1
|
Ren Y, Luo X, Tong H, Wang S, Yan J, Lin L, Chen Y. Preliminary Study on Clinical Characteristics and Pathogenesis of IQSEC2 Mutations Patients. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2024; 17:289-318. [PMID: 38827181 PMCID: PMC11144418 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s455840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The IQ motif and Sec7 domain ArfGEF 2 (IQSEC2), an X-linked gene that encodes the BRAG1 protein, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) protein family in the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding protein. Mutations in this gene result in disorders such as intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. In this study, we analyze the clinical features of two patients with IQSEC2-mutation-related disease and discuss their possible pathogenesis. Methods The two patients were diagnosed with ID and epilepsy. Genetic testing was performed using whole-exome sequencing, and the three-dimensional protein structure was analyzed. UCSC Genome Browser was used to analyze the conservation of IQSEC2 in different species. We compared IQSEC2 expression in the proband families with that in a control group, as well as the expression of the postsynaptic identity protein 95 (PSD-95), synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF-6), and insulin receptor substrate 53kDa (IRSP53) genes interacting with IQSEC2. Results We identified two semi-zygote mutations located in conserved positions in different species: an unreported de novo mutation, C.3576C>A (p. Tyr1192*), and a known mutation, c.2983C>T (p. Arg995Trp). IQSEC2 mutations resulted in significant changes in the predicted three-dimensional protein structure, while its expression in the two probands was significantly lower than that in the age-matched control group, and IQSEC2 expression in proband 1 was lower than that in his family members. The expression levels of PSD-95, ARF-6, and SAP97, IRSP 53, which interact with IQSEC2, were also significantly different from those in the family members and age-matched healthy children. Conclusion The clinical phenotype resulting from IQSEC2 mutations can be explained by the significant decrease in its expression, loss of function of the mutant protein, and change in the expression of related genes. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular phenotype conferred by the IQSEC2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ren
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longlong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yucai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kay Y, Tsan L, Davis EA, Tian C, Décarie-Spain L, Sadybekov A, Pushkin AN, Katritch V, Kanoski SE, Herring BE. Schizophrenia-associated SAP97 mutations increase glutamatergic synapse strength in the dentate gyrus and impair contextual episodic memory in rats. Nat Commun 2022; 13:798. [PMID: 35145085 PMCID: PMC8831576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the putative glutamatergic synapse scaffolding protein SAP97 are associated with the development of schizophrenia in humans. However, the role of SAP97 in synaptic regulation is unclear. Here we show that SAP97 is expressed in the dendrites of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus but not in the dendrites of other hippocampal neurons. Schizophrenia-related perturbations of SAP97 did not affect CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse function. Conversely, these perturbations produce dramatic augmentation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in granule neurons that can be attributed to a release of perisynaptic GluA1-containing AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic densities of perforant pathway synapses. Furthermore, inhibiting SAP97 function in the dentate gyrus was sufficient to impair contextual episodic memory. Together, our results identify a cell-type-specific synaptic regulatory mechanism in the dentate gyrus that, when disrupted, impairs contextual information processing in rats. The effects of SAP97 mutations associated with schizophrenia on synaptic function are unclear. Here, the authors show that schizophrenia-related SAP97 mutations enhance glutamatergic synapse strength in the dentate gyrus, impairing contextual episodic memory in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Kay
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Chen Tian
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anna N Pushkin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Bruce E Herring
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prikas E, Ahel H, Stefanoska K, Asih PR, Volkerling A, Ittner LM, Ittner A. Interaction between the guanylate kinase domain of PSD-95 and the proline-rich region and microtubule binding repeats 2 and 3 of tau. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:606-616. [PMID: 33794133 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau is a key factor in neurodegenerative proteinopathies and is predominantly found in the neuronal axon. However, somatodendritic localization of tau occurs for a subset of pathological and physiologic tau. Dendritic tau can localize to post-synapses where it interacts with proteins of the post-synaptic density (PSD) protein PSD-95, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) scaffold factor for organization of protein complexes within the PSD, to mediate downstream signals. The sub-molecular details of this interaction, however, remain unclear. Here, we use interaction mapping in cultured cells to demonstrate that tau interacts with the guanylate kinase (GUK) domain in the C-terminal region of PSD-95. The PSD-95 GUK domain is required and sufficient for a complex with full-length human tau. Mapping the interaction of the MAGUK core on tau revealed the microtubule binding repeats 2 and 3 and the proline-rich region contribute to this interaction, while the N- and C-terminal regions of tau inhibit interaction. These results reveal intramolecular determinants of the protein complex of tau and PSD-95 and increase our understanding of tau interactions regulating neurotoxic signaling at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Prikas
- Macquarie University, 7788, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Holly Ahel
- Macquarie University, 7788, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | | | | | | | - Lars M Ittner
- Macquarie University, 7788, Biomedical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Arne Ittner
- Macquarie University, 7788, Biomedical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The genetic variations in SAP97 gene and the risk of schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population: a further study. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 30:110-118. [PMID: 32692143 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Based on our previous discovery that SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism significantly affects the cognitive function of schizophrenia, we further genotyped the other 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) capturing the known common haplotype variations of this gene in a sample including 1014 patients with schizophrenia and 1078 matched controls. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the 12 SNPs of SAP97 between the patients and the controls (all P > 0.05). But, in the evaluation of the phenotypic effects of these SNPs on the patients' clinical symptoms and cognitive functions. While patients with minor allele in the rs9843659 polymorphism had higher N5 (difficulty in abstract thinking) scores than that with the main genotype (P = 0.002, Pcor = 0.014), the patients with minor allele in the rs6805920, rs4916461 and rs7638423 had lower verbal memory scores (P = 0.003, 0.003, 0.001, Pcor = 0.021, 0.021, 0.007, respectively) and the P values of these SNPs were still significant after the Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSION Our data are further to indicate that the SAP97 gene polymorphisms may affect neurocognitive function especially verbal memory and the first to suggest that the SAP97 rs9843659 polymorphism may influence abstract thinking of schizophrenic patients in the southern Han Chinese population.