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Wei K, Ye Z, Dong W, Zhang L, Wang W, Li J, Eltzov E, Wang S, Mao X. Generating robust aptamers for food analysis by sequence-based configuration optimization. Talanta 2024; 275:126044. [PMID: 38626500 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Advanced analytical techniques are emerging in the food industry. Aptamer-based biosensors achieve rapid and highly selective analysis, thus drawing particular attention. Aptamers are oligonucleotide probes screened via in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment (SELEX), which can bind with their specific targets by folding into three-dimensional configurations and accept various modifications to be incorporated into biosensors, showing great potential in food analysis. Unfortunately, aptamers obtained by SELEX may not possess satisfactory affinity. Post-SELEX strategies were proposed to optimize aptamers' configuration and enhance the binding affinity, with specificity confirmed. Sequence-based optimization strategies exhibit great advantages in simple operation, good generalization, low cost, etc. This review summarizes the latest study (2015-2023) on generating robust aptamers for food targets by sequence-based configuration optimization, as well as the generated aptamers and aptasensors, with an expectation to provide inspirations for developing aptamer and aptasensors with high performance for food analysis and to safeguard food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
| | - Ziyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
| | - Wenhui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Sai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404, PR China
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2
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Lin X, Yan H, Zhao L, Duan N, Wang Z, Wu S. Hydrogel-integrated sensors for food safety and quality monitoring: Fabrication strategies and emerging applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6395-6414. [PMID: 36660935 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2168619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a global issue in public hygiene. The accurate, sensitive, and on-site detection of various food contaminants performs significant implications. However, traditional methods suffer from the time-consuming and professional operation, restricting their on-site application. Hydrogels with the merits of highly porous structure, high biocompatibility, good shape-adaptability, and stimuli-responsiveness offer a promising biomaterial to design sensors for ensuring food safety. This review describes the emerging applications of hydrogel-based sensors in food safety inspection in recent years. In particular, this study elaborates on their fabrication strategies and unique sensing mechanisms depending on whether the hydrogel is stimuli-responsive or not. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can be integrated with various functional ligands for sensitive and convenient detection via signal amplification and transduction; while non-stimuli-responsive hydrogels are mainly used as solid-state encapsulating carriers for signal probe, nanomaterial, or cell and as conductive media. In addition, their existing challenges, future perspectives, and application prospects are discussed. These practices greatly enrich the application scenarios and improve the detection performance of hydrogel-based sensors in food safety detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Han Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lehan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Nuo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shijia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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3
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Shen G, Ma Y, Zhang H, Wang F, Yang F, Ye H, Li R, Wang C, Tang Y. Novel fluorescence strategy based on G-quadruplex structure-switching aptamer for enrofloxacin detection in food and environmental samples. Food Chem 2024; 441:138393. [PMID: 38199111 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin (ENR) is widely used in the prevention and treatment of animal infectious diseases, so it is necessary to strengthen the residue detection of this drug in animal-derived food and water environments. In this work, for the first time, we engineered assembly a split ENR aptamer into the G-quadruplex (G4) region to form a new aptamer (G4-ENRA) that provides a more sensitive signal-reporting function while retaining target-specific recognition ability of the aptamer. This rational design effectively overcomes the issue of difficulty in identification probe development. Under the optimized conditions, a response range of 0.05-20 µM and limit of detection of 26.7 nM were obtained by directly detecting fluorescence signals, displaying a comparative advantage over the previously reported methods. Moreover, this method demonstrated satisfactory performance for the ENR detection in various real food and environmental samples, with the detection recoveries ranging from 95.87 % to 104.36 %, illustrating promising applicability prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shen
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingnan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Fangfang Wang
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fengmin Yang
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huanfeng Ye
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Changzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Yalin Tang
