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Xiang H, Wang J, Tan D, Xiong Y, Huang P, Shen Y, Xu Y, Gong Z, Hu F, Xu C, Wu J, Liu W, Liu J, Wan H, Hong D, Xie H. The serum IgG antibody level as a biomarker for clinical outcome in patients with cerebral sparganosis after treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158635. [PMID: 37051247 PMCID: PMC10083495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionCerebral sparganosis is a rare parasitic infection of the brain tissue. The remission of MRI change and clinical symptom has been used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. However, there is no study to correlate the serum IgG antibody level of sparganum to the prognosis of disease after treatment. Methods87 patients with cerebral sparganosis were collected from three medical centers. Clinical symptoms and MRI changes were evaluated at 12 months after initial treatment, and serum IgG antibody level of sparganum was evaluated at 2, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The positive cut-off value was based on 2.1 times the optical density (OD) of negative control. The index value was defined as the sample OD divided by the cut-off value.ResultsAmong the 87 patients after treatment, 71 patients had good clinical outcomes, and 16 had poor clinical outcomes. The area under the curve (AUC) showed that the index value measured at 12 months after treatment had the best prediction effect, with a value of 2.014. In the good-outcome group, the index values were less than 2.014 in all 71 patients, and only 8 patients had mildly enhanced residual lesions on MRI. In the poor-outcome group, the index values were more than 2.014 in all 16 patients, and all patients still showed significantly enhanced lesions on MRI. Compared with poor-outcome patients, only 2 patients with good outcomes had disease recurrence after treatment.DiscussionThis study provided evidence that the serum IgG antibody level of sparganum was a promising biomarker to evaluate the prognosis of patients with cerebral sparganosis after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dandan Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Clinical Department, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Gong
- Clinical Department, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Clinical Department, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Outpatient, The Nanchang City First Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Junpu Liu
- Clinical Department, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Daojun Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Daojun Hong, ; Huiqun Xie,
| | - Huiqun Xie
- Clinical Department, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Disease, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Daojun Hong, ; Huiqun Xie,
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Feng L, Jiao X, Zeng C, Zhao CW, Li R, Zhang L, Yang Z, Liao W, Liu D, Xiao B, Yang Z. Migration characteristics as a prognostic factor in cerebral sparganosis. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 117:28-36. [PMID: 35017108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To differentiate diagnostic and prognostic factors from the clinical material of patients with cerebral sparganosis in central South China. METHODS Consecutive patients with cerebral sparganosis from our hospital between 2010 and 2018 were retrospectively enrolled. The clinical manifestations, radiographic features, treatment, and outcomes of these patients were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty patients with cerebral sparganosis were included, and foci migration on magnetic resonance imaging was detected in 22 patients, from whom we observed 4 migration modes: interlobar migration (50.0%, 11/22); transmidline migration (27.3%, 6/22); transventricular migration (13.6%, 3/22); and cerebellum-brainstem migration (9.1%, 2/22). The percentage of good outcomes was higher in patients with live worm capture than in those without live worm capture (75.0%, 12/16 vs 33.3%, 2/6). Exposure to preoperative antiparasitic medication was associated with worm migration toward the cortical surface, which led to a higher probability of live worm capture. CONCLUSIONS We propose 4 modes of sparganosis migration that are correlated with worm capture and neurologic prognosis. We found that exposure to antiparasitic medication was associated with worm migration toward the cortical surface, leading to a higher probability of live worm capture. These observations suggest a novel significance for preoperative medication of cerebral sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiao Jiao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Chang Zeng
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Charlie W Zhao
- Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 06520
| | - Rong Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Leiyao Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhuanyi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Dingyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Liu L, Zhang L. Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma misdiagnosed as cerebral sparganosis-identification of the "mirror image". Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:4479-4487. [PMID: 34604000 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luji Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Liang P, Cui X, Fu R, Liang P, Lu G, Wang D. Identification of an enolase gene and its physiological role in Spirometra mansoni. