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Yilmaz E, Erbas Z, Soylak M. Hydrolytic enzyme modified magnetic nanoparticles: An innovative and green microextraction system for inorganic species in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1178:338808. [PMID: 34482859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the presented study, the usability of hydrolytic enzyme immobilized magnetic nanoparticles as an extraction agent for the microextraction of metal ions from food samples was investigated. α-amylase modified magnetic carbon nanotubes (α-amylase-Fe3O4/MWCNTs) was used as an extraction agent for direct microextraction of trace arsenic from food sample phase into liquid phase medium prior to its ICP-MS determination. In extraction studies using hydrolytic enzymes, it is impossible to recover the free soluble enzyme after extraction without losing its activity. In our study, this problem was overcome by immobilizing the hydrolytic enzyme on magnetic support. In this way, α-amylase-Fe3O4/MWCNTs as an extraction agent with a reuse property of at least six times was used. α-amylase-Fe3O4/MWCNTs was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, SEM-EDX, VSM, TGA, and DTG techniques. Optimization of the presented method was performed using 1568 A rice flour certified reference material. Analytical parameters such as type of hydrolytic enzyme, pH and volume of the aqueous phase, extraction temperature and ultrasonic irridation time were optimized. The microextraction step was performed in ultrasonic water bath within only ∼15 min. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and relative standard deviation (RSD %) values for the developed method were found to be 14.3 μg kg-1, 47.3 μg kg-1 and 7.5%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of arsenic contents of different rice and flour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Yilmaz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; ERNAM Erciyes University, Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Erbas
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri-Turkey; Science and Technology Application and Research Center, Yozgat Bozok University, 66200, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri-Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Pyrzynska K, Sentkowska A. Selenium in plant foods: speciation analysis, bioavailability, and factors affecting composition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1340-1352. [PMID: 32363893 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1758027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in selenium has been increasing over the past few decades with growing knowledge of its importance to overall health. The ability of several plants to accumulate and transform inorganic selenium forms into its bioactive organic compounds has important implications for human nutrition and health. In this review, we present the studies carried out during the last decade to characterize selenium species produced by different plant foods. Attention is also paid to the effect of selenium treatment on chemical composition and antioxidant properties of plants.
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Bolan S, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Choppala G, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Ok YS, Zhang M, Li CG, Li F, Noller B, Kirkham MB. Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:103-118. [PMID: 28843139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen the rise of alternative medical approaches including the use of herbal supplements, natural products, and traditional medicines, which are collectively known as 'Complementary medicines'. However, there are increasing concerns on the safety and health benefits of these medicines. One of the main hazards with the use of complementary medicines is the presence of heavy metal(loid)s such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). This review deals with the characteristics of complementary medicines in terms of heavy metal(loid)s sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and human risk assessment. The heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines are derived from uptake by medicinal plants, cross-contamination during processing, and therapeutic input of metal(loid)s. This paper discusses the distribution of heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines, in terms of their nature, concentration, and speciation. The importance of determining bioavailability towards human health risk assessment was emphasized by the need to estimate daily intake of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. The review ends with selected case studies of heavy metal(loid) toxicity from complementary medicines with specific reference to As, Cd, Pb, and Hg. The future research opportunities mentioned in the conclusion of review will help researchers to explore new avenues, methodologies, and approaches to the issue of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines, thereby generating new regulations and proposing fresh approach towards safe use of these medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Anitha Kunhikrishnan
- Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Balaji Seshadri
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Girish Choppala
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Barry Noller
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary Beth Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products and related matrices by ICP-based methods: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4547-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bolan S, Naidu R, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Ok YS, Palanisami T, Dong M, Clark I. Speciation and bioavailability of lead in complementary medicines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:304-312. [PMID: 26363725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Complementary medicines have associated risks which include toxic heavy metal(loid) and pesticide contamination. The objective of this study was to examine the speciation and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in selected complementary medicines. Six herbal and six ayurvedic medicines were analysed for: (i) total heavy metal(loid) contents including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), Pb and mercury (Hg); (ii) speciation of Pb using sequential fractionation and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques; and (iii) bioavailability of Pb using a physiologically-based in