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Zhou J, Wang TY, Lan Z, Yang HJ, Ye XJ, Min R, Wang ZH, Huang Q, Cao J, Gao YE, Wang WL, Sun XL, Zhang Y. Strategy of functional nucleic acids-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of foodborne microbial contaminants: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113286. [PMID: 37803599 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne microbial contamination (FMC) is the leading cause of food poisoning and foodborne illness. The foodborne microbial detection methods based on isothermal amplification have high sensitivity and short detection time, and functional nucleic acids (FNAs) could extend the detectable object of isothermal amplification to mycotoxins. Therefore, the strategy of FNAs-mediated isothermal amplification has been emergingly applied in biosensors for foodborne microbial contaminants detection, making biosensors more sensitive with lower cost and less dependent on nanomaterials for signal output. Here, the mechanism of six isothermal amplification technologies and their application in detecting FMC is firstly introduced. Then the strategy of FNAs-mediated isothermal amplification is systematically discussed from perspectives of FNAs' versatility including recognition elements (Aptamer, DNAzyme), programming tools (DNA tweezer, DNA walker and CRISPR-Cas) and signal units (G-quadruplex, FNAs-based nanomaterials). Finally, challenges and prospects are presented in terms of addressing the issue of nonspecific amplification reaction, developing better FNAs-based sensing elements and eliminating food matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Teng-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhi Lan
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Han-Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xing-Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rui Min
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu-E Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Yu H, Zhu J, Shen G, Deng Y, Geng X, Wang L. Improving aptamer performance: key factors and strategies. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:255. [PMID: 37300603 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are functional single-stranded oligonucleotide fragments isolated from randomized libraries by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), exhibiting excellent affinity and specificity toward targets. Compared with traditional antibody reagents, aptamers display many desirable properties, such as low variation and high flexibility, and they are suitable for artificial and large-scale synthesis. These advantages make aptamers have a broad application potential ranging from biosensors, bioimaging to therapeutics and other areas of application. However, the overall performance of aptamer pre-selected by SELEX screening is far from being satisfactory. To improve aptamer performance and applicability, various post-SELEX optimization methods have been developed in the last decade. In this review, we first discuss the key factors that influence the performance or properties of aptamers, and then we summarize the key strategies of post-SELEX optimization which have been successfully used to improve aptamer performance, such as truncation, extension, mutagenesis and modification, splitting, and multivalent integration. This review shall provide a comprehensive summary and discussion of post-SELEX optimization methods developed in recent years. Moreover, by discussing the mechanism of each approach, we highlight the importance of choosing the proper method to perform post-SELEX optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University YunNan (Dali) Research Institute, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiangxiong Zhu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University YunNan (Dali) Research Institute, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guoqing Shen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University YunNan (Dali) Research Institute, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University YunNan (Dali) Research Institute, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University YunNan (Dali) Research Institute, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lumei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University YunNan (Dali) Research Institute, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China.
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Liang G, Song L, Gao Y, Wu K, Guo R, Chen R, Zhen J, Pan L. Aptamer Sensors for the Detection of Antibiotic Residues- A Mini-Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:513. [PMID: 37368613 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Food security is a global issue, since it is closely related to human health. Antibiotics play a significant role in animal husbandry owing to their desirable broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. However, irrational use of antibiotics has caused serious environmental pollution and food safety problems; thus, the on-site detection of antibiotics is in high demand in environmental analysis and food safety assessment. Aptamer-based sensors are simple to use, accurate, inexpensive, selective, and are suitable for detecting antibiotics for environmental and food safety analysis. This review summarizes the recent advances in aptamer-based electrochemical, fluorescent, and colorimetric sensors for antibiotics detection. The review focuses on the detection principles of different aptamer sensors and recent achievements in developing electrochemical, fluorescent, and colorimetric aptamer sensors. The advantages and disadvantages of different sensors, current challenges, and future trends of aptamer-based sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Le Song
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Kailong Wu
- Ulanqab Agricultural and Livestock Product Quality Safety Center, Ulanqab 012406, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Datong Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Datong 037000, China
