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Wendt K, Nau C, Jug M, Pape HC, Kdolsky R, Thomas S, Bloemers F, Komadina R. ESTES recommendation on thoracolumbar spine fractures : January 2023. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023:10.1007/s00068-023-02247-3. [PMID: 37052627 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-023-02247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wendt
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christoph Nau
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marko Jug
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Richard Kdolsky
- University Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Frank Bloemers
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Radko Komadina
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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De Martino E, Hides J, Elliott JM, Hoggarth MA, Zange J, Lindsay K, Debuse D, Winnard A, Beard D, Cook JA, Salomoni SE, Weber T, Scott J, Hodges PW, Caplan N. The Effects of Reconditioning Exercises Following Prolonged Bed Rest on Lumbopelvic Muscle Volume and Accumulation of Paraspinal Muscle Fat. Front Physiol 2022; 13:862793. [PMID: 35774286 PMCID: PMC9237402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.862793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced muscle size and accumulation of paraspinal muscle fat content (PFC) have been reported in lumbopelvic muscles after spaceflights and head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest. While some information is available regarding reconditioning programs on muscle atrophy recovery, the effects on the accumulation of PFC are unknown. Recently, a device (the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device—FRED) has been developed which aims to specifically recruit lumbopelvic muscles. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a standard reconditioning (SR) program and SR program supplemented by FRED (SR + FRED) on the recovery of the lumbopelvic muscles following 60-day HDT bed rest. Twenty-four healthy participants arrived at the facility for baseline data collection (BDC) before the bed rest period. They remained in the facility for 13-day post-HDT bed rest and were randomly allocated to one of two reconditioning programs: SR or SR + FRED. Muscle volumes of the lumbar multifidus (LM), lumbar erector spinae (LES), quadratus lumborum (QL), and psoas major (PM) muscles were measured from axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at all lumbar intervertebral disc levels. PFC was determined using a chemical shift-based lipid/water Dixon sequence. Each lumbopelvic muscle was segmented into four equal quartiles (from medial to lateral). MRI of the lumbopelvic region was conducted at BDC, Day-59 of bed rest (HDT59), and Day-13 after reconditioning (R13). Comparing R13 with BDC, the volumes of the LM muscle at L4/L5 and L5/S1, LES at L1/L2, and QL at L3/L4 had not recovered (all—p < 0.05), and the PM muscle remained larger at L1/L2 (p = 0.001). Accumulation of PFC in the LM muscle at the L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels remained higher in the centro-medial regions at R13 than BDC (all—p < 0.05). There was no difference between the two reconditioning programs. A 2-week reconditioning program was insufficient to fully restore all volumes of lumbopelvic muscles and reverse the accumulation of PFC in the muscles measured to BDC values, particularly in the LM muscle at the lower lumbar levels. These findings suggest that more extended reconditioning programs or alternative exercises may be necessary to fully restore the size and properties of the lumbopelvic muscles after prolonged bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico De Martino
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Enrico De Martino,
| | - Julie Hides
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James M. Elliott
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Northern Sydney Local Health District, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Kolling Institute Sydney, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A. Hoggarth
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Jochen Zange
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kirsty Lindsay
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothée Debuse
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Winnard
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Beard
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Cook
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sauro E. Salomoni
- NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tobias Weber
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany
- KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan Scott
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany
- KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul W. Hodges
- NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nick Caplan
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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The relationships between physical activity, lumbar multifidus muscle morphology, and low back pain from childhood to early adulthood: a 12-year longitudinal study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8851. [PMID: 35614086 PMCID: PMC9132932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the longitudinal associations between physical activity (PA), lumbar multifidus morphology, and impactful low back pain (LBP) in young people. Nine-year-old children were recruited from 25 primary schools and followed up at age 13, 16, and 21 years. We measured PA with accelerometers at age 9, 13, and 16; quantified patterns of lumbar multifidus intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) change from 13 to 16 years using magnetic resonance imaging; and recorded LBP and its impact with standardised questionnaires and interviews. Associations were examined with crude and adjusted logistic or multinomial models and reported with odds ratios (OR) or relative risk ratios (RRR). We included data from 364 children (mean[SD] age = 9.7[.4] years). PA behaviour was not associated with LBP. Having persistently high IMAT levels at age 13 and 16 was associated with greater odds of LBP (OR[95% CI] = 2.98[1.17 to 7.58]). Increased time in moderate and vigorous intensity PA was associated with a lower risk of higher IMAT patterns (RRR[95% CI] = .67[.46 to .96] to .74[.55 to 1.00]). All associations became non-significant after adjusting for sex and body mass index (BMI). Future studies investigating the relationships between PA behaviour, lumbar multifidus IMAT, and impactful LBP should account for potential confounding by sex and BMI.
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Peev N, Zileli M, Sharif S, Arif S, Brady Z. Indications for Nonsurgical Treatment of Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations. Neurospine 2022; 18:713-724. [PMID: 35000324 PMCID: PMC8752701 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2142390.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracolumbar spine is the most injured spinal region in blunt trauma. Literature on the indications for nonoperative treatment of thoracolumbar fractures is conflicting. The purpose of this systematic review is to clarify the indications for nonsurgical treatment of thoracolumbar fractures. We conducted a systematic literature search between 2010 to 2020 on PubMed/MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central. Up-to-date literature on the indications for nonoperative treatment of thoracolumbar fractures was reviewed to reach an agreement in a consensus meeting of WFNS (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies) Spine Committee. The statements were voted and reached a positive or negative consensus using the Delphi method. For all of the questions discussed, the literature search yielded 1,264 studies, from which 54 articles were selected for full-text review. Nine studies (4 trials, and 5 retrospective) evaluating 759 participants with thoracolumbar fractures who underwent nonoperative/surgery were included. Although, compression type and stable burst fractures can be managed conservatively, if there is major vertebral body damage, kyphotic angulation, neurological deficit, spinal canal compromise, surgery may be indicated. AO type B, C fractures are preferably treated surgically. Future research is necessary to tackle the relative paucity of evidence pertaining to patients with thoracolumbar fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Peev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mehmet Zileli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Salman Sharif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahswar Arif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Zarina Brady
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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Higashimoto Y, Shiraishi M, Sugiya R, Mizusawa H, Nishiyama O, Ryo Y, Iwanaga T, Chiba Y, Tohda Y, Fukuda K. Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Erector Spinae Muscles in Individuals With COPD. Respir Care 2021; 66:1458-1468. [PMID: 34230214 PMCID: PMC9993866 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.08678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent paper reported that low muscle mass in the erector spinae muscles (ESM) was strongly associated with poor prognosis and declining muscle mass over time in subjects with COPD. However, effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), if any, on ESM mass have not been reported. We hypothesized that PR reduces the annual decline in ESM mass. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study. Thirty-nine subjects with COPD who received PR and underwent chest computed tomography before and after PR were evaluated (rehabilitation group). We also evaluated 39 age-matched subjects with COPD who did not receive PR (nonrehabilitation group). Data were collected from August 2010 until March 2020 in both groups. The ESM cross-sectional area (ESMCSA) was measured using axial computed tomography images, and annual changes were calculated. The 6-min walk distance (6MWD) was measured before and after PR; the minimum clinically important difference was defined as 30 m. RESULTS ESMCSA declined in the nonrehabilitation group over time (-116.0 ± 141.2 mm2/y) but increased in the PR group (51.0 ± 95.3 mm2/y; P < .001). The annual increase in ESMCSA was significantly higher among subjects with an increase in 6MWD that exceeded the minimum clinically important difference compared with nonresponders in the rehabilitation group. The annual change in ESMCSA was negatively correlated with comorbidity index, and triple therapy (long-acting β2-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist/inhaled corticosteroid) had a favorable effect on annual change in ESMCSA. Multiple regression analysis revealed that only PR was an independent factor for annual change in ESMCSA. CONCLUSIONS ESM mass was shown to decline yearly in subjects with COPD. The annual decline in muscle mass was reduced by PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Higashimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masashi Shiraishi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sugiya
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizusawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yamazaki Ryo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Chiba
