1
|
Kim HC, Oh SH, Oh JK, Ha Y. Surgical Strategies and Perioperative Considerations for Cervical Deformity With Cerebral Palsy: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:868-875. [PMID: 36597622 PMCID: PMC9816591 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244956.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex nature of the cervical spine makes surgical intervention challenging when treating cervical deformity in patients with cerebral palsy (CDCP). However, few studies have investigated the unique characteristics of cerebral palsy that create the need for surgery, the most effective surgical strategies, and the possible perioperative complications. The intended benefit and the potential risk of postoperative complications must be considered when deciding to operate for CDCP. Because the approach and correction strategy depend on the type of cervical deformity, as well as the patient's comorbidities and functional status, a customized strategy is needed. Perioperatively, botulinum toxin injections and muscle division techniques can help control excessive involuntary movements and improve the spinal fusion success rate. Surgical intervention for CDCP requires a multidisciplinary approach, and the information presented in this article is intended to help in the perioperative management and surgical treatment of CDCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Cheol Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung Han Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Keun Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding Author Yoon Ha Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Masaki M, Ogawa Y, Inagaki Y, Sato Y, Yokota M, Maruyama S, Takeuchi M, Kasahara M, Minakawa K, Okamoto M, Chiyoda Y, Mino K, Aoyama K, Nishi T, Ando Y. Association of sagittal spinal alignment in the sitting position with the trunk and lower extremity muscle masses in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A pilot study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 90:105491. [PMID: 34597916 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the association of sagittal spinal alignment in the sitting position with the trunk and lower extremity muscle masses in children and adults with cerebral palsy (CP). We also compared muscle masses between children and adults with CP who could and could not sit without the support of their upper extremities. METHODS The subjects were 34 children and adults with CP. Sagittal spinal alignment in the sitting position, such as thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral anterior inclination angles were measured using a Spinal Mouse. The thicknesses of the trunk and lower extremity muscles were measured using an ultrasound imaging device. Furthermore, the subjects were classified into the sitting-possible group (n = 18), who could sit without the support of the upper extremities, or a sitting-impossible group (n = 16), who could not sit without the support of the upper extremities. FINDINGS Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the lumbar multifidus muscle thickness and body weight were significant and independent factors of the lumbar lordosis angle in the sitting position. The thicknesses of the thoracic erector spinae, gluteus maximus and minimus, long head of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and rectus femoris muscles were significantly lower in the sitting-impossible group than those in the sitting-possible group. INTERPRETATION Decreased lumbar lordosis angle in the sitting position was associated with decreased lumbar multifidus muscle mass in children and adults with CP. Furthermore, not only trunk extensor but also hip joint muscles may contribute to sitting without upper extremity support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Masaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, 501 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yukine Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sannocho Hospital, Niigata, 5-2-30 Hon-cho, Sanjo 955-0071, Japan.
| | - Yukika Inagaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hanna Sawarabi Ryoikuen, Gunma, 28-30 Harunasan-machi, Takasaki 370-3341, Japan.
| | - Yoshino Sato
- Suzuki Otolaryngology Clinic, Niigata, 6-5-37 Meike, Chuo-ku, Niigata 950-0941, Japan.
| | - Minori Yokota
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, Fukushima, 3-27 Yamaga-machi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Japan.
| | - Seina Maruyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Moeka Takeuchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Iwamuro Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata, 772-1 Iwamuronsen, Nishikan-ku, Niigata 953-0104, Japan.
| | - Maki Kasahara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tsunoda Hospital, Gunma, 675-4 Kamishinden, Tamamura-machi, Sawagun 370-1133, Japan.
| | - Kota Minakawa
- Tsutsumi Orthopaedic Clinic, Akita, 3-8-24 Terauchidonosawa, Akita 011-0901, Japan.