| | - Ruichun Chen
- Shijiazhuang Customs Technology Center, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jianhui Zhen
- Shijiazhuang Customs Technology Center, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ligang Pan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
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Yi M, Gong Y, Zhan Q, Dai Y, Yang T, Cheng X, Ding S, Gu B, Cheng W, Zhang D. A one-pot CRISPR-Cas12a-based toolbox enables determination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity for acute leukemia screening. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1254:341115. [PMID: 37005025 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
An isothermal, one-pot toolbox (called OPT-Cas) based on CRISPR-Cas12a collateral cleavage capability is proposed for highly sensitive and selective determination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity. Oligonucleotide primers with 3'-hydroxyl (OH) terminal were randomly introduced for TdT-induced elongation. In the presence of TdT, dTTP nucleotides polymerized at the 3' terminals of the primers to generate abundant polyT-tails, which function as triggers for the synchronous activation of Cas12a proteins. Finally, the activated Cas12a trans-cleaved FAM and BHQ1 dual-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA-FQ) reporters, producing significantly amplified fluorescence signals. This one-pot assay, that is primer, crRNA, Cas12a protein and ssDNA-FQ reporter are all in one tube, allows simple but high-sensitive quantification of TdT activity with a low detection limit of 6.16 × 10-5 U μL-1 in the concentration scope from 1 × 10-4 U μL-1 to 1 × 10-1 U μL-1, and achieves extraordinary selectivity with other interfering proteins. Furthermore, the OPT-Cas was successfully used to detect TdT in complex matrices and accurate determination of TdT activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, which might be a reliable technique platform for the diagnosis of TdT-related diseases and biomedical research applications.
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A DNA tweezers fluorescence aptasensor based on split aptamer -assisted magnetic nanoparticles for the detection of enrofloxacin in food. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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He F, Wang H, Du P, Li T, Wang W, Tan T, Liu Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, El-Aty A. Personal Glucose Meters Coupled with Signal Amplification Technologies for Quantitative Detection of Non-Glucose Targets: Recent Progress and Challenges in Food Safety Hazards Analysis. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:223-238. [PMID: 37102109 PMCID: PMC10123950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring food safety is paramount worldwide. Developing effective detection methods to ensure food safety can be challenging owing to trace hazards, long detection time, and resource-poor sites, in addition to the matrix effects of food. Personal glucose meter (PGM), a classic point-of-care testing device, possesses unique application advantages, demonstrating promise in food safety. Currently, many studies have used PGM-based biosensors and signal amplification technologies to achieve sensitive and specific detection of food hazards. Signal amplification technologies have the potential to greatly improve the analytical performance and integration of PGMs with biosensors, which is crucial for solving the challenges associated with the use of PGMs for food safety analysis. This review introduces the basic detection principle of a PGM-based sensing strategy, which consists of three key factors: target recognition, signal transduction, and signal output. Representative studies of existing PGM-based sensing strategies combined with various signal amplification technologies (nanomaterial-loaded multienzyme labeling, nucleic acid reaction, DNAzyme catalysis, responsive nanomaterial encapsulation, and others) in the field of food safety detection are reviewed. Future perspectives and potential opportunities and challenges associated with PGMs in the field of food safety are discussed. Despite the need for complex sample preparation and the lack of standardization in the field, using PGMs in combination with signal amplification technology shows promise as a rapid and cost-effective method for food safety hazard analysis.
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10
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Wen Q, Li D, Xi H, Huang G, Zhu W. Methylation-blocked cascade strand displacement amplification for rapid and sensitive fluorescence detection of DNA methyltransferase activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114935. [PMID: 35820248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation catalyzed by DNA adenine methylation methyltransferase (Dam MTase) is strongly connected with a variety of biological processes, hence, monitoring Dam MTase activity is of great importance. Here, we developed a rapid and sensitive fluorescence sensing strategy for the detection of Dam MTase activity based on methylation-blocked enzymatic recycling amplification. In this fluorescence sensing system, Dam MTase-induced methylation blocked the subsequent reactions. In contrast, in the absence of Dam MTase, the unmethylated probe initiated the cascade strand displacement amplification for significant signal amplification. Under optimized conditions, this method has a lower detection limit of 0.67 U/mL and a shorter assay time (90 min) compared with previously reported similar methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Wen
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Huai Xi
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Guidan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541004, China.