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2095-2102. [PMID: 34031713 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enolase is a crucial enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway and gluconeogenesis in parasites. It also has been reported to function as a plasminogen receptor and may be involved in tissue invasion. In this study, the biochemical properties of the enolase of Spirometra mansoni (Smenolase) were investigated. The Smenolase gene was found to cluster closely with the enolase genes of Clonorchis sinensis and Echinococcus granulosus, and some functional motifs were identified as conserved. Smenolase was confirmed to be a component of the secretory/excretory products (ESPs) and a circulating antigen of spargana. Recombinant Smenolase expressed in vitro was able to bind to human plasminogen. Smenolase was detected in the eggs, testicles, and vitellaria of adult worms and the tegument of spargana. The transcription level of Smenolase was highest at the gravid proglottid stage. When spargana were cultured with glucose of different concentration in vitro, it was observed that the expression levels of Smenolase in the low-glucose groups were consistent with that of Smenolase in vivo. These results indicate that Smenolase is a critical enzyme involved in supplying energy to support the development and reproduction of the parasite, and it may also play a role in sparganum invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.,School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Xiuji Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Ruijia Fu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.,School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Peng Liang
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
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Abstract
A 77-year-old woman presented at our hospital to undergo a close examination of an abnormal shadow which was observed on a chest radiograph. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images in the lung window revealed a tortuous tunnel structure (tunnel sign), which was suspected to be the migration path of a parasite. Furthermore, CT images in the mediastinal window showed a linear filling defect from the right inferior pulmonary vein to the venous ostium in the left atrium (migrating sign), which was suspected to be a migrating parasite in the pulmonary vein. Tunnel and migrating signs on chest CT images were helpful in diagnosing pulmonary sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Matsuki
- Department of Radiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Kondzior E, Kowalczyk R, Tokarska M, Borowik T, Zalewski A, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M. Multispecies reservoir of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothridae) in carnivore communities in north-eastern Poland. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:560. [PMID: 33168087 PMCID: PMC7654582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphylobothriid tapeworm with a complex life-cycle including definitive, intermediate and paratenic (transport) hosts. Multiple routes of parasite transmission often make it impossible to determine what type of host a specific infected animal is considered to be. Spargana larvae cause sparganosis, a severe food- and water-borne disease mainly found in Asia. In Poland, Spirometra sp. was reported in large carnivores in Białowieża Primeval Forest for the first time in the 1940s and was recently confirmed as S. erinaceieuropaei in several mammals and snakes using molecular methods. Methods In total, 583 carcasses of 9 carnivore species were necropsied between 2013 and 2019 in north-eastern (NE) Poland. The larvae of S. erinaceieuropaei (spargana) were isolated from subcutaneous tissue, counted, and preserved for genetic analyses. We calculated the prevalence and intensity of infection. To assess spatial variation in S. erinaceieuropaei infection probability in NE Poland, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) with binomial error distribution. To confirm the species affiliation of isolated larvae, we amplified a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA gene (240 bp in length). Results Spirometra larvae were found in the subcutaneous tissue of 172 animals of 7 species and confirmed genetically as S. erinaceieuropaei. The overall prevalence in all studied hosts was 29.5% with a mean infection intensity of 14.1 ± 33.8 larvae per individual. Native European badgers and invasive raccoon dogs were characterized by the highest prevalence. An analysis of parasite spread showed a spatially diversified probability of infection with the highest values occurring in the biodiversity hot spot, Białowieża Primeval Forest. Conclusions Our study revealed that various mammal species (both native and non-native) can serve as S. erinaceieuropaei reservoirs. The frequency and level of infection may differ between selected hosts and likely depend on host diversity and habitat structure in a given area. Further studies are needed to assess the distribution of the parasite throughout Europe and the environmental and biological factors influencing infection severity in wild mammals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kondzior
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland. .,Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tokarska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