| | - Mami Okamoto
- Midori-no Kodomokan, Musashino City Development Support Center for Children, Tokyo, 2-6-8 Midori-cho, Musashino 180-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshie Chiyoda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gunma Seishi Ryougoen, Gunma, 146-1 Ashikado-machi, Takasaki 370-3531, Japan
| | - Kunio Mino
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan
| | - Kaori Aoyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ando
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lamberts RP, Eken MM, du Toit J, Botha E, de Villiers RVP, Langerak NG. Spinal Curvatures, Deformities, and the Level of Disability in People with Bilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy Living in South Africa; A 6-Year Follow-Up Study During Adulthood. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 103:481-487. [PMID: 34653375 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine if spinal curvatures, deformities, as well as level of disability (due to back pain) changes with aging in adults with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy after receiving orthopedic interval surgery approach treatment in childhood. DESIGN Consecutive case-series SETTING: Urban South Africa PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven ambulatory adults with cerebral palsy MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spinal curvatures (scoliosis, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis) and deformities (spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis) were determined with X-rays, while the level of disability was assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index. RESULTS The prevalence of spinal abnormalities were: 30% scoliosis (mild: <30°), 0% thoracic hyperkyphosis, 15% lumbar hyperlordosis, 0%; spondylolysis, and 0% spondylolisthesis. No changes in scoliosis and lumbar lordosis angles were observed, while the change in thoracic kyphosis angle was smaller than the minimal clinically important difference and moved closer toward the norm-values for typically developing adults. Level of disability remained similar with 63% reporting minimal disability, 26% moderate disability and 11% severe disability. No associations with spinal curvatures were found. CONCLUSIONS No clinically meaningful changes in spinal curvatures, deformities and level of disability due to pain were seen during the 6 years follow-up period in adults with cerebral palsy who have been treated with interval surgery approach in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch
| | - Maaike M Eken
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch
| | - Jacques du Toit
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch
| | - Elsabe Botha
- Winelands Radiology, Institute of Orthopaedics and Rheumatology, Cape Town
| | | | - Nelleke G Langerak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
du Toit J, Eken MM, Lamberts RP, Langerak NG. Adults with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy living in a low-to-middle income Country: A six-year follow-up study on pain, functional mobility, activity and participation. Disabil Health J 2021; 14:101130. [PMID: 34172416 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insight into the day-to-day challenges faced by adults living with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs) will enable support towards healthy ageing in this population. OBJECTIVES To determine changes in level of pain, functional mobility and accomplishment as well as satisfaction in daily life of ambulant adults with CP living in a LMIC over a six-year period, compared to typically developed (TD) adults. In addition, to determine associations with individual characteristics. METHODS Twenty-eight adults with CP and spastic diplegia (median [interquartile ranges] age = 39.0 [34.0-45.7] years; Gross Motor Function Classification System level I/II/III: n = 11/12/5) participated in this study, together with 28 matched TD adults. Levels of accomplishment and satisfaction were assessed with the Life-Habits questionnaire, functional mobility was determined with the Functional Mobility Scale and (back, lower and upper limb) pain frequency was gauged with a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Life-Habits accomplishment and satisfaction scores of adults with CP remained unchanged during the six-year follow-up, with 79% being independent and 100% satisfied. Functional mobility decreased and related to the total accomplishment score. No change in pain frequency was observed, but adults with CP experienced more pain than their peers. Back pain was significantly associated with the total satisfaction score. CONCLUSIONS Relative high levels of accomplishment and satisfaction and no change in pain frequency were noted during a six-year follow-up study of adults with CP living in a LMIC. The importance of exercise/rehabilitation programs to reduce pain and maintain functional mobility in persons ageing with CP was highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques du Toit
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike M Eken
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nelleke G Langerak
- Neuroscience Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salie R, Eken MM, Donald KA, Fieggen AG, Langerak NG. Pain, health-related quality of life, and mental health of adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy in urban South Africa. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4672-4680. [PMID: 33909514 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1916101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and level of disability due to pain, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health in adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy (CP), living in a low-to-middle income country (LMIC), compared to matched typically developing (TD) peers, and to explore associations with individual characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study included 31 adolescents and 30 adults with CP (gross motor function classification system [GMFCS] Level I-V) and matched TD peers. Assessment tools used were a pain questionnaire, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36v2), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and General Self Efficacy (GSE) scale. RESULTS Both CP cohorts reported more frequent pain in their lower limbs, higher level of disability due to pain (total ODI score) and lower perceived physical HRQoL compared to TD peers, while their mental health (mental HRQoL, HADS, and GSE) was not different. CONCLUSIONS Despite the physical challenges faced by adolescents and adults with CP living in urban South Africa, the mental health scores showed no difference compared to TD peers. Care should be taken to maintain this positive mental state during ageing across their lifespan.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe prognosis of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) has improved over the last three decades and CP should therefore be considered as a lifelong condition.Adolescents and adults with CP living in urban South Africa reported a higher level of disability due to pain and lower physical health-related quality of life compared to typically developing peers, while their level of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem was not different.These results were similar to findings of studies conducted in high-income countries, though it cannot be generalised to other low to middle-income countries with different cultural and government systems.In order to promote healthy ageing across their lifespan, intervention programmes should be considered to improve physical well-being, and care should be taken to maintain their positive mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshaan Salie
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Maria Eken
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Ann Donald
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Graham Fieggen
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelleke Gertrude Langerak
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|