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, He B, Lin Z, Wang X, Yin J, Luo X, Luo S, Liang C, Wen X, Xiong S, Zhu D, Fu J, Lv D, Dai Z, Lin J, Li Y, Chen W, Luo Z, Wang Y, Ma G. SAP97 rs3915512 Polymorphism Affects the Neurocognition of Schizophrenic Patients: A Genetic Neuroimaging Study. Front Genet 2020; 11:572414. [PMID: 33133161 PMCID: PMC7578398 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.572414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study suggested that the synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) gene rs3915512 polymorphism may influence neurocognition in schizophrenia patients. Neuroimaging studies have shown a possible association between cognitive function and brain activity/connectivity. Considering the poor understanding of whether the disease state and SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism have interactive effects on brain activity/connectivity, 52 first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 52 healthy controls were genotyped using blood DNA samples and underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning. A two-way ANCOVA model was performed with rs3915512 genotypes and disease state as the between-subject factors. A significant disease × SAP97 interactive effect was found for the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the right supplementary motor area, left rolandic opercularis area (ROC-L), and bilateral middle occipital gyrus (MOG). In addition, among auditory/visual-related brain areas, a significant interactive effect was found for resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between the MOG-L and bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the STG-L with ROC-R, right cuneus (Cu-R), left fusiform (Fu-L), and left lingual gyrus (LG-L). Positive correlations were found between ALFF in the ROC-L and motor speed scores, between RSFC in the STG-L and LG-L and between Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia verbal memory scores in FES. The SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism may affect neurocognitive function in patients with schizophrenia by changing the brain activity and connectivity of auditory/visual-related brain areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xusan Xu
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xudong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shucun Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xia Wen
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Susu Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dongjian Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiawu Fu
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhun Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juda Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - You Li
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wubiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zebin Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marziali F, Dizanzo MP, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Differential expression of DLG1 as a common trait in different human diseases: an encouraging issue in molecular pathology. Biol Chem 2020; 400:699-710. [PMID: 30517074 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human disc large (DLG1) is a scaffolding protein that through the interaction with diverse cell partners participates in the control of key cellular processes such as polarity, proliferation and migration. Experimental data have mainly identified DLG1 as a tumor suppressor. An outstanding point for DLG1 protein is that altered DLG1 expression and DLG1 gene mutations were observed in different pathologies, including cancer and neurological and immunological disorders. Evident changes in DLG1 abundance and/or cell localization were identified in a number of studies suggesting its participation in molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of such illnesses. In this review, we focus on some of the latest findings regarding DLG1 alterations in different diseases as well as its potential use as a biomarker for pathological progression. We further address the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating DLG1 expression and the posttranslational modifications that may affect DLG1 cell localization and functions. Despite the advances in this field, there are still open questions about the precise molecular link between alterations in DLG1 expression and the development of each specific pathology. The complete understanding of this concern will give us new scenarios for the design of promising diagnosis and therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Paula Dizanzo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Malt EA, Juhasz K, Frengen A, Wangensteen T, Emilsen NM, Hansen B, Agafonov O, Nilsen HL. Neuropsychiatric phenotype in relation to gene variants in the hemizygous allele in 3q29 deletion carriers: A case series. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e889. [PMID: 31347308 PMCID: PMC6732294 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic risk variants in the hemizygous allele may influence neuropsychiatric manifestations and clinical course in 3q29 deletion carriers. Methods In‐depth phenotypic assessment in two deletion carriers included medical records, medical, genetic, psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations, brain MRI scan and EEG. Blood samples were analyzed for copy number variations, and deep sequencing of the affected 3q29 region was performed in patients and seven first‐degree relatives. Risk variants were identified through bioinformatic analysis. Results One deletion carrier was diagnosed with learning difficulties and childhood autism, the other with mild intellectual disability and schizophrenia. EEG abnormalities in childhood normalized in adulthood in both. Cognitive abilities improved during adolescence in one deletion carrier. Both had microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes and suffered from chronic pain and fatigue. Molecular and bioinformatic analyses identified risk variants in the hemizygous allele that were not present in the homozygous state in relatives in genes involved in cilia function and insulin action in the autistic individual and in synaptic function and neurosteroid transport in the subject with schizophrenia. Conclusion 3q29 deletion carriers may undergo developmental phenotypic transition and need regular medical follow‐up. Identified risk variants in the remaining hemizygous allele should be explored further in autism and schizophrenia research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Albertsen Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway.,Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Anna Frengen
- Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | | | - Nina Merete Emilsen
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Borre Hansen
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Oleg Agafonov
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Institute of Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Part of Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Loge Nilsen
- Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soler J, Fañanás L, Parellada M, Krebs MO, Rouleau GA, Fatjó-Vilas M. Genetic variability in scaffolding proteins and risk for schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:223-244. [PMID: 29947605 PMCID: PMC6019351 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins represent an evolutionary solution to controlling the specificity of information transfer in intracellular networks. They are highly concentrated in complexes located in specific subcellular locations. One of these complexes is the postsynaptic density of the excitatory synapses. There, scaffolding proteins regulate various processes related to synaptic plasticity, such as glutamate receptor trafficking and signalling, and dendritic structure and function. Most scaffolding proteins can be grouped into 4 main families: discs large (DLG), discs-large-associated protein (DLGAP), Shank and Homer. Owing to the importance of scaffolding proteins in postsynaptic density architecture, it is not surprising that variants in the genes that code for these proteins have been associated with neuropsychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders. Such evidence, together with the clinical, neurobiological and genetic overlap described between schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders, suggest that alteration of scaffolding protein dynamics could be part of the pathophysiology of both. However, despite the potential importance of scaffolding proteins in these psychiatric conditions, no systematic review has integrated the genetic and molecular data from studies conducted in the last decade. This review has the following goals: to systematically analyze the literature in which common and/or rare genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, single nucleotide variants and copy number variants) in the scaffolding family genes are associated with the risk for either schizophrenia or autism-spectrum disorders; to explore the implications of the reported genetic variants for gene expression and/or protein function; and to discuss the relationship of these genetic variants to the shared genetic, clinical and cognitive traits of schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Soler