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Kuchta R, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Brabec J, Młocicki D, Sałamatin R, Scholz T. Sparganosis (Spirometra) in Europe in the Molecular Era. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 72:882-890. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sparganosis is a relatively neglected foodborne and waterborne disease caused by species of the tapeworm genus Spirometra, the global distribution of which has not been sufficiently recognized. Known mainly as a zoonosis of East Asia, its species are native to all inhabited continents including Europe. Spirometra has been reported from numerous wildlife species from 17 European countries, and a critical review confirmed 17 autochthonous and 8 imported human clinical cases. We present the first molecular evidence of the coincident presence of 2 species in Europe and review the current distribution to raise awareness of the parasite in this region. Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is restricted to Europe and Spirometra mansoni represents a lineage distributed mainly across Asia and Oceania that reaches Europe. The parasite is common in Eastern Europe and its distribution has potential to expand along with its invasive or migrating mammal hosts, spreading the risks of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Brabec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Mendoza-Roldan JA, Modry D, Otranto D. Zoonotic Parasites of Reptiles: A Crawling Threat. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:677-687. [PMID: 32448703 PMCID: PMC7203055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles are reservoirs of a wide range of pathogens, including many protozoa, helminths, pentastomids, and arthropod parasitic species, some of which may be of public health concern. In this review we discuss the zoonotic risks associated with human–reptile interactions. Increased urbanization and introduction of exotic species of reptile may act as drivers for the transmission of zoonotic parasites through the environment. In addition, being a part of human diet, reptiles can be a source of life-threatening parasitoses, such as pentastomiasis or sparganosis. Finally, reptiles kept as pets may represent a risk to owners given the possibility of parasites transmitted by direct contact or fecal contamination. Awareness of reptile-borne zoonotic parasitoses is important to advocate control, prevention, and surveillance of these neglected diseases. Species of protozoa, helminths, pentastomids, and arthropod vectors exploit reptiles as definitive or paratenic hosts, which may represent a public health concern. The zoonotic risk is associated with human–reptile interactions and includes environmental contamination, reptile consumption, or keeping reptiles as pets. Exotic reptile species may introduce new zoonotic parasites in a previously nonendemic region. Pentastomiasis and sparganosis are life-threatening food-borne parasitoses. In our households, if precautions are not taken, reptiles may transmit zoonotic parasites by direct contact or fecal contamination. Trained veterinarians, physicians, and public health officials are important to advocate for proper diagnostics, parasite identification and treatment, as well as for surveillance strategies and food inspection in areas where reptiles are consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Modry
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UVPS, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Zhu Y, Ye L, Ding X, Wu J, Chen Y. Cerebral sparganosis presenting with atypical postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging findings: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:748. [PMID: 31455261 PMCID: PMC6712767 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sparganosis, a rare and severe parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Spirometra species or simply sparganum, generally involves subcutaneous tissue or muscle. But occasionally, sparganum can also invade the human brain, resulting in cerebral sparganosis. Case presentation A 33-year-old woman presented with a 10-day history of headache. Postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an irregular lesion with enhancement and the tunnel-shaped focus extending to the contralateral hemiphere. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis disclosed pleocytosis (166 cells/μL) and an elevated protein concentration (0.742 g/L). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed positive sparganum-specific antibody in both blood and CSF. Finally, the diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis was comfirmed. She received praziquantel treatment and got a favorable outcome during six-month follow-up. Conclusions Irregular enhancement and the tunnel sign that extends to the contralateral hemisphere on postconstrast MRI are unusual presentations of cerebral sparganosis. ELISA for sparganum-specific antibody can help confirm the diagnosis. Although surgery is the preferred treatment for cerebral sparganosis, praziquantel might also achieve satisfying outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingqi Ye
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiansan Ding
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Kołodziej‐Sobocińska M, Stojak J, Kondzior E, Ruczyńska I, Wójcik JM. Genetic diversity of two mitochondrial DNA genes inSpirometra erinaceieuropaei(Cestoda: Diphyllobothridae) from Poland. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Stojak
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Eliza Kondzior
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Iwona Ruczyńska
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Jan M. Wójcik
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