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kanji Fukuda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Selhorst M, MacDonald J, Martin LC, Rodenberg R, Krishnamurthy R, Ravindran R, Fischer A. Immediate functional progression program in adolescent athletes with a spondylolysis. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 52:140-146. [PMID: 34487947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the preliminary evidence for the efficacy and safety of an immediate functional progression program to treat adolescent athletes with an active spondylolysis. DESIGN Prospective single-arm trial. SETTING Hospital-based sports medicine and physical therapy clinic. PARTICIPANTS Twelve adolescent athletes (14.2 ± 2 years, 25% female) with an active spondylolysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical outcomes included time out of sport, Micheli Functional Scale (Function and Pain) and adverse reactions. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and 3 months to confirm diagnosis and assess healing of lesion. RESULTS Eleven participants (92%) fully returned to sport in a median time of 2.5 months (75 days; interquartile range 55 days, 85 days). All participants demonstrated marked improvements in pain and function by the end of the program. One participant (8%) had an adverse reaction during care with a significant recurrence of LBP and had not returned to sport by 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated improvement of the spondylolytic lesion in all but one participant. CONCLUSION The immediate functional progression program appears a viable method for treating active spondylolysis and warrants future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Selhorst
- Sports and Orthopedic Physical Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - James MacDonald
- Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa C Martin
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard Rodenberg
- Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Reno Ravindran
- Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anastasia Fischer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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The effects of exposure to microgravity and reconditioning of the lumbar multifidus and anterolateral abdominal muscles: implications for people with LBP. Spine J 2021; 21:477-491. [PMID: 32966906 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT One of the primary changes in the neuromuscular system in response to microgravity is skeletal muscle atrophy, which occurs especially in muscles that maintain posture while being upright on Earth. Reduced size of paraspinal and abdominal muscles has been documented after spaceflight. Exercises are undertaken on the International Space Station (ISS) during and following space flight to remediate these effects. Understanding the adaptations which occur in trunk muscles in response to microgravity could inform the development of specific countermeasures, which may have applications for people with conditions on Earth such as low back pain (LBP). PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the changes in muscle size and function of the lumbar multifidus (MF) and anterolateral abdominal muscles (1) in response to exposure to 6 months of microgravity on the ISS and (2) in response to a 15-day reconditioning program on Earth. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal series. PATIENT SAMPLE Data were collected from five astronauts who undertook seven long-duration missions on the ISS. OUTCOME MEASURES For the MF muscle, measures included cross-sectional area (CSA) and linear measures to assess voluntary isometric contractions at vertebral levels L2 to L5. For the abdominal muscles, the thickness of the transversus abdominis (TrA), obliquus internus abdominis (IO) and obliquus externus abdominis (EO) muscles at rest and on contraction were measured. METHODS Ultrasound imaging of trunk muscles was conducted at four timepoints (preflight, postflight, mid-reconditioning, and post reconditioning). Data were analyzed using multilevel linear models to estimate the change in muscle parameters of interest across three time periods. RESULTS Beta-coefficients (estimates of the expected change in the measure across the specified time period, adjusted for the baseline measurement) indicated that the CSA of the MF muscles decreased significantly at all lumbar vertebral levels (except L2) in response to exposure to microgravity (L3=12.6%; L4=6.1%, L5=10.3%; p<.001), and CSAs at L3-L5 vertebral levels increased in the reconditioning period (p<.001). The thickness of the TrA decreased by 34.1% (p<.017), IO decreased by 15.4% (p=.04), and the combination of anterolateral abdominal muscles decreased by 16.2% (p<.001) between pre- and postflight assessment and increased (TrA<0.008; combined p=.035) during the postreconditioning period. Results showed decreased contraction of the MF muscles at the L2 (from 12.8% to 3.4%; p=.007) and L3 (from 12.2% to 5%; p=.032) vertebral levels following exposure to microgravity which increased (L2, p=.046) after the postreconditioning period. Comparison with preflight measures indicated that there were no residual changes in muscle size and function after the postreconditioning period, apart from CSA of MF at L2, which remained 15.3% larger than preflight values (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS In-flight exercise countermeasures mitigated, but did not completely prevent, changes in the size and function of the lumbar MF and anterolateral abdominal muscles. Many of the observed changes in size and control of the MF and abdominal muscles that occurred in response to prolonged exposure to microgravity paralleled those seen in people with LBP or exposed to prolonged bed rest on Earth. Daily individualized postflight reconditioning, which included both motor control training and weight-bearing exercises with an emphasis on retraining strength and endurance to re-establish normal postural alignment with respect to gravity, restored the decreased size and control of the MF (at the L3-L5 vertebral levels) and anterolateral abdominal muscles. Drawing parallels between changes which occur to the neuromuscular system in microgravity and which exercises best recover muscle size and function could help health professionals tailor improved interventions for terrestrial populations. Results suggested that the principles underpinning the exercises developed for astronauts following prolonged exposure to microgravity (emphasizing strength and endurance training to re-establish normal postural alignment and distribution of load with respect to gravity) can also be applied for people with chronic LBP, as the MF and anterolateral abdominal muscles were affected in similar ways in both populations. The results may also inform the development of new astronaut countermeasures targeting the MF and abdominal muscles.
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Trunk Skeletal Muscle Changes on CT with Long-Duration Spaceflight. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:1257-1266. [PMID: 33604800 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Astronauts exposed to microgravity for extended time are susceptible to trunk muscle atrophy, which may compromise strength and function on mission and after return. This study investigates changes in trunk skeletal muscle size and composition using computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) among 16 crewmembers (1 female, 15 male) on 4-6 month missions. Muscle cross-sectional area and muscle attenuation were measured using abdominal CT scans at pre-flight, post-flight return, 1 year post-flight, and 2-4 years post-flight. Longitudinal muscle changes were analyzed using mixed models. In six crewmembers, CT and DXA data were used to calculate subject height-normalized skeletal muscle indices. Changes in these indices were analyzed using paired t-tests and compared by imaging modality using Pearson correlations. Trunk muscle area decreased at post-flight return (- 4.7 ± 1.1%, p < 0.001) and recovered to pre-flight values at 1-4 years post-flight. Muscle attenuation changes were not significant. Skeletal muscle index from CT decreased (- 5.2 ± 1.0%, p = 0.004) while appendicular skeletal muscle index from DXA did not change significantly. In summary, trunk muscle atrophies with long-duration microgravity exposure but recovers to pre-flight values within 1-4 years. The CT measures highlight size decreases not detected with DXA, emphasizing the importance of advanced imaging modalities in assessing muscle health with spaceflight.
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Jones EJ, Kennett JE, Green DA. Spring-loaded body mass equivalent horizontal reactive countermovement jump ground contact and flight times, but not peak forces, are comparable to vertical jumping. J Biomech 2020; 116:110206. [PMID: 33485147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal (cylinder-based) sledge jumping has been shown to ameliorate multi-system deconditioning induced by long-term bed-rest. However, biomechanics differ from 1 g vertical jumping, in particular prolongation of ground contact times (GCT), reduction of peak force, rate of force development (RFD) (and presumably stretch shortening cycle [SSC] efficacy) and stiffness, whilst also requiring relatively complex equipment. Thus, we sought to determine if horizontal spring-loaded countermovement jumps were more analogous to vertical jumping. 9 healthy (5 female) subjects (27 ± 7yrs; 169.0 ± 5.3 cm; 63.6 ± 2.6 kg) performed 10 reactive countermovement jumps vertically, and horizontally (randomized) when lay on a spring-loaded carriage performed against loading (at lift-off) equivalent (±6%) to their body weight. Jump kinetics, kinematics and lower limb/trunk electromyographic activity were compared between conditions (paired t-tests). Mean flight and GCTs did not differ, however, peak jump height (p = 0.003; d = -0.961) was greater when jumping horizontally. In contrast, ground reaction forces (zGRF) during take-off (p < 0.001; d = 1.645) and landing (p = 0.002; d = 1.309), peak acceleration (p = 0.001; d = 1.988), leg stiffness (p = 0.001; d = 2.371) and RFD (p = 0.023; d = 1.255) were lower horizontally. Mean rectus femoris activity was lower during landing (p = 0.033; d = 0.691) when horizontal, but did not differ during either take-off or land-lift. Mean medial gastrocnemius activity was significantly (p = 0.018; d = 0.317) lower during horizontal take-off. Spring-loading (1 g at take-off) maintained short GCTs and flight times presumably maintaining muscle SSC efficacy in a manner that appears intuitive (in young active subjects), simple, robust and potentially compatible with spaceflight. Whether appropriate jump characteristics can be achieved in older subjects and in μg/hypogravity needs to be determined. However, greater jump height, lower peak zGRF, RFD and leg stiffness along with reduced lower limb and trunk muscle activity suggests that 1 g at take-off is insufficient to replicate vertical jump biomechanics. Thus, further investigation is warranted to optimize, and evaluate spring-loaded jumping as a gravity-independent multi-systems countermeasure on Earth, and in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Jones
- Centre of Human & Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - J E Kennett
- Physical Mind London, 135 High Street, Teddington, London TW11 8HH, UK
| | - D A Green
- Centre of Human & Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; KBR, Wyle Laboratories GmbH, Albin-Koebis Strasse 4, 51174 Cologne, Germany; Space Medicine Team, HRE-OM, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Linder Höhe, Cologne 51147, Germany.