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mara Parellada
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mostowska A, Gaczkowska A, Żukowski K, Ludwig K, Hozyasz K, Wójcicki P, Mangold E, Böhmer A, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Knapp M, Zadurska M, Biedziak B, Budner M, Lasota A, Daktera-Micker A, Jagodziński P. Common variants inDLG1locus are associated with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Clin Genet 2018; 93:784-793. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - A. Gaczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - K. Żukowski
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding; National Research Institute of Animal Production; Balice Poland
| | - K.U. Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics; Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - K.K. Hozyasz
- Department of Pediatrics; Institute of Mother and Child; Warsaw Poland
| | - P. Wójcicki
- Plastic Surgery Clinic of Medical University in Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
- Department of Plastic Surgery in Specialist Medical Center in Polanica Zdroj; Polanica Zdroj Poland
| | - E. Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - A.C. Böhmer
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics; Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - S. Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics; Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - M. Knapp
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - M. Zadurska
- Department of Orthodontics; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - B. Biedziak
- Department of Dental Surgery, Division of Facial Malformation; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - M. Budner
- Eastern Poland Burn Treatment and Reconstructive Center; Leczna Poland
| | - A. Lasota
- Department of Jaw Orthopedics; Medical University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Daktera-Micker
- Department of Dental Surgery, Division of Facial Malformation; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - P.P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu X, Liang C, Lv D, Yin J, Luo X, Fu J, Yan H, Zhou X, Dai Z, Zhu D, Xiong S, Lin Z, Lin J, Zhao B, Li Y, Wang Y, Ma G, Li K. Association of the Synapse-Associated Protein 97 ( SAP97) Gene Polymorphism With Neurocognitive Function in Schizophrenic Patients. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:458. [PMID: 30319465 PMCID: PMC6169480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SAP97 gene is located in the schizophrenia susceptibility locus 3q29, and it encodes the synaptic scaffolding protein that interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is presumed to be dysregulated in schizophrenia. In this study, we genotyped a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3915512) in the SAP97 gene in 1114 patients with schizophrenia and 1036 healthy-matched controls in a Han Chinese population through the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (imLDR) technique. Then, we analyzed the association between this SNP and the patients' clinical symptoms and neurocognitive function. Our results showed that there were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies between the patients and the controls for the rs3915512 polymorphism. However, patients with the rs3915512 polymorphism TT genotype had higher neurocognitive function scores (list learning scores, symbol coding scores, category instances scores and controlled oral word association test scores) than the subjects with the A allele (P = 4.72 × 10-5, 0.027, 0.027, 0.013, respectively). Our data are the first to suggest that the SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism may affect neurocognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xusan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xudong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiawu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhun Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dongjian Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Susu Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juda Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Keshen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Uezato A, Yamamoto N, Jitoku D, Haramo E, Hiraaki E, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Umino M, Umino A, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Kurumaji A, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Genetic and molecular risk factors within the newly identified primate-specific exon of the SAP97/DLG1 gene in the 3q29 schizophrenia-associated locus. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:798-807. [PMID: 28990294 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The synapse-associated protein 97/discs, large homolog 1 of Drosophila (DLG1) gene encodes synaptic scaffold PDZ proteins interacting with ionotropic glutamate receptors including the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) that is presumed to be hypoactive in brains of patients with schizophrenia. The DLG1 gene resides in the chromosomal position 3q29, the microdeletion of which confers a 40-fold increase in the risk for schizophrenia. In the present study, we performed genetic association analyses for DLG1 gene using a Japanese cohort with 1808 schizophrenia patients and 2170 controls. We detected an association which remained significant after multiple comparison testing between schizophrenia and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3915512 that is located within the newly identified primate-specific exon (exon 3b) of the DLG1 gene and constitutes the exonic splicing enhancer sequence. When stratified by onset age, although it did not survive multiple comparisons, the association was observed in non-early onset schizophrenia, whose onset-age selectivity is consistent with our recent postmortem study demonstrating a decrease in the expression of the DLG1 variant in early-onset schizophrenia. Although the present study did not demonstrate the previously reported association of the SNP rs9843659 by itself, a meta-analysis revealed a significant association between DLG1 gene and schizophrenia. These findings provide a valuable clue for molecular mechanisms on how genetic variations in the primate-specific exon of the gene in the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 locus affect its regulation in the glutamate system and lead to the disease onset around a specific stage of brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Psychiatry Department, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jitoku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Haramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Hiraaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akeo Kurumaji