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The first case of human sparganosis in Poland and a review of the cases in Europe. Parasitol Int 2019; 70:89-91. [PMID: 30794872 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Follow-up study of high-dose praziquantel therapy for cerebral sparganosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007018. [PMID: 30640909 PMCID: PMC6331082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral sparganosis is the most serious complication of human sparganosis. Currently, there is no standard for the treatment of inoperable patients. Conventional-dose praziquantel therapy is the most reported treatment. However, the therapeutic outcomes are not very effective. High-dose praziquantel therapy is a useful therapeutic choice for many parasitic diseases that is well tolerated by patients, but it has not been sufficiently evaluated for cerebral sparganosis. This study aims to observe the prognoses following high-dose praziquantel therapy in inoperable patients and the roles of MRI and peripheral eosinophil absolute counts during follow-up. Methodology Baseline and follow-up epidemiological, clinical, radiological and therapeutic data related to 10 inoperable patients with cerebral sparganosis that were treated with repeated courses of high-dose praziquantel therapy, with each course consisting of 25 mg/kg thrice daily for 10 days were assessed, followed by analyses of the prognoses, MRI findings and peripheral eosinophil absolute counts. Principal findings Baseline clinical data: the clinical symptoms recorded included seizures, hemiparesis, headache, vomiting and altered mental status. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was found in 3 patients. The baseline radiological findings were as follows. Motile lesions were observed in 10 patients, including aggregated ring-like enhancements, tunnel signs, serpiginous and irregular enhancements. Nine of the 10 patients had varying degrees of white matter degeneration, cortical atrophy and ipsilateral ventricle dilation. The follow-up clinical data were as follows. Clinical symptom relief was found in 8 patients, symptoms were eliminated in 1 patient, and symptoms showed no change from baseline in 1 patient. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was found in 2 patients. The follow-up radiological findings were as follows. Motile lesions that were transformed into stable, chronic lesions were found in 8 patients, and motile lesions that were eliminated completely were found in 2 patients. Conclusions High-dose praziquantel therapy for cerebral sparganosis is effective. The radiological outcomes of motile lesions are an important indicator during the treatment process, especially during follow-ups after clinical symptoms have improved. Peripheral eosinophil absolute counts cannot be used as an effective prognostic indicator. Sparganosis is a rare parasitic disease with a high prevalence in East Asia. Because of limited radiological technology and clinical experience, the prevalence of cerebral sparganosis is likely underestimated in developing countries. Cerebral sparganosis is the most serious complication of human sparganosis. Currently, it is generally believed that the most effective treatment for cerebral sparganosis is surgical treatment. However, the choice of treatment is a challenge for inoperable patients, including those with multifocal lesions or lesions in deep structures or important functional areas and those refusing invasive treatment due to personal willingness. Currently, there is no standard for the treatment of inoperable patients. In addition, anthelmintic treatment for sparganosis has rarely been reported in the literature. High-dose praziquantel therapy is a useful therapeutic choice for many cerebral parasitic diseases, including neurocysticercosis, and is well tolerated for patients, but it has not been sufficiently evaluated for the treatment of cerebral sparganosis. This study aims to describe the clinical, radiological and therapeutic data following high-dose praziquantel therapy for ten inoperable patients. All patients reached clinical cure after one to five courses. These results suggest that high-dose praziquantel therapy for cerebral sparganosis could achieve favorable outcomes and that MRI plays an important role in follow-up, especially when clinical symptoms have improved.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sparganosis is a larval cestodiasis caused by the plerocercoid of Spirometra spp. Since the first description of human sparganosis in 1924, several hundred cases have been reported in Korea. However, systematic approaches for literature surveys of Korean sparganosis have seldom appeared. METHODS We searched publicly available databases such as PubMed, Research Information Sharing Service, and Korea Medical Citation Index with relevant Medical Subject Headings. RESULTS At least 438 Korean sparganosis cases have been described from 1924 to 2015. Preoperative diagnosis has been significantly increased since the 1980s due to popularization of serological and imaging diagnostics. Cases were largely detected from fifth decades in general, but cerebral sparganosis was detected in relatively young age groups (third and fourth decades). Sparganosis was prevalent in men (75.9%). Consumption of frog/snake and drinking unfiltered water were found in 63.4% and 16.9% of patients, respectively. Most frequently affected sites were subcutaneous tissues (49.9%), followed by the central nervous system (36.2%). Involvements of visceral organs (7.6%), ocular regions (3.6%), and muscles (2.7%) were noticed. In women, breast sparganosis constituted a large proportion (34.2%). Sparganosis associated with immunocompromised patients has recently been reported. CONCLUSION Sparganosis has been continuously reported in Korea during the past 90 years, although its incidence has decreased during the last 20 years. The disease is mostly characterized by subcutaneous nodule, but infection of the worm in vital organs often results in serious illness. Continuous awareness is warranted to monitor sparganosis occurrence and associated clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yukifumi Nawa
- Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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14
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Efficacy comparison between long-term high-dose praziquantel and surgical therapy for cerebral sparganosis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006918. [PMID: 30346956 PMCID: PMC6211769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra mansoni in East and Southeast Asia. The plerocercoid larvae sometimes invade the encephalon, resulting in severe cerebral sparganosis. Surgical removal of the larvae is considered a standard therapy for cerebral sparganosis. In contrast, the efficacy and safety of long-term, high-dose praziquantel treatment for cerebral sparganosis have not been explored. Methodology/Principal findings In this multicenter retrospective study, we assessed the records of 96 patients with cerebral sparganosis who consulted at three medical centers from 2013 to 2017. Forty-two patients underwent surgical lesion removal, and the other 54 patients received long-term, high-dose praziquantel (50 mg/kg/day for 10 days, repeated at monthly intervals). The primary outcome was the complete disappearance of active lesions on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. The secondary outcomes included the modified Rankin scale score at 90 days, incidence of seizure, eosinophil count, and serological Spirometra. mansoni antibody titer. The efficacy of praziquantel treatment was similar to that of surgical lesion removal for cerebral sparganosis with respect to both the primary outcome and secondary outcomes. Although binary logistic regression models also supported the primary outcome after adjustment for age, sex, lesion location, and loss to follow-up, some unavoidable confounders might have biased the statistical power. No significant clinical complications or laboratory side effects occurred in the praziquantel group with the exception of a relatively benign allergic reaction. Conclusions/Significance In this small-sample, nonrandomized, retrospective exploratory study, some patients with cerebral sparganosis were responsive to long-term, high-dose praziquantel with an efficacy similar to that of surgical lesion removal. These findings increase the treatment flexibility for this serious infection. Sparganosis is most prevalent in developing countries in East and Southeast Asia, probably because public health strategies have not prioritized its prevention. The plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra mansoni sometimes invade the brain parenchyma, resulting in cerebral sparganosis. In general, surgical removal of the larvae is considered a standard therapy for cerebral sparganosis. One alternative treatment for sparganosis is short-term, low-dose praziquantel, which has had limited success. However, the efficacy and safety of long-term, high-dose praziquantel treatment for cerebral sparganosis have not been explored. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of long-term, high-dose praziquantel for treatment of cerebral sparganosis in China. We conducted a retrospective exploratory study using routinely recorded data from 96 patients at three medical centers. Forty-two patients underwent surgical lesion removal, and the other 54 patients received long-term, high-dose praziquantel. Treatment of cerebral sparganosis by long-term, high-dose praziquantel showed an efficacy similar to that of surgical lesion removal with respect to the primary outcome (complete disappearance of the active lesions on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging). However, this was a small-sample, nonrandomized retrospective study, and the results should be further confirmed by a large-sample prospective study or other studies.
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15
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Peh WM, Hean GG, Clement YHR. The Tunnel Sign Revisited: A Novel Observation of Cerebral Melioidosis Mimicking Sparganosis. J Radiol Case Rep 2018; 12:1-11. [PMID: 30651915 PMCID: PMC6312124 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v12i8.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tunnel sign has been described as a specific feature of cerebral sparganosis. We present a case of a 55-year-old gentleman found to have cerebral melioidosis and with initial imaging mimicking the appearance of sparganosis. This suggests that the tunnel sign in brain abscesses may be specific for infection by Burkholderia Pseudomallei, Spirometra Mansoni or Listeria Monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Ming Peh
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Goh Giap Hean
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Hsiang Rong Clement
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Tang TH, Wong SS, Lai CK, Poon RW, Chan HS, Wu TC, Cheung YF, Poon TL, Tsang YP, Tang WL, Wu AK. Molecular Identification of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Tapeworm in Cases of Human Sparganosis, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:665-668. [PMID: 28322697 PMCID: PMC5367436 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.160791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sparganosis is a foodborne zoonosis endemic in Asia. We report a series of 9 histologically confirmed human sparganosis cases in Hong Kong, China. All parasites were retrospectively identified as Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Skin and soft tissue swelling was the most common symptom, followed by central nervous system lesions.