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Tsuruike M, Munson M, Hirose N, Nishime RS. CORE STABILITY MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING STANDING LOWER BODY TWISTING EXERCISES. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:1052-1060. [PMID: 33344022 PMCID: PMC7727425 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20201052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the activity of the abdominal internal oblique (IO) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles relative to kinetic chain exercises performed in a standing position. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the activity of the IO and the LM muscles during weight-bearing exercises. The authors hypothesized that IO and LM muscle activity would vary with lower body positions during the kinetic chain exercises. METHODS Nineteen healthy, young, active subjects volunteered to participate. The electromyographic (EMG) activity (via surface EMG) of the abdominal external oblique (EO), IO, and LM muscles on both sides and the rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles on the dominant side was determined during rhythmical lower body twisting exercise with three lower body positions: straight leg (SL), athletic position (AP), dynamic knee extension (DE) at two exercise speeds: 150 and 90 beats per min. These were reported as % maximum voluntary contraction. Mean EO, IO, and LM muscle activities were also compared with those of common core stability exercises. RESULTS IO EMG activity was significantly greater in SL than that of AP (p < 0.05). In contrast, LM EMG activity was significantly greater in the DE position than that of both SL and AP positions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION IO muscle activity could be attenuated by the contraction of lower body extensor muscles during the standing position. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Basic Laboratory Study, Level 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tsuruike
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Mackenzie Munson
- Orthopedic and Fracture Specialists, University of Portland, Athletics Sports Medicine, Portland, OR,USA
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Gnat R, Biały M, Dziewońska A. Experimentally induced low back pain influences brain networks activity. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:680-692. [PMID: 33161892 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1839376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of this study was to answer the question whether the recognized patterns of brain activity are likely to change under the influence of experimentally induced low back pain (LBP), and also to determine the functional networks of the brain engaged in this process. Twenty healthy subjects (8 women) participated. An experimental design was applied with repeated measurements of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal from the brain during two different voluntary contractions of the abdominal muscles without and with experimentally induced LBP. Brain areas showing significant differences in activity were identified and ascribed to the three functional neuronal brain networks: default mode network (DMN), pain matrix (PM), and sensorimotor (SM) areas. After implementation of the experimental painful stimulus the overall level of brain activity appears to be higher. No higher brain deactivations are seen in painful conditions and no higher activations in pain-free conditions. During isolated-type of muscular contraction a slight tendency to DMN deactivation may be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gnat
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Biały
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.,Functional Diagnosis Laboratory, Sport-Klinika, Endoscopy Surgery Clinic, Żory, Poland
| | - Agata Dziewońska
- PhD Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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12
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Prajapati HP. Thoracolumbar Junction Fracture: Principle of Management. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) is the most common site of traumatic spinal injury. Its management is a highly controversial area. There are no specific guidelines for management of these injuries. The primary goal of treatment of TLJ fractures involves protecting the spinal cord from further neural damage, obtaining the stability by reconstructing anatomical alignment of spinal column, and returning patients to workplace through early mobilization and rehabilitation. There is a great variation in evaluation of stability of these fractures, which is one of the crucial factors in deciding the treatment. Controversy also exists regarding conservative versus operative treatment, timing of intervention, anterior versus posterior approach, short versus long segment fixation, and bracing versus no bracing. This article had reviewed the conflicting results and recommendations for management of TLJ fractures of previously published reports in PubMed, PubMed Central, and Medline databases. We analyzed these related articles which addresses issues regarding evaluation of stability, indications for operative and conservative treatment, timing of surgery, surgical approach, and fusion length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman Prasad Prajapati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Differences in Activity of the Brain Networks During Voluntary Motor Tasks Engaging the Local and Global Muscular Systems of the Lower Trunk. Motor Control 2020; 24:624-643. [PMID: 32932230 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2019-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain constitutes a multidimensional problem of largely unknown origin. One of the recent theories explaining its frequent occurrence includes speculative statements on patterns of central nervous system activity associated with the control of so-called local and global muscles of the lower trunk. The objective of the study was to verify whether there is a difference in the activity of the brain during selective, voluntary contraction of the local and global abdominal muscles as assessed by functional MRI. Twenty healthy subjects participated. An experimental design was applied with repeated measurements of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal from the brain during voluntary contraction of the local and global abdominal muscles, performed in random order. Prior to registration, a 2-week training period was introduced, aiming to master the experimental motor tasks. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were processed using the FMRIB Software Library (Oxford, UK). Brain areas showing significant activations/deactivations were identified and averaged across all participants, and intercondition differential maps were computed. Areas of significant intercondition differences were linked to the corresponding anatomical structures and ascribed to the default mode functional brain network and to the sensorimotor network. Contraction of the local abdominal muscles elicited more pronounced activity of the brain cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. This suggests that motor control of the abdominal musculature consists of two modes of brain activity and that control of the local muscles may be a more challenging task for the brain. Moreover, contraction of the local muscles elicited more distinct deactivation of the default mode network, which may have implications for diagnostics and therapy of low back pain.
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14
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Hofste A, Soer R, Hermens HJ, Wagner H, Oosterveld FGJ, Wolff AP, Groen GJ. Inconsistent descriptions of lumbar multifidus morphology: A scoping review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:312. [PMID: 32429944 PMCID: PMC7236939 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumbar multifidus (LM) is regarded as the major stabilizing muscle of the spine. The effects of exercise therapy in low back pain (LBP) are attributed to this muscle. A current literature review is warranted, however, given the complexity of LM morphology and the inconsistency of anatomical descriptions in the literature. Methods Scoping review of studies on LM morphology including major anatomy atlases. All relevant studies were searched in PubMed (Medline) and EMBASE until June 2019. Anatomy atlases were retrieved from multiple university libraries and online. All studies and atlases were screened for the following LM parameters: location, imaging methods, spine levels, muscle trajectory, muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, and diameter. The quality of the studies and atlases was also assessed using a five-item evaluation system. Results In all, 303 studies and 19 anatomy atlases were included in this review. In most studies, LM morphology was determined by MRI, ultrasound imaging, or drawings – particularly for levels L4–S1. In 153 studies, LM is described as a superficial muscle only, in 72 studies as a deep muscle only, and in 35 studies as both superficial and deep. Anatomy atlases predominantly depict LM as a deep muscle covered by the erector spinae and thoracolumbar fascia. About 42% of the studies had high quality scores, with 39% having moderate scores and 19% having low scores. The quality of figures in anatomy atlases was ranked as high in one atlas, moderate in 15 atlases, and low in 3 atlases. Discussion Anatomical studies of LM exhibit inconsistent findings, describing its location as superficial (50%), deep (25%), or both (12%). This is in sharp contrast to anatomy atlases, which depict LM predominantly as deep muscle. Within the limitations of the self-developed quality-assessment tool, high-quality scores were identified in a majority of studies (42%), but in only one anatomy atlas. Conclusions We identified a lack of standardization in the depiction and description of LM morphology. This could affect the precise understanding of its role in background and therapy in LBP patients. Standardization of research methodology on LM morphology is recommended. Anatomy atlases should be updated on LM morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hofste
- Anesthesiology Pain Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Location Beatrixoord, Dilgtweg 5, Haren, the Netherlands. .,Faculty of Physical Activity and Health, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Remko Soer
- Anesthesiology Pain Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Location Beatrixoord, Dilgtweg 5, Haren, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Physical Activity and Health, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Hermie J Hermens
- Department of Biomedical Signals & Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Telemedicine Group, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Movement Science, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Münster, Germany
| | - Frits G J Oosterveld
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Health, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - André P Wolff
- Anesthesiology Pain Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Location Beatrixoord, Dilgtweg 5, Haren, the Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand J Groen
- Anesthesiology Pain Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Location Beatrixoord, Dilgtweg 5, Haren, the Netherlands
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15
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J. Spiegl U, Fischer K, Schmidt J, Schnoor J, Delank S, Josten C, Schulte T, Heyde CE. The Conservative Treatment of Traumatic Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fractures. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:697-704. [PMID: 30479250 PMCID: PMC6280041 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conservative treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar vertebral fractures is often not clearly defined. METHODS This review is based on articles retrieved by a systematic search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases for publications up to February 2018 dealing with the conservative treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. The search initially yielded 3345 hits, of which 35 were suitable for use in this review. RESULTS It can be concluded from the available original clinical research on the subject, including three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), that the primary diagnostic evaluation should be with plain x-rays, in the standing position if possible. If a fracture is suspected on the plain films, computed tomography (CT) is indicated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is additionally advisable if there is a burst fracture. The spinal deformity resulting from the fracture should be quantified in terms of the Cobb angle. The choice of a conservative or operative treatment strategy is based on the primary stability of the fracture, the degree of deformity, the presence or absence of disc injury, and the patient's clinical state. Our analysis of the three RCTs implies that early functional therapy without a corset should be performed, although treatment in a corset may be appropriate to control pain. Follow-up x-rays should be obtained after mobilization and at one week, three weeks, six weeks, and twelve weeks. CONCLUSION Further comparative studies of the indications for surgery and specific conservative treatment modalities would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich J. Spiegl
