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Li W, Chen Y, Li X, Zhong Y, Xu P, Teng Y. Ultrasensitive SERS quantitative detection of antioxidants via diazo derivatization reaction and deep learning for signal fluctuation mitigation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124086. [PMID: 38442618 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants serve as essential protectors against oxidation and deterioration of edible oils, however, prudent evaluation is necessary regarding potential health risks associated with excessive intake. The direct adsorption of antioxidants onto conventional surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is challenging due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in their molecular structures, resulting in weak Raman scattering signals and rendering direct SERS detection difficult. In this study, a diazo derivatization reaction was employed to enhance SERS signals by converting antioxidant molecules into azo derivatives, enabling the amplification of the weak Raman scattering signals through the strong vibrational modes induced by the N = N double bond. The resulting diazo derivatives were characterized using UV-visible absorption and infrared spectroscopy, confirming the occurrence of diazo derivatization of the antioxidants. The proposed method successfully achieved the rapid detection of three commonly used synthetic antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG) on interfacial self-assembled gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, rapid predictions of BHA, PG, and TBHQ within the concentration range of 1 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-3 mol/L were achieved by integrating a convolutional neural network model. The predictive range of this model surpassed the traditional quantitative method of manually selecting characteristic peaks, with linear coefficients (R2) of 0.9992, 0.9997, and 0.9997, respectively. The recovery of antioxidants in real soybean oil samples ranged from 73.0 % to 126.4 %. Based on diazo derivatization, the proposed SERS method eliminates the need for complex substrates and enables the analysis and determination of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils within 20 min, providing a convenient analytical approach for quality control in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yingxin Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Pei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanjie Teng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Ibrahim IAA, Alzahrani AR, Alanazi IM, Shahzad N, Shahid I, Falemban AH, Nur Azlina MF, Arulselvan P. Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol/Folic Acid/Brucine Nanocomposites and Their Anticancer Activity on HepG2 Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1109-1124. [PMID: 38344441 PMCID: PMC10854405 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the sixth most prevalent form of cancer and the second major cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Cancer nanotechnology has the ability to fundamentally alter cancer treatment, diagnosis, and detection. Objective In this study, we explained the development of graphene oxide/polyethylene glycol/folic acid/brucine nanocomposites (GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs) and evaluated their antimicrobial and anticancer effect on the liver cancer HepG2 cells. Methodology The GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs were prepared using the co-precipitation technique and characterized using various techniques. The cytotoxicity of the GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs was tested against both liver cancer HepG2 and non-malignant Vero cells using an MTT assay. The antimicrobial activity of the GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs was tested against several pathogens using the well diffusion technique. The effects of GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs on endogenous ROS accumulation, apoptosis, and MMP levels were examined using corresponding fluorescent staining assays, respectively. The apoptotic protein expressions, such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspases, were studied using the corresponding kits. Results The findings of various characterization assays revealed the development of GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs with face-centered spherical morphology and an agglomerated appearance with an average size of 197.40 nm. The GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs treatment remarkably inhibited the growth of the tested pathogens. The findings of the MTT assay evidenced that the GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs effectively reduced the HepG2 cell growth while not showing toxicity to the Vero cells. The findings of the fluorescent assay proved that the GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs increased ROS generation, reduced MMP levels, and promoted apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. The levels of Bax, caspase-9, and -3 were increased, and Bcl-2 was reduced in the GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs-treated HepG2 cells. Conclusion The results of this work demonstrate that GO/PEG/Bru-FA NCs suppress viability and induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells, indicating their potential as an anticancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyer Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Hisham Falemban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Fahami Nur Azlina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
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Zhang XJ, Diao MN, Zhang YF. A review of the occurrence, metabolites and health risks of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6150-6166. [PMID: 37127924 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is mainly used as a food additive due to its antioxidant properties, which prevent or delay oxidation reactions and extend the storage life of products. The widespread use of BHA has led to its extensive presence in various environmental matrices and human tissues. Food intake is the main route of human exposure to BHA. Under different conditions, BHA can produce different metabolites, with tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) being one of the major products. Several studies have shown that BHA could cause thyroid system damage, metabolic and growth disorders, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. Mechanisms such as endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, disturbances of energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, signaling pathways, and imbalances in calcium homeostasis appear to be associated with the toxic effects of BHA. Avoiding the toxic effects of BHA to the maximum extent possible is a top priority. Finding safe, non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternatives to BHA should be the focus of subsequent research. In all, this review summarized the current situation related to BHA and might make recommendations for future research directions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Ning Diao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Shang Y, Meng X, Liu J, Song N, Zheng H, Han C, Ma Q. Applications of mass spectrometry in cosmetic analysis: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464175. [PMID: 37406420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a crucial tool in cosmetic analysis. It is widely used for ingredient screening, quality control, risk monitoring, authenticity verification, and efficacy evaluation. However, due to the diversity of cosmetic products and the rapid development of MS-based analytical methods, the relevant literature needs a more systematic collation of information on this subject to unravel the true potential of MS in cosmetic analysis. Herein, an overview of the role of MS in cosmetic analysis over the past two decades is presented. The currently used sample preparation methods, ionization techniques, and types of mass analyzers are demonstrated in detail. In addition, a brief perspective on the future development of MS for cosmetic analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Shang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xianshuang Meng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Naining Song
