Magnetic nanoparticles modified with polyfuran for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to their determination by gas chromatography

Adsorption of ibuprofen using waste coffee derived carbon architecture: Experimental, kinetic modeling, statistical and bio-inspired optimization

Pharmaceuticals in water are a growing environmental concern, as they can harm aquatic life and human health. To address this issue, an adsorbent made from coffee waste that effectively removes ibuprofen (a common pharmaceutical pollutant) from wastewater was developed. The experimental adsorption phase was planned using a Design of Experiments approach with Box-Behnken strategy. The relation between the ibuprofen removal efficiency and various independent variables, including adsorbent weight (0.01-0.1 g) and pH (3-9), was evaluated via a regression model with 3-level and 4-factors using the Response surface methodology (RSM) . The optimal ibuprofen removal was achieved after 15 min using 0.1 g adsorbent at 32.4 °C and pH = 6.9. Moreover, the process was optimized using two powerful bio-inspired metaheuristics (Bacterial Foraging Optimization and Virus Optimization Algorithm). The adsorption kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of ibuprofen onto waste coffee-derived activated carbon were modeled at the identified optimal conditions. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were implemented to investigate adsorption equilibrium, and thermodynamic parameters were also calculated. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the adsorbent's maximum adsorption capacity was 350.00 mg g-1 at 35 °C. The findings revealed that the ibuprofen adsorption was well-matched with the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous sites. The computed positive enthalpy value showed the endothermic nature of ibuprofen adsorption at the adsorbate interface.

Integrated ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction for efficient determination and pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran

In the present research, an ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry hybrid system was developed for extraction/determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran using magnetite graphene oxide adsorbent. The magnetite graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The highest extraction recovery (73.05 to 95.56%) and enrichment factor (90.65 to 106.38) were obtained at adsorbent mass: 10 mg, adsorption time: 30 min, salt addition: sodium chloride 10% w/v, desorption time: 20 min, eluent type: hexane: acetone (1:1, v/v), and desorption solvent volumes: 200 μL. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination was 0.2-200 ng mL^-1  with coefficient of determination> 0.993, limit of detection = 0.09-0.21 ng mL^-1 , limit of quantitation = 0.3-0.7 ng mL^-1 , and relative standard deviation < 8.1%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked real samples ranged from 94.67 to 109.45 % with standard deviation < 6.05%. The proposed method is effective, sensitive, reusable and it is promising for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons residues in environmental samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Graphene oxide modified magnetic polyamidoamide dendrimers based magnetic solid phase extraction for sensitive measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

In this study, graphene oxide modified magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers (MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by amidation method. The obtained MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO nanocomposites were examined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), etc. MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO exhibited excellent adsorption property and was investigated for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water. The detection of extracted PAHs was accomplished by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The target PAHs included anthracene (ANT), pyrene (PYR), fluoranthene (FLT), carbazole (CB), 7-methylquinoline (7-MQL), 9-methylcarbazole (9-MCB), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DBT). Important operation parameters for MSPE that could affect the extraction efficiencies of PAHs were investigated in detail. Under optimal parameters, the constructed method demonstrated excellent linear range with 0.001-10 μg L^-1 for analytes and low limits of detection within the range of 0.11-0.9 ng L^-1. The spiked average recoveries of PAHs in natural water samples ranged from 92.5% to 105.2%. The promising results indicated that MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO could be employed to efficiently extract PAHs from aqueous samples.

Ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples with a magnetic polyaniline modified graphene oxide nanocomposite

A novel magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with polyaniline (Fe₃O₄@GO-PANI) was synthesized and applied for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e. fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) (i.e. 2-nitrofluorene, 9-nitroanthracene, 1-nitropyrene and 3-nitrofluoranthene) prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The prepared nanomaterial was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The main experimental parameters affecting the extraction and desorption steps of the MSPE procedure were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, coefficients of determination (r²) ranged between 0.9970 and 0.9995, limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) ranged between 0.04-0.05 ng mL^-1 for PAHs and 0.01-0.11 ng mL^-1 for N-PAHs, while the relative standard deviation for intra-day and inter-day repeatability were lower than 10.0% for PAHs and N-PAHs. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of tap, mineral and river water samples. Relative recoveries in spiked water samples ranged between from 91.6 to 114% and from 92.3 to 110% for PAHs and N-PAHs, respectively. The proposed method is simple, rapid, sensitive and the Fe₃O₄@GO-PANI sorbent can be reused for at least 15 times without significant decrease in extraction recovery.