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rasmussen AH, Rasmussen HB, Silahtaroglu A. The DLGAP family: neuronal expression, function and role in brain disorders. Mol Brain 2017; 10:43. [PMID: 28870203 PMCID: PMC5583998 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter glutamate facilitates neuronal signalling at excitatory synapses. Glutamate is released from the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft. Across the synaptic cleft glutamate binds to both ion channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors at the postsynapse, which expedite downstream signalling in the neuron. The postsynaptic density, a highly specialized matrix, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, controls this downstream signalling. The postsynaptic density also resets the synapse after each synaptic firing. It is composed of numerous proteins including a family of Discs large associated protein 1, 2, 3 and 4 (DLGAP1-4) that act as scaffold proteins in the postsynaptic density. They link the glutamate receptors in the postsynaptic membrane to other glutamate receptors, to signalling proteins and to components of the cytoskeleton. With the central localisation in the postsynapse, the DLGAP family seems to play a vital role in synaptic scaling by regulating the turnover of both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in response to synaptic activity. DLGAP family has been directly linked to a variety of psychological and neurological disorders. In this review we focus on the direct and indirect role of DLGAP family on schizophrenia as well as other brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Rasmussen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asli Silahtaroglu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McKinney B, Ding Y, Lewis DA, Sweet RA. DNA methylation as a putative mechanism for reduced dendritic spine density in the superior temporal gyrus of subjects with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1032. [PMID: 28195572 PMCID: PMC5438028 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced dendritic spine density (DSD) in cortical layer 3 of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), and multiple other brain regions, is consistently observed in postmortem studies of schizophrenia (SZ). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this intermediate phenotype holds promise for understanding SZ pathophysiology, identifying SZ treatment targets and developing animal models. DNA methylation (DNAm), the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine nucleotide, regulates gene transcription and is a strong candidate for such a mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that DNAm correlates with DSD in the human STG and that this relationship is disrupted in SZ. We used the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip Array to quantify DNAm on a genome-wide scale in the postmortem STG from 22 SZ subjects and matched non-psychiatric control (NPC) subjects; DSD measures were available for 17 of the 22 subject pairs. We found DNAm to correlate with DSD at more sites than expected by chance in NPC, but not SZ, subjects. In addition, we show that the slopes of the linear DNAm-DSD correlations differed between SZ and NPC subjects at more sites than expected by chance. From these data, we identified 2 candidate genes for mediating DSD abnormalities in SZ: brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2 (BAIAP2) and discs large, Drosophila, homolog of, 1 (DLG1). Together, these data suggest that altered DNAm in SZ may be a mechanism for SZ-related DSD reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Biomedical Science Tower, Room W-1645, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Resequencing and Association Analysis of Six PSD-95-Related Genes as Possible Susceptibility Genes for Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27491. [PMID: 27271353 PMCID: PMC4895433 DOI: 10.1038/srep27491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PSD-95 associated PSD proteins play a critical role in regulating the density and activity of glutamate receptors. Numerous previous studies have shown an association between the genes that encode these proteins and schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which share a substantial portion of genetic risks. We sequenced the protein-encoding regions of DLG1, DLG2, DLG4, DLGAP1, DLGAP2, and SynGAP in 562 cases (370 SZ and 192 ASD patients) on the Ion PGM platform. We detected 26 rare (minor allele frequency <1%), non-synonymous mutations, and conducted silico functional analysis and pedigree analysis when possible. Three variants, G344R in DLG1, G241S in DLG4, and R604C in DLGAP2, were selected for association analysis in an independent sample set of 1315 SZ patients, 382 ASD patients, and 1793 healthy controls. Neither DLG4-G241S nor DLGAP2-R604C was detected in any samples in case or control sets, whereas one additional SZ patient was found that carried DLG1-G344R. Our results suggest that rare missense mutations in the candidate PSD genes may increase susceptibility to SZ and/or ASD. These findings may strengthen the theory that rare, non-synonymous variants confer substantial genetic risks for these disorders.
Collapse
|
16
|
Boccitto M, Doshi S, Newton IP, Nathke I, Neve R, Dong F, Mao Y, Zhai J, Zhang L, Kalb R. Opposing actions of the synapse-associated protein of 97-kDa molecular weight (SAP97) and Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Neuroscience 2016; 326:22-30. [PMID: 27026592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that synapse-associated protein of 97-kDa molecular weight (SAP97) is a susceptibility factor for childhood and adult neuropsychiatric disorders. SAP97 is a scaffolding protein that shares direct and indirect binding partners with the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene product, a gene with strong association with neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we investigated the possibility that these two proteins converge upon a common molecular pathway. Since DISC1 modifies Wnt/β-catenin signaling via changes in glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) phosphorylation, we asked if SAP97 impacts Wnt/β-catenin signaling and GSK3β phosphorylation. We find that SAP97 acts as inhibitor of Wnt signaling activity and can suppress the stimulatory effects of DISC1 on β-catenin transcriptional activity. Reductions in SAP97 abundance also decrease GSK3β phosphorylation. In addition, we find that over expression of DISC1 leads to an increase in the abundance of SAP97, by inhibiting its proteasomal degradation. Our findings suggest that SAP97 and DISC1 contribute to maintaining Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity within a homeostatic range by regulating GSK3β phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Boccitto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - S Doshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - I P Newton
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, UK
| | - I Nathke
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, UK
| | - R Neve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F Dong
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, 214 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Y Mao
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, 214 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R Kalb
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
PSD-95 regulates CRFR1 localization, trafficking and β-arrestin2 recruitment. Cell Signal 2016; 28:531-540. [PMID: 26898829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide commonly associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis stress response. Upon release, CRF activates two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) and CRF receptor 2 (CRFR2). Although both receptors contribute to mood regulation, CRFR1 antagonists have demonstrated anxiolytic and antidepressant-like properties that may be exploited in the generation of new pharmacological interventions for mental illnesses. Previous studies have demonstrated CRFR1 capable of heterologously sensitizing serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) signaling: another GPCR implicated in psychiatric disease. Interestingly, this phenomenon was dependent on Postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95)/Disc Large/Zona Occludens (PDZ) interactions on the distal carboxyl termini of both receptors. In the current study, we demonstrate that endogenous PSD-95 can be co-immunoprecipitated with CRFR1 from cortical brain homogenate, and this interaction appears to be primarily via the PDZ-binding motif. Additionally, PSD-95 colocalizes with CRFR1 within the dendritic projections of cultured mouse neurons in a PDZ-binding motif-dependent manner. In HEK 293 cells, PSD-95 overexpression inhibited CRFR1 endocytosis, whereas PSD-95 shRNA knockdown enhanced CRFR1 endocytosis. Although PSD-95 does not appear to play a significant role in CRF-mediated cAMP or ERK1/2 signaling, PSD-95 was demonstrated to suppress β-arrestin2 recruitment: providing a potential mechanism for PSD-95's inhibition of endocytosis. In revisiting previously documented heterologous sensitization, PSD-95 shRNA knockdown did not prevent CRFR1-mediated enhancement of 5-HT2AR signaling. In conclusion, we have identified and characterized a novel functional relationship between CRFR1 and PSD-95 that may have implications in the design of new treatment strategies for mental illness.