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leibzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, BG Hospital Bergmannstrost, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Delank
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Josten
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leibzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulte
- Department of General Orthopedic and Spine Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, University Hospital of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph-Eckhardt Heyde
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leibzig, Germany
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16
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Weber T, Salomoni SE, Debuse D, Hug F, Caplan N, De Martino E, Scott J, Hides J, Hodges P. Functional behaviour of spinal muscles after training with an exercise device developed to recruit and train postural muscles. Gait Posture 2018; 66:189-193. [PMID: 30199777 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a single exercise session using a device developed for postural muscle training on the function of postural muscles in healthy, pain free individuals. During standardised rapid arm movements, timing of onset of electromyography (EMG) was measured using intramuscular and surface recordings of the transversus abdominis (TrA), obliquus internus abdominis (OI), obliquus externus abdominis (OE), lumbar multifidus (LM) and lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscles. A single exercise session with the device led to significantly (main effect of time: P = 0.03) earlier LES EMG onset in advance of the postural perturbation induced by rapid forward arm movements from -1 ms (SD: 32 ms) at baseline to -11 ms (SD: 27 ms) post-exercise and -16 ms (SD: 22 ms) at 10-min Wash-Out after the FRED exercise bout. The timing of EMG onset of the other trunk muscles was not affected by the single bout of exercise. A significant correlation was found between background activity and the EMG onset times of of TrA (r = 0.6; P < 0.001), OI (r = 0.59; P < 0.001), LES (r = 0.32; P = 0.046) and LMs (r = 0.77; P < 0.001). Higher levels of trunk muscle background activity were associated with later onset times. The present findings suggest that a single exposure to the postural training device can induce small changes in spinal muscle function in healthy pain free individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weber
- European Space Agency, European Astronaut Centre, Space Medicine Office, Cologne, Germany (HRE-OM); KBRwyle Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sauro E Salomoni
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dorothée Debuse
- LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Department of Physiotherapy, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Nick Caplan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Enrico De Martino
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Scott
- European Space Agency, European Astronaut Centre, Space Medicine Office, Cologne, Germany (HRE-OM); KBRwyle Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Paul Hodges
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Verheyden AP, Spiegl UJ, Ekkerlein H, Gercek E, Hauck S, Josten C, Kandziora F, Katscher S, Kobbe P, Knop C, Lehmann W, Meffert RH, Müller CW, Partenheimer A, Schinkel C, Schleicher P, Scholz M, Ulrich C, Hoelzl A. Treatment of Fractures of the Thoracolumbar Spine: Recommendations of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU). Global Spine J 2018; 8:34S-45S. [PMID: 30210959 PMCID: PMC6130107 DOI: 10.1177/2192568218771668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN consensus paper with systematic literature review. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish recommendations for treatment of thoracolumbar spine fractures based on systematic review of current literature and consensus of several spine surgery experts. METHODS The project was initiated in September 2008 and published in Germany in 2011. It was redone in 2017 based on systematic literature review, including new AOSpine classification. Members of the expert group were recruited from all over Germany working in hospitals of all levels of care. In total, the consensus process included 9 meetings and 20 hours of video conferences. RESULTS As regards existing studies with highest level of evidence, a clear recommendation regarding treatment (operative vs conservative) or regarding type of surgery (posterior vs anterior vs combined anterior-posterior) cannot be given. Treatment has to be indicated individually based on clinical presentation, general condition of the patient, and radiological parameters. The following specific parameters have to be regarded and are proposed as morphological modifiers in addition to AOSpine classification: sagittal and coronal alignment of spine, degree of vertebral body destruction, stenosis of spinal canal, and intervertebral disc lesion. Meanwhile, the recommendations are used as standard algorithm in many German spine clinics and trauma centers. CONCLUSION Clinical presentation and general condition of the patient are basic requirements for decision making. Additionally, treatment recommendations offer the physician a standardized, reproducible, and in Germany commonly accepted algorithm based on AOSpine classification and 4 morphological modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil P. Verheyden
- Clinic for Trauma, Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Lahr, Germany,These authors contributed equally to this article.,Akhil P. Verheyden, Clinic for Trauma, Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Lahr, 77933, Germany.
| | - Ulrich J. Spiegl
- Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und plastische Chirurgie, Leipzig, Germany,These authors contributed equally to this article
| | | | - Erol Gercek
- Zentrum für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauck
- Clinic for Trauma, Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Lahr, Germany
| | - Christoph Josten
- Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und plastische Chirurgie, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Kandziora
- Zentrum für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Katscher
- Leitender Arzt Orthopädie / Unfallchirurgie, Sana Klinikum Borna, Borna, Germany
| | - Philipp Kobbe
- Sektion Becken- und Wirbelsäulenchirurgie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Knop
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lehmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rainer H. Meffert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfall-, Hand-, Plastische- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian W. Müller
- Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schinkel
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Handchirurgie und Orthopädie, Klinikum Memmingen, Memmingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schleicher
- Zentrum für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matti Scholz
- Zentrum für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Boström AF, Lappalainen AK, Danneels L, Jokinen TS, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O, Hielm-Björkman AK. Cross-sectional area and fat content in dachshund epaxial muscles: an MRI and CT reliability study. Vet Rec Open 2018; 5:e000256. [PMID: 29632671 PMCID: PMC5888436 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI and CT are frequently used to diagnose spinal diseases in dogs. These modalities have detected epaxial muscle degeneration in dachshunds with intervertebral disc herniation. However, research on the reliability of epaxial muscular measurements is limited in veterinary medicine. The aims of the study were to assess the intrarater and inter-rater reliability of epaxial muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat content measurements on MRI and CT images in dachshunds, and to compare the CSA measurement between the two modalities. MRI and CT images of 10 healthy dachshunds were evaluated. Two blinded observers assessed MRI CSA, MRI fat content, CT CSA and CT muscle attenuation of three thoracolumbar epaxial muscles using OsiriX. The results showed ‘substantial’ to ‘almost perfect’ intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.828–0.998) and inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.685–0.854) for all variables. When individual spinal segments were analysed, the intrarater and inter-rater reliability decreased and the confidence intervals increased. There was positive correlation (r= 0.719–0.841, P=0.001) and high agreement (0.824–0.894) for the measured CSA between MRI and CT. Epaxial muscle CSA and fat content can be reliably measured on MRI and CT, bearing in mind that measurement of certain segments requires adequate training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fredrika Boström
- Small Animal Surgery, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu K Lappalainen
- Small Animal Surgery, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tarja S Jokinen
- Small Animal Surgery, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Small Animal Surgery, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna K Hielm-Björkman
- Small Animal Surgery, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2018; 13:6. [PMID: 29516039 PMCID: PMC5836359 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-018-0151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological sagittal spinal curvature represents a typical feature of good body posture in the sagittal plane. The cervical and the lumbar spine are curved anteriorly (lordosis), while the thoracic segment is curved posteriorly (kyphosis). The pelvis is inclined anteriorly, and the lower limbs' joints remain in a neutral position. However, there are many deviations from the optimal body alignment.The aim of this paper is to present the most common types of non-structural misalignments of the body posture in the sagittal plane. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT The most common types of non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane are as follows: (1) lordotic, (2) kyphotic, (3) flat-back, and (4) sway-back postures. Each one may influence both the skeletal and the muscular system leading to the functional disturbance and an increased strain of the supporting structures. Usually, the disturbances localized within the muscles are analyzed in respect to their shortening or lengthening. However, according to suggestions presented in the literature, when the muscles responsible for maintaining good body posture (the so-called stabilizers) are not being stimulated to resist against gravity for an extended period of time, e.g., during prolonged sitting, their stabilizing function is disturbed by the hypoactivity reaction resulting in muscular weakness. The deficit of the locomotor system stability triggers a compensatory mechanism-the stabilizing function is overtaken by the so-called mobilizing muscles. However, as a side effect, such compensation leads to the increased activity of mobilizers (hyperactivity) and decreased flexibility, which may finally lead to the pathological chain of reaction within the musculoskeletal system. CONCLUSIONS There exist four principal types of non-structural body posture misalignments in the sagittal plane: lordotic posture, kyphotic posture, flat-back posture, and sway-back posture. Each of them can disturb the physiological loading of the musculoskeletal system in a specific way, which may lead to a functional disorder.When planning postural corrective exercises, not only the analysis of muscles in respect to their shortening and lengthening but also their hypoactivity and hyperactivity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Czaprowski
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College in Olsztyn, Bydgoska 33, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland
- Center of Body Posture, Bydgoska 33, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stoliński
- Spine Disorders Center, Rehasport Licensed Rehabilitation Center, Al. Niepodległości 4, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
- Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics Department, University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147 Street, 61-545 Poznań, Poland
- Rehasport Clinic, Górecka 30, 60-201 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Tyrakowski
- Department of Orthopaedics, Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education in Warsaw, Konarskiego 13, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kozinoga
- Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics Department, University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147 Street, 61-545 Poznań, Poland
- Rehasport Clinic, Górecka 30, 60-201 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kotwicki
- Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics Department, University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147 Street, 61-545 Poznań, Poland
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20
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Russo M, Deckers K, Eldabe S, Kiesel K, Gilligan C, Vieceli J, Crosby P. Muscle Control and Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain. Neuromodulation 2017; 21:1-9. [PMID: 29230905 PMCID: PMC5814909 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the most prevalent of the painful musculoskeletal conditions. CLBP is a heterogeneous condition with many causes and diagnoses, but there are few established therapies with strong evidence of effectiveness (or cost effectiveness). CLBP for which it is not possible to identify any specific cause is often referred to as non‐specific chronic LBP (NSCLBP). One type of NSCLBP is continuing and recurrent primarily nociceptive CLBP due to vertebral joint overload subsequent to functional instability of the lumbar spine. This condition may occur due to disruption of the motor control system to the key stabilizing muscles in the lumbar spine, particularly the lumbar multifidus muscle (MF). Methods This review presents the evidence for MF involvement in CLBP, mechanisms of action of disruption of control of the MF, and options for restoring control of the MF as a treatment for NSCLBP. Results Imaging assessment of motor control dysfunction of the MF in individual patients is fraught with difficulty. MRI or ultrasound imaging techniques, while reliable, have limited diagnostic or predictive utility. For some patients, restoration of motor control to the MF with specific exercises can be effective, but population results are not persuasive since most patients are unable to voluntarily contract the MF and may be inhibited from doing so due to arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Conclusions Targeting MF control with restorative neurostimulation promises a new treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Russo
- Hunter Pain Clinic, Broadmeadow, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sam Eldabe
- The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Kyle Kiesel
- University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, USA
| | | | - John Vieceli
- Physioscope Pain Medicine of SA, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Crosby
- Mainstay Medical International plc, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Weber T, Debuse D, Salomoni SE, Elgueta Cancino EL, De Martino E, Caplan N, Damann V, Scott J, Hodges PW. Trunk muscle activation during movement with a new exercise device for lumbo-pelvic reconditioning. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13188. [PMID: 28320889 PMCID: PMC5371561 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravitational unloading leads to adaptations of the human body, including the spine and its adjacent structures, making it more vulnerable to injury and pain. The Functional Re‐adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) has been developed to activate the deep spinal muscles, lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA), that provide inter‐segmental control and spinal protection. The FRED provides an unstable base of support and combines weight bearing in up‐right posture with side alternating, elliptical leg movements, without any resistance to movement. The present study investigated the activation of LM, TrA, obliquus externus (OE), obliquus internus (OI), abdominis, and erector spinae (ES) during FRED exercise using intramuscular fine‐wire and surface EMG. Nine healthy male volunteers (27 ± 5 years) have been recruited for the study. FRED exercise was compared with treadmill walking. It was confirmed that LM and TrA were continually active during FRED exercise. Compared with walking, FRED exercise resulted in similar mean activation of LM and TrA, less activation of OE, OI, ES, and greater variability of lumbo‐pelvic muscle activation patterns between individual FRED/gait cycles. These data suggest that FRED continuously engages LM and TrA, and therefore, has the potential as a stationary exercise device to train these muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weber
- European Space Agency, European Astronaut Centre Space Medicine Office (HSO-AM), Cologne, Germany .,KBRWyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dorothée Debuse
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sauro E Salomoni
- The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edith L Elgueta Cancino
- The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enrico De Martino
- KBRWyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany.,Sports Medicine Specialisation School, Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences Department, University of Siena, Toscana, Italy
| | - Nick Caplan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Damann
- European Space Agency, European Astronaut Centre Space Medicine Office (HSO-AM), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan Scott
- European Space Agency, European Astronaut Centre Space Medicine Office (HSO-AM), Cologne, Germany.,KBRWyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul W Hodges
- The University of Queensland NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ranger TA, Cicuttini FM, Jensen TS, Peiris WL, Hussain SM, Fairley J, Urquhart DM. Are the size and composition of the paraspinal muscles associated with low back pain? A systematic review. Spine J 2017; 17:1729-1748. [PMID: 28756299 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Although previous studies have investigated the association between paraspinal muscle morphology and low back pain (LBP), the results are conflicting. PURPOSE This systematic review examined the relationship between size and composition of the paraspinal muscles and LBP. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING A systematic review was carried out. PATIENT SAMPLE No patient sample was required. OUTCOME MEASURES This review had no outcome measures. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to identify studies investigating the association between the cross-sectional area or fatty infiltration of the paraspinal muscles (erector spinae, multifidus, psoas, and quadratus lumborum) and LBP. Descriptive data regarding study design and methodology were tabulated and a risk of bias assessment was performed. RESULTS Of the 119 studies identified, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies were reported as having low to moderate risk of bias. There was evidence for a negative association between cross-sectional area (CSA) of multifidus and LBP, but conflicting evidence for a relationship between erector spinae, psoas, and quadratus lumborum CSA and LBP. Moreover, there was evidence to indicate multifidus CSA was predictive of LBP for up to 12 months in men, but insufficient evidence to indicate a relationship for longer time periods. Although there was conflicting evidence for a relationship between multifidus fat infiltration and LBP, there was no or limited evidence for an association for the other paraspinal musculature. CONCLUSIONS This review found evidence that multifidus CSA was negatively associated with and predictive of LBP up to 12 months but conflicting evidence for an association between erector spinae, psoas, and quadratus lumborum CSA and LBP. To further understand the role of the paraspinal musculature in LBP, there is a need for high-quality cohort studies which extend over both the short and longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Ranger
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Tue S Jensen
- Research Department, Spine Centre of Southern Denmark, Hospital Lillebaelt, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Oestre Hougvej 55, 5500 Middelfart, Denmark; Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Waruna L Peiris
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sultana Monira Hussain
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jessica Fairley
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Donna M Urquhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Fulford J, Juroskova V, Meakin JR, Barker AR. Muscle function and size in the lumbar spine before and after a four week exercise intervention. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2017; 30:717-724. [PMID: 28453450 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-150337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise of the spinal muscles is recommended for a variety of rehabilitative reasons but it is not always clear whether interventions are effective in improving the performance of the muscles or whether their benefit is elicited via other mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of an exercise intervention on the size and exercise performance of the lumbar spine extensor muscles. METHODS Eleven healthy participants undertook a four week programme of exercise. Magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus spectroscopy were performed before and after the intervention to determine the time to fatigue and phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion during a muscle endurance test (modified Biering-Sørensen) together with muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). RESULTS The post intervention measures were significantly different to the pre-intervention results for the time to fatigue (post-pre: 20.5 ± 22.7 s (P= 0.014)) and PCr depletion both at the point of fatigue (post-pre: 9.5 ± 11.9% (P= 0.024)) and at a matched time-point (post-pre: 12.2 ± 11.9% (P= 0.007)). CSA was not significantly different in any muscle. CONCLUSIONS Exercise improved the performance of the trunk muscles despite no impact on CSA. This demonstrated the importance of obtaining a wide range of measures when assessing the effectiveness of exercise intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fulford
- Exeter NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Vladimira Juroskova
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Judith R Meakin
- Physics, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Incomplete burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: a review of literature. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 26:3187-3198. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Timing of Physical Therapy Referral in Adolescent Athletes With Acute Spondylolysis: A Retrospective Chart Review. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27:296-301. [PMID: 27347866 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were (1) to determine whether the duration of rest before referral to physical therapy (PT) affects the time to make a full return to activity for patients with an acute spondylolysis, (2) to assess the safety of an early referral to PT in patients with an acute spondylolysis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Hospital-based sports medicine clinic. PATIENTS The medical charts of 196 adolescent athletes (mean age = 14.3 ± 1.8 years) with an acute spondylolytic injury met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Patients were subgrouped based on physician referral to PT. PATTERNS An aggressive referral group (<10 weeks) and a conservative referral group (>10 weeks). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Duration of rest before clearance to a full return to activity and the frequency of adverse reactions during the course of treatment. Safety was assessed by calculating the risk of experiencing an adverse reaction in each group. RESULTS Median days to a full return to activity for aggressive referral group (115.5 days, interquartile range 98-150 days) and conservative referral group (140.0 days, interquartile range 114.5-168 days) were significantly different (P = 0.002). Eleven patients had adverse reactions during the course of treatment. The risk of adverse reaction was not statistically significant between groups (P = 0.509). CONCLUSIONS Patients with acute spondylolysis in the aggressive referral group were able to make a full return activity almost 25 days sooner. No differences in the risk of adverse reactions were noted between aggressive and conservative referral groups.