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Chen Q, Tian R, Liu G, Wen Y, Bian X, Luan D, Wang H, Lai K, Yan J. Fishing unfunctionalized SERS tags with DNA hydrogel network generated by ligation-rolling circle amplification for simple and ultrasensitive detection of kanamycin. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 207:114187. [PMID: 35325717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple assay format-based SERS methods for sensitive target substance analysis is of great significance for the development of on-site monitoring biosensors. Herein, taking the typical antibacterial kanamycin (KANA) as a subject, a simple, highly sensitive and specific SERS aptasensor was developed by manipulating DNA hydrogel network to fish plasmonic core-shell nanoparticles. A competitive binding mode of aptamer, ligation-rolling circle amplification (L-RCA), gap-containing Au@Au nanoparticles (GCNPs) with embedded Raman reporters were integrated into the sensor. In the presence of KANA, the double stranded DNA (dsDNA) structure of the aptamer was disrupted, and the released primers were used to construct two kinds of circularized padlock probes (CPPs) which were partially complementary. DNA hydrogel network was formed through the intertwining and self-assembly of two RCA-generated single stranded DNA (ssDNA) chains, during which GCNPs and magnetic beads (MBs) were entangled and incorporated. Finally, KANA quantification was successfully achieved through the quantification of the DNA hydrogel. Overall, this novel SERS aptasensor realized a simple and ultrasensitive quantification of KANA down to 2.3 fM, plus excellent selectivity, and precision even for real food samples. In view of innovative fusion across L-RCA-based DNA hydrogel and SERS technique, the proposed method has promising potential for application in on-site detection and quantification of trace food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Run Tian
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanli Wen
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaojun Bian
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Donglei Luan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Keqiang Lai
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Juan Yan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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12
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Zhao T, Chen Q, Wen Y, Bian X, Tao Q, Liu G, Yan J. A competitive colorimetric aptasensor for simple and sensitive detection of kanamycin based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated signal amplification strategy. Food Chem 2022; 377:132072. [PMID: 35008020 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and sensitive colorimetric biosensor based on competitive recognition between kanamycin (KAN), magnetic beads-kanamycin (MBs-KAN) and aptamer and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated signal amplification strategy. In the absence of KAN, aptamers recognize MBs-KAN. TdT can amplify oligonucleotides to the 3'-OH ends of aptamers, with biotin-dUTP being embedded in the long single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Then the assay produced visual readout due to the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed color change of the substrate after the linkage between biotin and streptavidin (SA)-HRP. In the presence of KAN, however, aptamers tend to bind free KAN rather than MBs-KAN. In this case, aptamers are isolated by magnetic separation, resulting in the failure of signal amplification and catalytic signals. This competitive colorimetric sensor showed excellent selectivity toward KAN with the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 9 pM. And recovery values were between 93.8 and 107.8% when spiked KAN in milk and honey samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanli Wen
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaojun Bian
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qing Tao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Yan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Process & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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13
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Ye H, Yang Z, Khan IM, Niazi S, Guo Y, Wang Z, Yang H. Split aptamer acquisition mechanisms and current application in antibiotics detection: a short review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9098-9110. [PMID: 35507474 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic contamination is becoming a prominent global issue. Therefore, sensitive, specific and simple technology is desirable the demand for antibiotics detection. Biosensors based on split aptamer has gradually attracted extensive attention for antibiotic detection due to its higher sensitivity, lower cost, false positive/negative avoidance and flexibility in sensor design. Although many of the reported split aptamers are antibiotics aptamers, the acquisition and mechanism of splitting is still unknow. In this review, six reported split aptamers in antibiotics are outlined, including Enrofloxacin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, which have contributed to promote interest, awareness and thoughts into this emerging research field. The study introduced the pros and cons of split aptamers, summarized the assembly principle of split aptamer and discussed the intermolecular binding of antibiotic-aptamer complexes. In addition, the recent application of split aptamers in antibiotic detection are introduced. Split aptamers have a promising future in the design and development of biosensors for antibiotic detection in food and other field. The development of the antibiotic split aptamer meets many challenges including mechanism discovery, stability improvement and new biosensor development. It is believed that split aptamer could be a powerful molecular probe and plays an important role in aptamer biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ye