Novel materials for dispersive (micro) solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are hazardous environmental pollutants that possess mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Generally, the concentrations of PAHs in environmental water samples are very low, and it is challenging to detect such levels directly by the analytical instrumentation. Thus, the extraction of PAHs using suitable extraction methodology is required for sample cleanup and analyte enrichment. Dispersive solid-phase extraction has several advantages over conventional approaches for the extraction of PAHs from environmental water samples. In this article, we critically evaluate the role of different nano and micro sorbent materials employed in the extraction of PAHs. Carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, polymeric nanocomposites, ionic-liquid based composites, and silica-based materials are explicitly covered. This review also provides insight on functional components of all types of sorbents and their way of interaction with PAHs. The factors affecting the dispersive (micro) solid phase extraction of PAHs such as the design of the sorbent, the ratio of functional material to magnetic core, sample volume, amount of sorbent, extraction and desorption times, desorption solvent and its volume, salt addition, and sample pH are critically appraised. Finally, a brief account on the accomplishments, limitations, and challenges associated with such methods is provided.

A hybrid material composed of a polyoxometalate of type BeW12O40 and an ionic liquid immobilized onto magnetic nanoparticles as a sorbent for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides prior to their determination by gas chromatography

The authors describe a method for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) by using a magnetically separable sorbent consisting of a polyoxometalate of type BeW₁₂O₄₀ supported on imidazole functionalized silica-coated cobalt ferrite. The sorbent was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field-emission scanning electron micrographs, vibrating sample magnetometry and FT-IR. The effects of the amount of adsorbent, pH value, salt concentration, extraction time, desorption solvent nature and volume and desorption time were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the method resulted in the following figures of merit: (a) the linear parts of the calibration plots typically extend from 0.08 to 300 μg mL^-1 of OPPs; (b) detection limits are between 0.02 to 0.06 ng mL^-1; and (c), extraction recoveries from spiked samples vary from 70.0 to 89.2%, with relative standard deviations between 5.4 and 7.6%. The nanocomposites can be reused up to 10 times. Compared to other methods for pretreatment and preconcentration of OPPs, the new method is more rapid, sensitive, accurate and eco-friendly. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the OPP residues in water samples and fruit juices. Graphical Abstract Schmatic presenation of the synthesis of core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of the type BeW12O40-ILSCCFNPs, and their application as sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of organophosphorus pesticides.

A chromium(III) oxide-coated steel wire prepared by arc ion plating for use in solid-phase microextraction of aromatic hydrocarbons

The authors introduce an arc ion plating method for the deposition of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) on a steel wire substrate, and its use as a coating for solid phase microextraction. The coating has a micro- and nano-scaled structure after annealing at 700 °C. It is found that Cr₂O₃ exhibits a good extraction capability for the aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, fluoranthene, and biphenyl. Following desorption by high temperature at 300 °C, the analytes were quantified by gas chromatography (GC). The limits of detection are in the range between 20 and 200 ng·L^-1, and calibration plots are linear within a wide range (0.2 to 400 μg·L^-1). The coating has excellent mechanical properties, with a hardness is as high as 31.7 GPa, and the adhesion strength between coating and substrate reaches 20.1 N (corresponding to the critical Hertzian contact stress of 10 GPa). This, along with the chemical and thermal stability of the Cr₂O₃ coating, endows the wire with a long operational life. It was used for at least 100 times without any obvious decline of extraction capability. Graphical abstract An arc ion plating method was introduced for the deposition of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) on a steel wire substrate, and its use as a coating for solid phase microextraction with high mechanical strength, stability, and long operational lifetime.

Supercritical fluid extraction of papaverine and noscapine from poppy capsules followed by preconcentration with magnetic nano Fe3O4@Cu@diphenylthiocarbazone particles

A novel magnetite adsorbent modified with copper and diphenylthiocarbazone was synthesized and used as a sorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of two opium alkaloids: papaverine and noscapine.

Preparation and evaluation of micro and meso porous silica monoliths with embedded carbon nanoparticles for the extraction of non-polar compounds from waters

A novel hybrid micro and meso porous silica monolith with embedded carbon nanoparticles (Si-CNPs monolith) was prepared inside a fused silica capillary (3cm in length) and used as a sorbent for solid-phase microextraction. The hybrid monolithic capillary was synthetized by hydrolysis and polycondensation of a mixture of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), ethanol, and three different carbon nanoparticles such as carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (c-SWCNTs), carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs), and oxidized single-walled carbon nanohorns (o-SWNHs) via a two-step catalytic sol-gel process. Compared with silica monolith without carbon nanoparticles, the developed monolithic capillary column exhibited a higher extraction efficiency towards the analytes which can be ascribed to the presence of the carbon nanoparticles. In this regard, the best performance was achieved for silica monolith with embedded c-MWCNTs. The resulted monolithic capillaries were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis and nitrogen intrusion porosimetry. Variables affecting to the preparation of the sorbent phase including three different carbon nanoparticles and extraction parameters were studied in depth using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as target analytes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was selected as instrumental technique. Detection limits range from 0.1 to 0.3μgL^-1, and the inter-extraction units precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) is between 5.9 and 14.4%.