Collapse
|
18
|
Rivers C, Idris J, Scott H, Rogers M, Lee YB, Gaunt J, Phylactou L, Curk T, Campbell C, Ule J, Norman M, Uney JB. iCLIP identifies novel roles for SAFB1 in regulating RNA processing and neuronal function. BMC Biol 2015; 13:111. [PMID: 26694817 PMCID: PMC4689037 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SAFB1 is a RNA binding protein implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular processes such as the regulation of transcription, stress response, DNA repair and RNA processing. To gain further insight into SAFB1 function we used iCLIP and mapped its interaction with RNA on a genome wide level. Results iCLIP analysis found SAFB1 binding was enriched, specifically in exons, ncRNAs, 3’ and 5’ untranslated regions. SAFB1 was found to recognise a purine-rich GAAGA motif with the highest frequency and it is therefore likely to bind core AGA, GAA, or AAG motifs. Confirmatory RT-PCR experiments showed that the expression of coding and non-coding genes with SAFB1 cross-link sites was altered by SAFB1 knockdown. For example, we found that the isoform-specific expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1) and ASTN2 was influenced by SAFB1 and that the processing of miR-19a from the miR-17-92 cluster was regulated by SAFB1. These data suggest SAFB1 may influence alternative splicing and, using an NCAM1 minigene, we showed that SAFB1 knockdown altered the expression of two of the three NCAM1 alternative spliced isoforms. However, when the AGA, GAA, and AAG motifs were mutated, SAFB1 knockdown no longer mediated a decrease in the NCAM1 9–10 alternative spliced form. To further investigate the association of SAFB1 with splicing we used exon array analysis and found SAFB1 knockdown mediated the statistically significant up- and downregulation of alternative exons. Further analysis using RNAmotifs to investigate the frequency of association between the motif pairs (AGA followed by AGA, GAA or AAG) and alternative spliced exons found there was a highly significant correlation with downregulated exons. Together, our data suggest SAFB1 will play an important physiological role in the central nervous system regulating synaptic function. We found that SAFB1 regulates dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons and hence provide empirical evidence supporting this conclusion. Conclusions iCLIP showed that SAFB1 has previously uncharacterised specific RNA binding properties that help coordinate the isoform-specific expression of coding and non-coding genes. These genes regulate splicing, axonal and synaptic function, and are associated with neuropsychiatric disease, suggesting that SAFB1 is an important regulator of key neuronal processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0220-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rivers
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, School of Clinical Sciences, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Jalilah Idris
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, School of Clinical Sciences, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. .,Institute of Medical Sciences & Technology, University of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 43000, Malaysia.
| | - Helen Scott
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, School of Clinical Sciences, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Mark Rogers
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering & Mathematics, Merchant Venturers Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK.
| | - Youn-Bok Lee
- MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
| | - Jessica Gaunt
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, School of Clinical Sciences, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Leonidas Phylactou
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tomaz Curk
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, PO Box 23462, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Colin Campbell
- Institute of Medical Sciences & Technology, University of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 43000, Malaysia.