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Winnard A, Nasser M, Debuse D, Stokes M, Evetts S, Wilkinson M, Hides J, Caplan N. Systematic review of countermeasures to minimise physiological changes and risk of injury to the lumbopelvic area following long-term microgravity. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2017; 27 Suppl 1:S5-S14. [PMID: 28173932 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have been published on an astronaut population to assess the effectiveness of countermeasures for limiting physiological changes in the lumbopelvic region caused by microgravity exposure during spaceflight. However, several studies in this area have been done using spaceflight simulation via bed-rest. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures designed to limit physiological changes to the lumbopelvic region caused by spaceflight simulation by means of bed-rest. METHODS Electronic databases were searched from the start of their records to November 2014. Studies were assessed with PEDro, Cochrane Risk of Bias and a bed-rest study quality tool. Magnitude based inferences were used to assess countermeasure effectiveness. RESULTS Seven studies were included. There was a lack of consistency across studies in reporting of outcome measures. Some countermeasures were found to be successful in preventing some lumbopelvic musculoskeletal changes, but not others. For example, resistive vibration exercise prevented muscle changes, but showed the potential to worsen loss of lumbar lordosis and intervertebral disc height. CONCLUSION Future studies investigating countermeasures should report consistent outcomes, and also use an actual microgravity environment. Additional research with patient reported quality of life and functional outcome measures is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Winnard
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mona Nasser
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Dorothee Debuse
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Stokes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, UK
| | - Simon Evetts
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mick Wilkinson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julie Hides
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nick Caplan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Hides J, Lambrecht G, Ramdharry G, Cusack R, Bloomberg J, Stokes M. Parallels between astronauts and terrestrial patients - Taking physiotherapy rehabilitation "To infinity and beyond". Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2017; 27 Suppl 1:S32-S37. [PMID: 28279266 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the microgravity environment induces physiological changes in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems in healthy astronauts. As space agencies prepare for extended duration missions, it is difficult to predict the extent of the effects that prolonged exposure to microgravity will have on astronauts. Prolonged bed rest is a model used by space agencies to simulate the effects of spaceflight on the human body, and bed rest studies have provided some insights into the effects of immobilisation and inactivity. Whilst microgravity exposure is confined to a relatively small population, on return to Earth, the physiological changes seen in astronauts parallel many changes routinely seen by physiotherapists on Earth in people with low back pain (LBP), muscle wasting diseases, exposure to prolonged bed rest, elite athletes and critically ill patients in intensive care. The medical operations team at the European Space Agency are currently involved in preparing astronauts for spaceflight, advising on exercises whilst astronauts are on the International Space Station, and reconditioning astronauts following their return. There are a number of parallels between this role and contemporary roles performed by physiotherapists working with elite athletes and muscle wasting conditions. This clinical commentary will draw parallels between changes which occur to the neuromuscular system in the absence of gravity and conditions which occur on Earth. Implications for physiotherapy management of astronauts and terrestrial patients will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hides
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane 4102, Australia; Mater/ACU Back Stability Research Clinic, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - Gunda Lambrecht
- European Space Agency Space-Medicine Office, European Astronaut Centre, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany; Germany Praxis fur Physiotherapie und Osteopathische Techniken, Kaiserstrasse 34, 53721 Siegburg, Germany
| | - Gita Ramdharry
- Faculty of Health, Social Science and Education, Kingston University/St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rebecca Cusack
- Critical Care Research Area, Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jacob Bloomberg
- Neuroscience Laboratories, NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Stokes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, UK
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The immediate effects of exercise using the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device on lumbopelvic kinematics in people with and without low back pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2017; 27 Suppl 1:S47-S53. [PMID: 28173931 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles is associated with low back pain (LBP). The Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) has shown potential as a non-specific LBP intervention by automatically recruiting LM and TrA. Loss or lordosis and altered lumbopelvic positioning has also been linked to LBP and is often trained within LM and TrA interventions. The effect that FRED exercise has on lumbopelvic positioning and lumbar lordosis is unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of FRED exercise on lumbopelvic kinematics and alignment to establish whether FRED exercise promotes a favourable lumbopelvic posture for training LM and TrA. DESIGN Within and between-group comparison study. METHOD One hundred and thirty participants, 74 experiencing LBP, had lumbopelvic kinematic data measured during over-ground walking and FRED exercise. Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare walking with FRED exercise within participants and between the asymptomatic and LBP groups, to establish the effects of FRED exercise on lumbopelvic kinematics, compared to walking, in each group. RESULTS FRED exercise promotes an immediate change in anterior pelvic tilt by 8.7° compared to walking in the no-LBP and LBP groups. Sagittal-plane spinal extension increased during FRED exercise at all spinal levels by 0.9° in the no-LBP group, and by 1.2° in the LBP group. CONCLUSIONS FRED exercise promotes a lumbopelvic position more conducive to LM and TrA training than walking in both asymptomatic people and those with LBP.
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Oei L, Zillikens MC, Rivadeneira F, Oei EHG. Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures as Part of Systemic Disease. J Clin Densitom 2016; 19:70-80. [PMID: 26376171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic control of skeletogenesis and bone remodeling is expanding, and normally, bone resorption and bone formation are well balanced through regulation by hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Osteoporosis is considered a systemic disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. Consequent increased bone fragility results in higher fracture risk. The most common osteoporotic fractures are located in the spine, and they form a significant health issue. A large variety of systemic diseases are associated with risk of osteoporotic vertebral fractures, illustrating its multifactorial etiology. Prevalences of these conditions vary from common to extremely rare, and incidence peaks differ according to etiology. This review appreciates different aspects of osteoporotic vertebral fractures as part of systemic disease, including genetic, immunologic, inflammatory, metabolic, and endocrine pathways. It seems impossible to be all-comprehensive on this topic; nevertheless, we hope to provide a reasonably thorough overview. Plenty remains to be elucidated in this field, identifying even more associated diseases and further exposing pathophysiological mechanisms underlying osteoporotic vertebral fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, IJsselland Hospital, Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H G Oei
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Changes in multifidus and abdominal muscle size in response to microgravity: possible implications for low back pain research. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25 Suppl 1:175-82. [PMID: 26582165 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In microgravity, muscle atrophy occurs in the intrinsic muscles of the spine, with changes also observed in the abdominal muscles. Exercises are undertaken on the International Space Station and on Earth following space flight to remediate these effects. Similar effects have been seen on Earth in prolonged bed rest studies and in people with low back pain (LBP). The aim of this case report was to examine the effects of microgravity, exercise in microgravity and post-flight rehabilitation on the size of the multifidus and antero-lateral abdominal muscles. METHODS Ultrasound imaging was used to assess size of the multifidus, transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles at four time points: pre-flight and after daily rehabilitation on day one (R + 1), day 8 (R + 8) and day 14 (R + 14) after return to Earth (following 6 months in microgravity). RESULTS Exercises in microgravity maintained multifidus size at L2-L4, however, after spaceflight, size of the multifidus muscle at L5 was reduced, size of the internal oblique muscle was increased and size of transversus abdominis was reduced. Rehabilitation post-space flight resulted in hypertrophy of the multifidus muscle to pre-mission size at the L5 vertebral level and restoration of antero-lateral abdominal muscle size. CONCLUSIONS Exercise in space can prevent loss of spinal intrinsic muscle size. For the multifidus muscles, effectiveness varied at different levels of the spine. Post-mission rehabilitation targeting specific motor control restored muscle balance between the antero-lateral abdominal and multifidus muscles, similar to results from intervention trials for people with LBP. A limitation of the current investigation is that only one astronaut was studied, however, the microgravity model could be valuable as predictable effects on trunk muscles can be induced and interventions evaluated. Level of Evidence Case series.
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Effects of Fourteen-Day Bed Rest on Trunk Stabilizing Functions in Aging Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:309386. [PMID: 26601104 PMCID: PMC4637013 DOI: 10.1155/2015/309386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bed rest has been shown to have detrimental effects on structural and functional characteristics of the trunk muscles, possibly affecting trunk and spinal stability. This is especially important in populations such as aging adults with often altered trunk stabilizing functions. This study examined the effects of a fourteen-day bed rest on anticipatory postural adjustments and postural reflex responses of the abdominal wall and back muscles in sixteen adult men. Postural activation of trunk muscles was measured using voluntary quick arm movement and sudden arm loading paradigm. Measurements were conducted prior to the bed rest, immediately after, and fourteen days after the bed rest. Immediately after the bed rest, latencies of anticipatory postural adjustments showed significant shortening, especially for the obliquus internus and externus muscles. After a fourteen-day recuperation period, anticipatory postural adjustments reached a near to complete recovery. On the contrary, reactive response latencies increased from pre-bed-rest to both post-bed-rest measurement sessions. Results indicate an important effect of bed rest on stabilizing functions of the trunk muscles in elderly adults. Moreover, there proved to be a significant deterioration of postural reactive responses that outlasted the 14-day post-bed-rest rehabilitation.