vitro extraction test (PBET). The daily intake of Pb through the uptake of these medicines was compared with the safety guidelines for Pb. The results indicated that generally ayurvedic medicines contained higher levels of heavy metal(loid)s than herbal medicines with the amount of Pb much higher than the other metal(loid)s. Sequential fractionation indicated that while organic-bound Pb species dominated the herbal medicines, inorganic-bound Pb species dominated the ayurvedic medicines. EXAFS data indicated the presence of various Pb species in ayurvedic medicines. This implies that Pb is derived from plant uptake and inorganic mineral input in herbal and ayurvedic medicines, respectively. Bioavailability of Pb was higher in ayurvedic than herbal medicines, indicating that Pb added as a mineral therapeutic input is more bioavailable than that derived from plant uptake. There was a positive relationship between soluble Pb fraction and bioavailability indicating that solubility is an important factor controlling bioavailability. The daily intake values for Pb as estimated by total and bioavailable metal(loid) contents are likely to exceed the safe threshold level in certain ayurvedic medicines. This research demonstrated that Pb toxicity is likely to result from the regular intake of these medicines which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bolan
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - R Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia
| | - A Kunhikrishnan
- Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - B Seshadri
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Y S Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - T Palanisami
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - M Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - I Clark
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia
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UV-photochemical vapor generation with quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for simple and sensitive determination of selenium in dietary supplements. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fagan S, Owens R, Ward P, Connolly C, Doyle S, Murphy R. Biochemical Comparison of Commercial Selenium Yeast Preparations. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:245-59. [PMID: 25855372 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The trace mineral selenium (Se) is an essential element for human and animal nutrition. The addition of Se to the diet through dietary supplements or fortified food/feed is increasingly common owing to the often sub-optimal content of standard diets of many countries. Se supplements commercially available include the inorganic mineral salts such as sodium selenite or selenate, and organic forms such as Se-enriched yeast. Today, Se yeast is produced by several manufacturers and has become the most widely used source of Se for human supplementation and is also widely employed in animal nutrition where approval in all species has been granted by regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Characterisation and comparison of Se-enriched yeast products has traditionally been made by quantifying total selenomethionine (SeMet) content. A disadvantage of this approach, however, is that it does not consider the effects of Se deposition on subsequent digestive availability. In this study, an assessment was made of the water-soluble extracts of commercially available Se-enriched yeast samples for free, peptide-bound and total water-soluble SeMet. Using LC-MS/MS, a total of 62 Se-containing proteins were identified across four Se yeast products, displaying quantitative/qualitative changes in abundance relative to the certified reference material, SELM-1 (P value <0.05; fold change ≥2). Overall, the study indicates that significant differences exist between Se yeast products in terms of SeMet content, Se-containing protein abundance and associated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Fagan
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, County Meath, Ireland,
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Zembrzuska J, Matusiewicz H, Polkowska-Motrenko H, Chajduk E. Simultaneous quantitation and identification of organic and inorganic selenium in diet supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 142:178-87. [PMID: 24001829 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for selenium speciation in dietary supplements. Chromatographic separation was performed on a TSK-Gel ODS-100V column using a mixture of 5mM ammonium acetate water solution and methanol as a mobile phase. Conditions chosen for this process allowed to separate all investigated chemical compounds of selenium: seleno-l-methionine, methyl-seleno-l-cysteine, l-selenocystine, methaneseleninic acid, selenite and selenate. A tandem mass spectrometer with an ion trap operating in negative or positive ion mode according to the selenium form being determined was used as a detector. Three extraction procedures: water extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis and sequential extraction were used for preparation of samples for the determination of the actual forms of selenium in diet supplements. The developed method was used for analysis of six dietary supplements containing selenium bought in a pharmacy and supermarket. Apart from speciation analysis of selenium content in supplements total selenium content was determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). All expected forms of selenium except for selenite were determined using LC-MS/MS technique. It should be stressed that amounts of selenate were smaller than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zembrzuska
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.
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Meermann B, Sperling M. Hyphenated techniques as tools for speciation analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals: developments and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1501-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Heras IL, Palomo M, Madrid Y. Selenoproteins: the key factor in selenium essentiality. State of the art analytical techniques for selenoprotein studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1717-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Speciation analysis of selenoproteins in human serum by microbore affinity-HPLC hyphenated to ICP-Sector field-MS using a high efficiency sample introduction system. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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