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chao Han
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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Maneeratanachot S, Kanatharana P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C, Wattanasin P. A polypyrrole-cotton pad sorbent as micro-solid phase extractor enclosed in tea bag envelope for determination of synthetic antioxidants in non-alcoholic beverage products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:334-344. [PMID: 36974485 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2192635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A polypyrrole (PPy)-cotton pad sorbent enclosed in tea bag envelope was developed and used in micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE) for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). After extraction, the extract was qualified and quantified by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Parameters influencing this developed method and the efficiency of µ-SPE were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method provided good linearity in a concentration range of 0.100-100 µg L-1 for BHA and 0.050-50 µg L-1 for BHT, respectively. The limits of detection were 39.27 ± 0.52 ng L-1 for BHA and 16.96 ± 0.17 ng L-1 for BHT. Satisfactory relative recoveries of BHA and BHT were achieved in the range from 86.8 ± 1.9 to 117.1 ± 2.3% with acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) below 8.1%. Good reproducibility was obtained with RSDs < 3.1%, for n = 6. The developed adsorbent is easy to operate, low cost, eco-friendly, reusable, with high extraction efficiency, and was successfully applied in the simultaneous synthetic antioxidant determination of non-alcoholic beverage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwatchanee Maneeratanachot
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Chongdee Thammakhet-Buranachai
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Panwadee Wattanasin
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Grau J, Benedé JL, Chisvert A. Use of Nanomaterial-Based (Micro)Extraction Techniques for the Determination of Cosmetic-Related Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112586. [PMID: 32498443 PMCID: PMC7321223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high consumer demand for cosmetic products has caused the authorities and the industry to require rigorous analytical controls to assure their safety and efficacy. Thus, the determination of prohibited compounds that could be present at trace level due to unintended causes is increasingly important. Furthermore, some cosmetic ingredients can be percutaneously absorbed, further metabolized and eventually excreted or bioaccumulated. Either the parent compound and/or their metabolites can cause adverse health effects even at trace level. Moreover, due to the increasing use of cosmetics, some of their ingredients have reached the environment, where they are accumulated causing harmful effects in the flora and fauna at trace levels. To this regard, the development of sensitive analytical methods to determine these cosmetic-related compounds either for cosmetic control, for percutaneous absorption studies or for environmental surveillance monitoring is of high interest. In this sense, (micro)extraction techniques based on nanomaterials as extraction phase have attracted attention during the last years, since they allow to reach the desired selectivity. The aim of this review is to provide a compilation of those nanomaterial-based (micro)extraction techniques for the determination of cosmetic-related compounds in cosmetic, biological and/or environmental samples spanning from the first attempt in 2010 to the present.
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Chunin N, Phooplub K, Kaewpet M, Wattanasin P, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C. A novel 3D-printed solid phase microextraction device equipped with silver-polyaniline coated pencil lead for the extraction of phthalate esters in cosmeceutical products. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1091:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Applications of three-dimensional graphenes for preconcentration, extraction, and sorption of chemical species: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:232. [PMID: 30852695 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review (with 115 refs) summarizes applications of 3-dimensional graphene (3DGs) and its derivatives in the fields of preconcentration, extraction, and sorption. Following an introduction into the field (including a definition of the materials treated here), the properties and synthetic strategies for 3DGs are described. The next section covers applications of 3DG-based adsorbents in solid phase extraction of organic species including drugs, phthalate esters, chlorophenols, aflatoxins, insecticides, and pesticides. Another section treats applications of 3DGs in solid phase microextraction of species such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and pesticides. We also describe how the efficiency of assays may be improved by using these materials as a sorbent. A final section covers conclusions and perspectives. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract contains poor quality and small text inside the artwork. Please do not re-use the file that we have rejected or attempt to increase its resolution and re-save. It is originally poor, therefore, increasing the resolution will not solve the quality problem. We suggest that you provide us the original format. We prefer replacement figures containing vector/editable objects rather than embedded images. Preferred file formats are eps, ai, tiff and pdf.Tiff file of graphical abstract was attached. Schematic presentation of synthesis of three-dimensional graphene (3DG) from two-dimensional graphene (2DG) with self-assembly, template-assisted and direct deposition methods. Application of 3DG-based nanoadsorbents in direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME), headspace-SPME (HS-SPME), magnetic-solid phase extraction (Magnetic-SPE), dispersive-SPE, and magnetic sheet-SPE.
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Graphene Oxide⁻PEG⁻Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8100820. [PMID: 30314340 PMCID: PMC6215288 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer through chemotherapy is limited by its toxicity to healthy tissues and organs, and its inability to target the cancer site. In this study, we have designed an anticancer nanocomposite delivery system for protocatechuic acid (PCA) using graphene oxide–polyethylene glycol as the nanocarrier, and coated with folic acid (GO–PEG–PCA–FA) for targeting the cancer cells. The designed anticancer delivery system was found to show much better anticancer activity than the free drug PCA against liver cancer HEP-G2 cells and human colon cancer HT-29 cells; at same time, it was found to be less toxic to normal fibroblast 3T3 cells. The folate-coated anticancer delivery system was found to show better activity then the free drug and the uncoated anticancer delivery system. The in vitro release of the PCA was found to be sustained in human physiological pHs, i.e., blood pH 7.4 and intracellular lysosomal pH 4.8. These in vitro findings are highly encouraging for further in vivo evaluation studies.
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