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Wang P, Wang Z, Wang D, Tian Y, Li F, Zhang S, Zhang L, Guo Y, Liu W, Wang C, Chen S, Guo J. Altered Gravity Simulated by Parabolic Flight and Water Immersion Leads to Decreased Trunk Motion. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208253 PMCID: PMC4514894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity is one of the important environmental factors that influence the physiologies and behaviors of animals and humans, and changes in gravity elicit a variety of physiological and behavioral alterations that include impaired movement coordination, vertigo, spatial disorientation, and perceptual illusions. To elucidate the effects of gravity on human physiology and behavior, we examined changes in wrist and trunk activities and heart rate during parabolic flight and the activity of wrist and trunk in water immersion experiments. Data from 195 person-time parabolas performed by eight subjects revealed that the trunk motion counts decreased by approximately half during ascending legs (hypergravity), relative to the data acquired before the parabolic flights. In contrast, the wrist activity remained unchanged. The results from the water immersion experiments demonstrated that in the underwater condition, both the wrist and trunk activities were significantly decreased but the latter decreased to a much lower level. Together, these data suggest that gravitational alterations can result in differential influences on the motions of the wrist and the trunk. These findings might be important for understanding the degeneration of skeleton and muscular system and performance of astronauts in microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoyu Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weibo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shanguang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Behringer M, Schüren T, McCourt M, Mester J. Efficacy of manual versus free-weight training to improve maximal strength and performance for microgravity conditions. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:630-6. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1066025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Addison O, Young P, Inacio M, Bair WN, Prettyman MG, Beamer BA, Ryan AS, Rogers MW. Hip but not thigh intramuscular adipose tissue is associated with poor balance and increased temporal gait variability in older adults. Curr Aging Sci 2015; 7:137-43. [PMID: 24998419 DOI: 10.2174/1874609807666140706150924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) of the lower extremity is a strong negative predictor of mobility function. Variability in temporal gait factors is another important predictor of mobility function. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between IMAT in the hip and thigh muscles, balance, and temporal gait variability in older adults. METHODS Forty-eight healthy community dwelling older adults (74 +/- 1 year) underwent a CT scan to quantify IMAT in the gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius/minimus (Gmed/min), hamstrings, vastus lateralis, and adductor muscles. Temporal Gait measures were collected on a GAITRite walkway and gait variability was determined by calculating intraindividual standard deviations. Individuals were divided by tertiles of temporal gait variability into categories of high, medium, and low variability. Differences in the IMAT of the hip abductors were calculated for those with high and low gait variability and partial correlations for gait variability and all muscle composition measures were determined for all variables with normalized gait speed as a covariate. RESULTS Gmed/min IMAT was greater in those with higher gait variability compared to those with lower gait variability (p<0.05). Gmed/min IMAT was related to stride width variability (r=0.30, p<0.05). Gmax IMAT was also related to time variability of swing (r=0.42), stance (r=0.26), double limb support (r=0.43), double support loading (r=0.44), and double support unloading (r=0.50) (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION Increased IMAT in the proximal hip muscles, particularly the hip abductors, was associated with increased gait variability and poorer balance. These findings may have implications for the assessment and treatment of balance and falls such that interventions for enhancing balance and mobility among older individuals should take into account the importance of gluteal muscle composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark W Rogers
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Allied Health Building, Room 115, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1082, USA.
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Mawston GA, G. Boocock M. Lumbar posture biomechanics and its influence on the functional anatomy of the erector spinae and multifidus. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x15y.0000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Belavy DL, Adams M, Brisby H, Cagnie B, Danneels L, Fairbank J, Hargens AR, Judex S, Scheuring RA, Sovelius R, Urban J, van Dieën JH, Wilke HJ. Disc herniations in astronauts: What causes them, and what does it tell us about herniation on earth? EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:144-154. [PMID: 25893331 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent work showed an increased risk of cervical and lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) herniations in astronauts. The European Space Agency asked the authors to advise on the underlying pathophysiology of this increased risk, to identify predisposing factors and possible interventions and to suggest research priorities. METHODS The authors performed a narrative literature review of the possible mechanisms, and conducted a survey within the team to prioritize research and prevention approaches. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Based on literature review the most likely cause for lumbar IVD herniations was concluded to be swelling of the IVD in the unloaded condition during spaceflight. For the cervical IVDs, the knowledge base is too limited to postulate a likely mechanism or recommend approaches for prevention. Basic research on the impact of (un)loading on the cervical IVD and translational research is needed. The highest priority prevention approach for the lumbar spine was post-flight care avoiding activities involving spinal flexion, followed by passive spinal loading in spaceflight and exercises to reduce IVD hyper-hydration post-flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Belavy
- Center of Muscle and Bone Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany. .,Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Michael Adams
- Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EJ, UK
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenborg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenborg, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cagnie
- Department of Rehabiliation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 3B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Department of Rehabiliation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 3B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Fairbank
- Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Alan R Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92103-8894, USA
| | - Stefan Judex
- Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA
| | | | - Roope Sovelius
- Centre for Military Medicine, Satakunta Air Command, PO.Box 1000, 33961, Pirkkala, Finland
| | - Jill Urban
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 9, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Wilke
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Effect of exercise therapy on muscle mass and physical functioning in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer 2014; 23:985-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yoon TL, Kim KS, Cynn HS. Slow expiration reduces sternocleidomastoid activity and increases transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscle activity during abdominal curl-up. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:228-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Joseph Ford J, John Hahne A, Pui Chan AY, Desmond Surkitt L. A classification and treatment protocol for low back disorders Part 3 – Functional restoration for intervertebral disc related disorders. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x11y.0000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Rostami M, Noormohammadpour P, Sadeghian AH, Mansournia MA, Kordi R. The effect of lumbar support on the ultrasound measurements of trunk muscles: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. PM R 2013; 6:302-8; quiz 308. [PMID: 24107427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of lumbopelvic belts on the thickness of lateral abdominal muscles and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles. DESIGN A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. SETTING An academic and tertiary care referral spine and sports medicine center. PARTICIPANTS Sixty healthy volunteers with no history of low back pain in the previous year. METHODS The subjects were allocated into belt and control groups. Lumbar belts were given to the subjects in the belt group, and they were asked to use the belts during the study period except during sleeping hours. The subjects were assessed at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The thickness of lateral abdominal muscles and the CSA of the LM muscles were measured by ultrasound with the patient in the hook-lying position on an examination table. RESULTS The thickness of lateral abdominal muscles and the CSA of LM muscles on both sides decreased significantly among healthy subjects in the belt group after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that lumbopelvic belts might influence the ultrasonographic measurements of lateral abdominal and LM muscles and thereby spine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rostami
- Sports Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Spine Division, Noorafshar Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Hospital; and Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran(∗)
| | - Pardis Noormohammadpour
- Sports Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; and Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran(†)
| | - Amir Hossein Sadeghian
- Sports Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran(‡)
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Sports Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran(§)
| | - Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, P.O. Box 14395-578, Tehran, Iran; Spine Division, Noorafshar Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Hospital; and Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran(‖).
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Chung S, Lee J, Yoon J. Effects of stabilization exercise using a ball on mutifidus cross-sectional area in patients with chronic low back pain. J Sports Sci Med 2013; 12:533-541. [PMID: 24149162 PMCID: PMC3772599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of lumbar stabilization exercises using balls to the effects of general lumbar stabilization exercises with respect to changes in the cross section of the multifidus (MF), weight bearing, pain, and functional disorders in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. Twelve patients participated in either a 8 week (3 days per week) stabilization exercise program using balls and control group (n = 12). The computer tomography (CT) was used to analyze MF cross-sectional areas (CSA) and Tetrax balancing scale was used to analyze left and right weight bearing differences. Both groups had significant changes in the CSA of the MF by segment after training (p < 0.05) and the experimental group showed greater increases at the L4 (F = 9.854, p = 0.005) and L5 (F = 39. 266, p = 0.000). Both groups showed significant decreases in weight bearing, from 9.25% to 5.83% in the experimental group and from 9.33% to 4.25% in the control group (p < 0.05), but did not differ significantly between the two groups. These results suggests that stabilization exercises using ball can increases in the CSA of the MF segments, improvement in weight bearing, pain relief, and recovery from functional disorders, and the increases in the CSA of the MF of the L4 and L5 segments for patients with low back pain. Key PointsCompared with the stabilization exercise using a ball and general stabilization exercise increased the CSA of the MF, weight bearing, pain, and functional ability in patients with low back pain.We verified that increases in the CSA of the MF of the L4 and L5 segments and functional ability during the stabilization exercise using a ball.The stabilization exercise using a ball was shown to be an effective exercise method for patients with low back pain in a rehabilitation program by increasing functional ability and the CSA of the MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinho Chung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center , Seoul, South Korea
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Hides J, Stanton W. Muscle imbalance among elite Australian rules football players: a longitudinal study of changes in trunk muscle size. J Athl Train 2013; 47:314-9. [PMID: 22892413 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Trunk muscles, such as the transversus abdominis (TrA) and multifidus, play a key role in lumbopelvic stability, which is important in athletic performance. Asymmetry or imbalance in these and other trunk muscles could result from the specific requirements of the game of Australian rules football. OBJECTIVE To determine whether seasonal variations in the sizes of key trunk muscles associated with lumbopelvic stability occur in Australian Football League players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Hospital. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS The number of players eligible to participate at each of the 4 time points was 36 at the start of preseason 1 (T1), 31 at end of season 1 (T2), 43 at the end of preseason 2 (T3), and 41 at the start of preseason 3 (T4). The group with data at all 4 time points (n = 20) was used in the analyses and was shown to be representative of the total sample. INTERVENTION(S) Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the multifidus (vertebral levels L2 to L5) and lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscles (L3), as well as the thickness of the TrA and internal oblique (IO) muscles at L3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cross-sectional areas of the multifidus and LES muscles and thickness of the TrA and IO muscles. RESULTS By the end of the playing season, results showed 11.1% atrophy for multifidus CSA at L3 and 21% atrophy for TrA thickness at rest. In comparison, the CSA of the LES muscles increased by 3.6%, and the thickness of the IO muscle increased by 11.8% compared with the start of the preseason. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated an imbalance of the key muscles associated with lumbopelvic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hides
- School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland 4014, Australia.