| | - Jernej Ule
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Michael Norman
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, School of Clinical Sciences, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - James B Uney
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, School of Clinical Sciences, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Uezato A, Yamamoto N, Iwayama Y, Hiraoka S, Hiraaki E, Umino A, Haramo E, Umino M, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Reduced cortical expression of a newly identified splicing variant of the DLG1 gene in patients with early-onset schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e654. [PMID: 26440542 PMCID: PMC4930131 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human discs, large homolog 1 gene (DLG1) is mapped to the schizophrenia-susceptibility locus 3q29, and it encodes a scaffold protein that interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor presumably dysregulated in schizophrenia. In the current study, we have newly identified a splicing variant of DLG1, which is transcribed from an unreported 95-base-pair exon (exon 3b) and is labeled 3b(+). We investigated the mRNA expression of 3b(+) in the post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of patients with psychiatric disorders, obtained from The Stanley Medical Research Institute, and examined the potential association of the expression with the genotype of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3915512 located within exon 3b. A real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the mRNA levels of 3b(+) were significantly reduced in patients with early-onset schizophrenia (onset at <18 years old, P=0.0003) but not in those with non-early-onset schizophrenia, early-onset or non-early-onset bipolar disorder or in the controls. Furthermore, the genotype at the rs3915512 SNP was closely associated with the levels of 3b(+) mRNA expression. It is inferred that the T allele fails to meet the exonic splicing enhancer consensus, thus resulting in skipping of exon 3b, leading to the expression of 3b(-) (the previously known DLG1 variant) but not 3b(+). Because all the subjects with early-onset schizophrenia in the current study possess the T/T genotype, the reduced level of the DLG1 3b(+) transcript may be involved in the susceptibility and/or pathophysiology of early-onset schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - S Hiraoka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Hiraaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Haramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - T Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Association study of H2AFZ with schizophrenia in a Japanese case-control sample. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:915-23. [PMID: 25392085 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that malfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Several recent microRNA (miRNA) studies have demonstrated that the expression of the glutamate system-related miR-132 and miR-212 is changed in postmortem schizophrenic brains. Here we attempted to obtain further insight into the relationships among schizophrenia, the NMDA receptor, the molecular cascades controlled by these miRNAs and commonly predicted target genes of the two miRNAs. We focused on the H2AFZ (encoding H2A histone family, member Z) gene, whose expression was shown in our screening study to be modified by a schizophrenomimetic NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine. By performing polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent signal detention using the TaqMan system, we examined four tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; SNP01-04) located around and within the H2AFZ gene for their genetic association with schizophrenia. The subjects were a Japanese cohort (2,012 patients with schizophrenia and 2,170 control subjects). We did not detect any significant genetic association of these SNPs with schizophrenia in this cohort. However, we observed a significant association of SNP02 (rs2276939) in the male patients with schizophrenia (allelic P = 0.003, genotypic P = 0.008). A haplotype analysis revealed that haplotypes consisting of SNP02-SNP03 (rs10014424)-SNP04 (rs6854536) also showed a significant association in the male patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.018). These associations remained significant even after correction for multiple testing. The present findings suggest that the H2AFZ gene may be a susceptibility factor in male subjects with schizophrenia, and that modification of the H2AFZ signaling pathway warrants further study in terms of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
21
|
Takebayashi H, Yamamoto N, Umino A, Nishikawa T. Identification of developmentally regulated PCP-responsive non-coding RNA, prt6, in the rat thalamus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97955. [PMID: 24886782 PMCID: PMC4041572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and similar psychoses induced by NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, usually develop after adolescence. Moreover, adult-type behavioral disturbance following NMDA receptor antagonist application in rodents is observed after a critical period at around 3 postnatal weeks. These observations suggest that the schizophrenic symptoms caused by and psychotomimetic effects of NMDA antagonists require the maturation of certain brain neuron circuits and molecular networks, which differentially respond to NMDA receptor antagonists across adolescence and the critical period. From this viewpoint, we have identified a novel developmentally regulated phencyclidine-responsive transcript from the rat thalamus, designated as prt6, as a candidate molecule involved in the above schizophrenia-related systems using a DNA microarray technique. The transcript is a non-coding RNA that includes sequences of at least two microRNAs, miR132 and miR212, and is expressed strongly in the brain and testis, with trace or non-detectable levels in the spleen, heart, liver, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle, as revealed by Northern blot analysis. The systemic administration of PCP (7.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) significantly elevated the expression of prt6 mRNA in the thalamus at postnatal days (PD) 32 and 50, but not at PD 8, 13, 20, or 24 as compared to saline-treated controls. At PD 50, another NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), and a schizophrenomimetic dopamine agonist, methamphetamine (4.8 mg/kg, s.c.), mimicked a significant increase in the levels of thalamic prt6 mRNAs, while a D2 dopmamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, partly inhibited the increasing influence of PCP on thalamic prt6 expression without its own effects. These data indicate that prt6 may be involved in the pathophysiology of the onset of drug-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms and schizophrenia through the possible dysregulation of target genes of the long non-coding RNA or microRNAs in the transcript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Takebayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Iasevoli F, Tomasetti C, Buonaguro EF, de Bartolomeis A. The glutamatergic aspects of schizophrenia molecular pathophysiology: role of the postsynaptic density, and implications for treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:219-38. [PMID: 24851087 PMCID: PMC4023453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140324183406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating psychiatric diseases with a lifetime prevalence of approximately
1%. Although the specific molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia are still unknown, evidence has long linked its
pathophysiology to postsynaptic abnormalities.
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is among the molecular structures suggested to be potentially involved in schizophrenia.
More specifically, the PSD is an electron-dense thickening of glutamatergic synapses, including ionotropic and
metabotropic glutamate receptors, cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins, and adhesion and signaling molecules. Being
implicated in the postsynaptic signaling of multiple neurotransmitter systems, mostly dopamine and glutamate, the PSD
constitutes an ideal candidate for studying dopamine-glutamate disturbances in schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests
that some PSD proteins, such as PSD-95, Shank, and Homer are implicated in severe behavioral disorders, including
schizophrenia. These findings, further corroborated by genetic and animal studies of schizophrenia, offer new insights for
the development of pharmacological strategies able to overcome the limitations in terms of efficacy and side effects of
current schizophrenia treatment. Indeed, PSD proteins are now being considered as potential molecular targets against this
devastating illness.