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17
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Oda FH, Borteiro C, da Graça RJ, Tavares LER, Crampet A, Guerra V, Lima FS, Bellay S, Karling LC, Castro O, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Parasitism by larval tapeworms genus Spirometra in South American amphibians and reptiles: new records from Brazil and Uruguay, and a review of current knowledge in the region. Acta Trop 2016; 164:150-164. [PMID: 27613585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spargana are plerocercoid larvae of cestode tapeworms of the genus Spirometra, Family Diphyllobothriidae, parasitic to frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. This parasitic disease in humans can be transmitted through the use and consumption of amphibians and reptiles. The available knowledge about Spirometra in South America is scarce, and there are only a few reports on the occurrence of sparganum in amphibians and reptiles, many of them published in old papers not easily available to researchers. In this work we present a review on this topic, provide new records in two species of amphibians and 7 species of reptiles from Brazil and Uruguay respectively. We also summarize current knowledge of Spirometra in the continent, along with an updated of host taxonomy. We could gather from the literature a total of 15 studies about amphibian and reptile hosts, published between 1850 and 2016, corresponding to 43 case reports, mostly from Brazil (29) and Uruguay (8), Argentina (3), Peru (2), and Venezuela (1); the majority of them related to reptiles (five lizards and 26 snake species), and 14 corresponded to amphibians (9 anurans). Plerocercoid larvae were located in different organs of the hosts, such as subcutaneous tissue, coelomic cavity, peritoneum, and musculature. The importance of amphibians and reptiles in the transmission of the disease to humans in South America is discussed. Relevant issues to be studied in the near future are the taxonomic characterization of Spirometra in the region and the biological risk of reptile meat for aboriginal and other rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício H Oda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Centro Universitário Cesumar - UniCesumar, Avenida Guedner 1610, Jardim Aclimação, CEP 87050-390, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Borteiro
- Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, 25 de mayo 582, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rodrigo J da Graça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Eduardo R Tavares
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Alejandro Crampet
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1500, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Vinicius Guerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Flávia S Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sybelle Bellay
- Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Letícia C Karling
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04, s/n Comunidade de São Cristóvão, CEP 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Oscar Castro
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1500, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Ricardo M Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto C Pavanelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Centro Universitário Cesumar - UniCesumar, Avenida Guedner 1610, Jardim Aclimação, CEP 87050-390, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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18
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Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Miniuk M, Ruczyńska I, Tokarska M. Sparganosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa) - Implications for veterinarians, hunters, and consumers. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:115-7. [PMID: 27523946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
From February to March 2016 we found plerocercoids of Spirometra sp. in four wild boar hunted in Białowieża Primeval Forest, north-eastern Poland. Plerocercoids were located subcutaneously and in muscle tissue. A sequence of a nuclear 18S rRNA gene was used for genetic specification of the samples. The analyzed gene fragment showed 100% identity with the Spirometra erinacei sequence. Thus, the emerge of human sparganosis due to consumption of undercooked or smoked wild boar meat is likely in the areas where wild boar is an approved food source, especially in the absence of routine guidelines for vets. It has become a priority to inform the public about possibilities and consequences of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Miniuk
- Veterinary Office, Ogrodowa 4, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Iwona Ruczyńska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tokarska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
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19
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Cerebral Sparganosis in Children: Epidemiologic and Radiologic Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes: A Report of 9 Cases. World Neurosurg 2016; 89:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Helminthosis and eosinophilia in Spain (1990-2015). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 36:120-136. [PMID: 26827134 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The finding of blood eosinophilia in a patient is a relatively frequent reason to refer him/her to a Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases. The doctor usually intends to rule out a parasitic disease in the autochthonous population, travelers or immigrants. It is uncommon for an eosinophilia to be produced by protozoa infection, whereas helminth parasites are more frequently associated with an increase of eosinophil counts in the infected patient. Eosinophilia can be the only abnormal finding, or it could be part of more complex clinical manifestations suffered by the patient. Furthermore, many, but not all, helminth infections are associated with eosinophilia, and the eosinophil level (low, high) differs according to parasite stages, helminth species, and worm co-infections. The purpose of the present article is to carry out a systematic review of cases and case series on helminth infections and eosinophilia reported in Spain from 1990 to 2015, making a distinction between autochthonous and imported (immigrants and travelers) cases, and studying their relationship with immunodepression situations.
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21
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Bracaglia G, Ranno S, Mancinelli L, Santoro M, Cerroni L, Massone C, Sangueza O, Bravo FG, Diociaiuti A, Nicastri E, Muraca M, El Hachem M, Boldrini R, Callea F, Putignani L. A waterborn zoonotic helminthiase in an Italian diver: a case report of a cutaneous Sparganum infection and a review of European cases. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 109:383-6. [PMID: 26751512 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2015.1123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many waterborne helminthes are opportunistic parasites that can travel directly from animals to man and may contain forms capable of penetrating the skin. Among these, Sparganum is the pseudophyllidean tapeworm that belongs to the genus Spirometra, which is responsible for parasitic zoonosis; it is rarely detected in Europe and is caused by the plerocercoid infective larva. Thus far, only six cases of cutaneous and ocular sparganosis have been reported in Europe; two and four cases have occurred in France and Italy, respectively. Herein, we describe a new case of sparganosis in Italy that affected a male diver who presented to the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome. The patient's skin biopsy was submitted to the Parasitology department who, in consultation with Pathology, concluded that the morphologic and microscopic findings were those of Sparganum spp. larvae. The patient recovered following a single dose of 600 mg praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bracaglia
- 1 Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
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