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Yang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sobia Niazi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongshun Yang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Liu J, Yu Z, Chen Q, Jia L. L-Tryptophan assisted construction of fluorescent and colorimetric dual-channel biosensor for detection of live Escherichia coli. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Hu M, Liang G, Chen K, Zhu L, Xu M, Wang M, Li J, He L, Zhang Z, Du M. Conjugated bimetallic cobalt/iron polyphthalocyanine as an electrochemical aptasensing platform for impedimetric determination of enrofloxacin in diverse environments. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:432. [PMID: 34822036 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of bimetallic cobalt/iron polyphthalocyanine (represented by polyCoFePc) network via a modified solid-phase synthesis method is described. It was exploited as a platform for anchoring enrofloxacin (ENR)-targeted aptamer strands, thus, fabricating a label-free impedimetric aptasensor for determination of ENR. The polyCoFePc exhibited a porous two-dimensional (2D) conjugated nanostructure and rich functional groups, and showed a superior binding interaction toward aptamer strands as compared to monometallic polyFePc and polyCoPc networks. This finding was attributed to structural defects and increased active binding sites, thereby giving a highly sensitive detection ability toward ENR. By using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the polyCoFePc-based electrochemical aptasensor exhibited an extremely low detection limit of 0.06 fg mL-1 within the ENR concentration from 0.1 fg mL-1 to 100 pg mL-1, along with high selectivity, good reproducibility, and remarkable stability. Interestingly, the constructed polyCoFePc-based aptasensor also demonstrated wide practicability in various environments. The recoveries of ENR spiked into river water, milk, and pork samples ranged within 91.2 - 107.2%, 90.5 - 109.6%, and 91.2 - 102.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaolei Liang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoran Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Wang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junguang Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghao He
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao Du
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Coupled with a Lateral Flow Assay Targeting the z3276 Genetic Marker. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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18
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TAO Q, CHEN Q, BIAN XJ, LIU G, YAN J. Preparation of DNA Origami Belt and Effect of pH on Its Stability. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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ZHANG T, TAO Q, BIAN XJ, CHEN Q, YAN J. Rapid Visualized Detection of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 by DNA Hydrogel Based on Rolling Circle Amplification. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Qi X, Yan X, Zhao Y, Li L, Wang S. Highly sensitive and specific detection of small molecules using advanced aptasensors based on split aptamers: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Terminal-conjugated non-aggregated constraints of gold nanoparticles on lateral flow strips for mobile phone readouts of enrofloxacin. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 160:112218. [PMID: 32339154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics abuse now poses a global threat to public health. Monitoring their residual levels as well as metabolites are of great importance, still challenges remain in in situ tracing during the circulation. Herein, taking the typical antibacterial Enrofloxacin (ENR) as a subject, a paper-based aptasensor was tailored by manipulating a duo of aptameric moieties to "sandwich" the target in a lateral-flow regime. To visualize the tight-binding sandwich motif more vividly, an irregular yet robust DNA-bridged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) proximity strategy was developed with recourse to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, of which the nonaggregate constraining feature was unveiled via optical absorption and scanning probe topography. This complex performed exceptionally better in the test strip context than single-particle tags, leading to an enhanced on-chip focusing. Rather than qualitative color developing, further efforts were taken to visualize the readouts in a quantitative manner by exploiting the smartphone camera for pattern recognition along with data processing in a professional App. Overall, this prototyped contraption realized a rapid and ultrasensitive quantification of ENR down to 0.1 μg/L along with a broad linear range over 5 orders of magnitude, plus excellent selectivity and precision even for real samples. Such innovative fusion across DNA-structured nanomanufacturing and intelligent perception provides a prospective and invigorating solution to point-of-care inspection.
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