The current paper reviews the most recent hypotheses on the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia
pathophysiology. First, we review glutamatergic dysfunctions in schizophrenia and we provide an update on postsynaptic
molecules involvement in schizophrenia pathophysiology by addressing both human and animal studies. Finally, the
possibility that PSD proteins may represent potential targets for new molecular interventions in psychosis will be
discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felice Iasevoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Walch L. Emerging role of the scaffolding protein Dlg1 in vesicle trafficking. Traffic 2014; 14:964-73. [PMID: 23829493 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Discs large 1 (Dlg1) is a modular scaffolding protein implicated in the control of cell polarity through assembly of specific multiprotein complexes, including receptors, ion channels and signaling proteins, at specialized zones of the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that in addition to these well-known interaction partners, Dlg1 may also recruit components of the vesicle trafficking machinery either to the plasma membrane or to transport vesicles. Here, we discuss Dlg1 function in vesicle formation, targeting, tethering and fusion, in both the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. These pathways contribute to cell functions as major and diverse as glutamatergic activity in the neurons, membrane homeostasis in Schwann cell myelination, insulin stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes, or endothelial secretion of the hemostatic protein, von Willebrand factor (VWF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Walch
- INSERM U698, Université Paris 7, Hemostasis, Bio-engineering and Cardiovascular Remodeling, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Population-specific haplotype association of the postsynaptic density gene DLG4 with schizophrenia, in family-based association studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70302. [PMID: 23936182 PMCID: PMC3723755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic synapses harbors a multitude of proteins critical for maintaining synaptic dynamics. Alteration of protein expression levels in this matrix is a marked phenomenon of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, where cognitive functions are impaired. To investigate the genetic relationship of genes expressed in the PSD with schizophrenia, a family-based association analysis of genetic variants in PSD genes such as DLG4, DLG1, PICK1 and MDM2, was performed, using Japanese samples (124 pedigrees, n = 376 subjects). Results showed a significant association of the rs17203281 variant from the DLG4 gene, with preferential transmission of the C allele (p = 0.02), although significance disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Replication analysis of this variant, found no association in a Chinese schizophrenia cohort (293 pedigrees, n = 1163 subjects) or in a Japanese case-control sample (n = 4182 subjects). The DLG4 expression levels between postmortem brain samples from schizophrenia patients showed no significant changes from controls. Interestingly, a five marker haplotype in DLG4, involving rs2242449, rs17203281, rs390200, rs222853 and rs222837, was enriched in a population specific manner, where the sequences A-C-C-C-A and G-C-C-C-A accumulated in Japanese (p = 0.0009) and Chinese (p = 0.0007) schizophrenia pedigree samples, respectively. However, this could not be replicated in case-control samples. None of the variants in other examined candidate genes showed any significant association in these samples. The current study highlights a putative role for DLG4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis, evidenced by haplotype association, and warrants further dense screening for variants within these haplotypes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Fourie C, Li D, Montgomery JM. The anchoring protein SAP97 influences the trafficking and localisation of multiple membrane channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:589-94. [PMID: 23535319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SAP97 is a member of the MAGUK family of proteins that play a major role in the trafficking and targeting of membrane ion channels and cytosolic structural proteins in multiple cell types. Within neurons, SAP97 is localised throughout the secretory trafficking pathway and at the postsynaptic density (PSD). SAP97 differs from other MAGUK family members largely in its long N-terminus and in the sequences between the SH3 and GUK domains, where SAP97 undergoes significant alternative splicing to produce multiple SAP97 isoforms. These splice insertions endow SAP97 with differential cellular localisation patterns and functional roles within neurons. With regard to membrane ion channels, SAP97 forms multi-protein complexes with AMPA and NMDA-type glutamate receptors, and Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and Kir2.2 potassium channels, playing a major role in trafficking and anchoring ion channel surface expression. This highlights SAP97 not only as a regulator of neuronal excitability, synaptic function and plasticity in the brain, but also as a target for the pathophysiology of a number of neurological disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Fourie
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jourdi H, Kabbaj M. Acute BDNF treatment upregulates GluR1-SAP97 and GluR2-GRIP1 interactions: implications for sustained AMPA receptor expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57124. [PMID: 23460828 PMCID: PMC3584105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays several prominent roles in synaptic plasticity and in learning and memory formation. Reduced BDNF levels and altered BDNF signaling have been reported in several brain diseases and behavioral disorders, which also exhibit reduced levels of AMPAr subunits. BDNF treatment acutely regulates AMPA receptor expression and function, including synaptic AMPAr subunit trafficking, and implicates several well defined signaling molecules that are required to elicit long term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD, respectively). Long term encoding of synaptic events, as in long term memory formation, requires AMPAr stabilization and maintenance. However, factors regulating AMPAr stabilization in neuronal cell membranes and synaptic sites are not well characterized. In this study, we examine the effects of acute BDNF treatment on levels of AMPAr-associated scaffolding proteins and on AMPAr subunit-scaffolding protein interactions. We also examine the effects of BDNF-dependent enhanced interactions between AMPAr subunits with their specific scaffolding proteins on the accumulation of both types of proteins. Our results show that acute BDNF treatment upregulates the interactions between AMPAr subunits (GluR1 and GluR2) with their scaffold proteins SAP97 and GRIP1, respectively, leading to prolonged increased accumulation of both categories of proteins, albeit with distinct mechanisms for GluR1 and GluR2. Our findings reveal a new role for BDNF in the long term maintenance of AMPA receptor subunits and associated scaffolding proteins at synapses and further support the role of BDNF as a key regulator of synaptic consolidation. These results have potential implications for recent findings implicating BDNF and AMPAr subunits in various brain diseases and behavioral disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Jourdi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
The molecular basis of experience-dependent motor system development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 782:23-38. [PMID: 23296479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5465-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the vertebrate nervous system acquire their mature features over an extended period in pre-natal and early post-natal life. The interaction of the organism with its environment (“experience”) has been shown to profoundly influence sensory neuron development. Over the past ~2 decades, it has become increasingly clear that motor system development is also experience-dependent. Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype have been implicated in both sensory and motor system experience-dependent development. An additional molecular mechanism involves the GluA1 subunit of the 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) subtype glutamate receptors. GluA1-dependent development operates in an NMDA-R independent manner and uses a distinct set of signaling molecules. The synapse associated protein of 97 kDa molecular weight (SAP97) is key. A deeper understanding of how experiences guides motor system development may lead to new ways to improve function after central nervous system insult.
