LDD was significantly higher than in healthy controls. Compared with CC genotype, subjects with the CT/TT genotype had a higher risk to develop LDD (odds ratio 2.14; 95% confidence interval 1.55-2.96). Moreover, an association was found between this genotype and more severe grades of disc degeneration observed on magnetic resonance imaging scan. These results indicated that the -1562C/T polymorphism of the MMP-9 gene is associated with a high risk of degenerative disc disease in the young adult population in North China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-ming Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|