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Hebert JJ, Koppenhaver SL, Walker BF. Subgrouping patients with low back pain: a treatment-based approach to classification. Sports Health 2012; 3:534-42. [PMID: 23016055 PMCID: PMC3445227 DOI: 10.1177/1941738111415044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent condition imposing a large socioeconomic burden. Despite intensive research aimed at the efficacy of various therapies for patients with LBP, most evidence has failed to identify a superior treatment approach. One proposed solution to this dilemma is to identify subgroups of patients with LBP and match them with targeted therapies. Among the subgrouping approaches, the system of treatment-based classification (TBC) is promoted as a means of increasing the effectiveness of conservative interventions for patients with LBP. Evidence acquisition: MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched from 1985 through 2010, along with the references of selected articles. Results: TBC uses a standardized approach to categorize patients into 1 of 4 subgroups: spinal manipulation, stabilization exercise, end-range loading exercise, and traction. Although the TBC subgroups are in various stages of development, recent research lends support to the effectiveness of this approach. Conclusions: While additional research is required to better elucidate this method, the TBC approach enhances clinical decision making, as evidenced by the improved clinical outcomes experienced by patients with LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Hebert
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Chiropractic and Sports Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Address correspondence to Jeffrey J. Hebert, DC, PhD, Murdoch University, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Chiropractic and Sports Science, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 (e-mail: )
| | - Shane L. Koppenhaver
- US Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Bruce F. Walker
- US Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, San Antonio, Texas
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the recovery of the lumbar intervertebral discs after bed rest. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Prolonged bed rest is a useful model to understand the modeling and remodeling of tissues due to disuse and reloading, yet this process in the lumbar intervertebral discs has not been examined in detail. METHODS A total of 24 male subjects completed 60 days of head-down tilt bed rest as part of the 2nd Berlin BedRest Study and returned for magnetic resonance scanning 180 days (n = 22) and 2 years (n = 21) after bed rest. Lumbar disc volume, anterior and posterior disc height, disc signal intensity, intervertebral length, and lordosis were measured on sagittal plane magnetic resonance images. RESULTS.: Compared with prior to bed rest, increases in disc volume, disc height, and intervertebral length persisted 180 days (P ≤ 0.0004) and 720 days (P ≤ 0.024) after bed rest. Disc signal intensity remained increased 180 days (P = 0.034) after bed rest but was then decreased (P = 0.018) compared with baseline at the next measurement date. CONCLUSION The recovery of the lumbar intervertebral discs after 60-day bed rest is a prolonged process and incomplete within 2 years.
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Belavý DL, Bansmann PM, Böhme G, Frings-Meuthen P, Heer M, Rittweger J, Zange J, Felsenberg D. Changes in intervertebral disc morphology persist 5 mo after 21-day bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1304-14. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00695.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the nutrition-countermeasures (NUC) study in Cologne, Germany in 2010, seven healthy male subjects underwent 21 days of head-down tilt bed rest and returned 153 days later to undergo a second bout of 21-day bed rest. As part of this model, we aimed to examine the recovery of the lumbar intervertebral discs and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) after bed rest using magnetic resonance imaging and conduct a pilot study on the effects of bed rest in lumbar muscle activation, as measured by signal intensity changes in T2-weighted images after a standardized isometric spinal extension loading task. The changes in intervertebral disc volume, anterior and posterior disc height, and intervertebral length seen after bed rest did not return to prebed-rest values 153 days later. While recovery of muscle CSA occurred after bed rest, increases ( P ≤ 0.016) in multifidus, psoas, and quadratus lumborum muscle CSA were seen 153 days after bed rest. A trend was seen for greater activation of the erector spinae and multifidus muscles in the standardized loading task after bed rest. Greater reductions of multifidus and psoas CSA muscle and greater increases in multifidus signal intensity with loading were associated with incidence of low back pain in the first 28 days after bed rest ( P ≤ 0.044). The current study contributes to our understanding of the recovery of the lumbar spine after 21-day bed rest, and the main finding was that a decrease in spinal extensor muscle CSA recovers within 5 mo after bed rest but that changes in the intervertebral discs persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Belavý
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Berlin
| | | | - Gisela Böhme
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt; and
| | | | - Martina Heer
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt; and
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt; and
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Zange
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt; and
- Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Berlin
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The varying nature of chronic pain (CP) is difficult to correlate to neural activity using typical functional magnetic resonance imaging methods. Arterial spin labeling is a perfusion-based imaging technique allowing the absolute quantification of regional cerebral blood flow, which is a surrogate measure of neuronal activity. METHODS Subjects with chronic low back and radicular pain and matched healthy normal subjects, undergoing identical procedures, participated in three sessions: a characterization and training session and two arterial spin labeling sessions. In the first imaging session, CP (if any) was exacerbated using clinical maneuvers; in the second session, noxious heat was applied to the affected leg dermatome, the intensity of which was matched to the pain intensity level of the CP exacerbations for each back pain subject. RESULTS The clinically significant worsening of ongoing CP (≤ 30%, n = 16) was associated with significant regional blood flow increases (6-10 mm/100 g of tissue/min, P less than 0.01) within brain regions known to activate with experimental pain (somatosensory, prefrontal, and insular cortices) and in other structures observed less frequently in experimental pain studies, such as the superior parietal lobule (part of the dorsal attention network). This effect is specific to changes in ongoing CP as it is observed during worsening CP, but it is not observed after thermal pain application, or in matched, pain-free healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Study findings demonstrate the use of arterial spin labeling to investigate the neural processing of CP, and these findings are a step forward in the quest for objective biomarkers of the chronic pain experience.
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Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Belavy DL. Differential atrophy of the postero-lateral hip musculature during prolonged bedrest and the influence of exercise countermeasures. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:926-34. [PMID: 21233337 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01105.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the 2nd Berlin BedRest Study (BBR2-2), we investigated the pattern of muscle atrophy of the postero-lateral hip and hamstring musculature during prolonged inactivity and the effectiveness of two exercise countermeasures. Twenty-four male subjects underwent 60 days of head-down tilt bedrest and were assigned to an inactive control (CTR), resistive vibration exercise (RVE), or resistive exercise alone (RE) group. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hip and thigh was taken before, during, and at end of bedrest. Volume of posterolateral hip and hamstring musculature was calculated, and the rate of muscle atrophy and the effect of countermeasure exercises were examined. After 60 days of bedrest, the CTR group showed differential rates of muscle volume loss (F = 21.44; P ≤ 0.0001) with fastest losses seen in the semi-membranosus, quadratus femoris and biceps femoris long head followed by the gluteal and remaining hamstring musculature. Whole body vibration did not appear to have an additional effect above resistive exercise in preserving muscle volume. RE and RVE prevented and/or reduced muscle atrophy of the gluteal, semi-membranosus, and biceps femoris long head muscles. Some muscle volumes in the countermeasure groups displayed faster recovery times than the CTR group. Differential atrophy occurred in the postero-lateral hip musculature following a prolonged period of unloading. Short-duration high-load resistive exercise during bedrest reduced muscle atrophy in the mono-articular hip extensors and selected hamstring muscles. Future countermeasure design should consider including isolated resistive hamstring curls to target this muscle group and reduce the potential for development of muscle imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Miokovic
- Centre for Muscle and Bone Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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