Collapse
|
28
|
Facciuto F, Cavatorta AL, Valdano MB, Marziali F, Gardiol D. Differential expression of PDZ domain-containing proteins in human diseases - challenging topics and novel issues. FEBS J 2012; 279:3538-3548. [PMID: 22776401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The general features of the PDZ domain structure and functions have been extensively studied during the last decade. PDZ domains are generally present in proteins that are involved in multiple interactions to assemble functional protein complexes that control key cellular processes. One of the best characterized functions of PDZ domain-containing proteins is control of epithelial cell polarity and cell-cell contacts. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on regulation of expression of certain PDZ polarity proteins localized at the intercellular junctions. In addition, we provide a critical overview of recent findings regarding the role of these proteins during development of human diseases. Complete understanding of these issues is valuable for the design of novel therapeutic intervention for common pathologies, such as cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Facciuto
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana L Cavatorta
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Federico Marziali
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ting JT, Peça J, Feng G. Functional consequences of mutations in postsynaptic scaffolding proteins and relevance to psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35:49-71. [PMID: 22540979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies on postsynaptic scaffolding proteins at excitatory synapses have revealed a plethora of important roles for synaptic structure and function. In addition, a convergence of recent in vivo functional evidence together with human genetics data strongly suggest that mutations in a variety of these postsynaptic scaffolding proteins may contribute to the etiology of diverse human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Here we review the most recent evidence for several key postsynaptic scaffolding protein families and explore how mouse genetics and human genetics have intersected to advance our knowledge concerning the contributions of these important players to complex brain function and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Ting
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Uezato A, Kimura-Sato J, Yamamoto N, Iijima Y, Kunugi H, Nishikawa T. Further evidence for a male-selective genetic association of synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) gene with schizophrenia. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8:2. [PMID: 22225629 PMCID: PMC3275478 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The synapse-associated protein 97 gene (SAP97) encodes a regulatory scaffold protein for the localization of L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptors. We have recently demonstrated nominally significant associations between SAP97 gene and schizophrenia among Japanese males. The present study aimed to replicate these findings using an independent and larger sample. Methods We investigated seven SAP97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that displayed a significant association with schizophrenia in our preceding study in an independent Japanese population consisting of a total of 393 unrelated patients with schizophrenia (232 males and 161 females) and 393 unrelated control subjects (211 males and 182 females). Results The SNP rs9843659 showed a significant genotypic association with male patients in a recessive model (p = 0.037). The analysis of the combined data from the current and prior studies also demonstrated a significant association of this SNP (p = 0.0039). The meta-analysis for the allele frequency covering the two studies yielded an odds ratio of 1.38. Conclusions The present study replicated the previously reported male-selective genetic association between the SAP97 polymorphism and schizophrenia. These findings further support the possible involvement of the SAP97 gene variation in the susceptibility to schizophrenia in males and in the genetic basis for sex differences in the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nanavati D, Austin DR, Catapano LA, Luckenbaugh DA, Dosemeci A, Manji HK, Chen G, Markey SP. The effects of chronic treatment with mood stabilizers on the rat hippocampal post-synaptic density proteome. J Neurochem 2011; 119:617-29. [PMID: 21838781 PMCID: PMC3192943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a devastating illness that is marked by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. There is growing evidence that the disease is correlated with disruptions in synaptic plasticity cascades involved in cognition and mood regulation. Alleviating the symptoms of bipolar disorder involves chronic treatment with mood stabilizers like lithium or valproate. These two structurally dissimilar drugs are known to alter prominent signaling cascades in the hippocampus, but their effects on the post-synaptic density complex remain undefined. In this work, we utilized mass spectrometry for quantitative profiling of the rat hippocampal post-synaptic proteome to investigate the effects of chronic mood stabilizer treatment. Our data show that in response to chronic treatment of mood stabilizers there were not gross qualitative changes but rather subtle quantitative perturbations in post-synaptic density proteome linked to several key signaling pathways. Our data specifically support the changes in actin dynamics on valproate treatment. Using label-free quantification methods, we report that lithium and valproate significantly altered the abundance of 21 and 43 proteins, respectively. Seven proteins were affected similarly by both lithium and valproate: Ank3, glutamate receptor 3, dynein heavy chain 1, and four isoforms of the 14-3-3 family. Immunoblotting the same samples confirmed the changes in Ank3 and glutamate receptor 3 abundance. Our findings support the hypotheses that BPD is a synaptic disorder and that mood stabilizers modulate the protein signaling complex in the hippocampal post-synaptic density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Nanavati
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel R. Austin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa A. Catapano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A. Luckenbaugh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ayse Dosemeci
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Husseini K. Manji
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sanford P. Markey
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Geddes AE, Huang XF, Newell KA. Reciprocal signalling between NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor and neuregulin1 and their role in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:896-904. [PMID: 21371516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. Both the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and neuregulin1 (NRG1) are key molecules involved in normal brain development that have been linked to schizophrenia pathology and aetiology. The NR2 proteins are critical structural and functional subunits of the NMDAR and are developmentally and spatially regulated. Altered NR2 gene and protein expression has been found in human post-mortem schizophrenia brain tissue together with changes in NRG1 and its receptor ErbB4. The NR2 subunits and ErbB4 share a common anchoring domain on the postsynaptic density and therefore a disruption to either of these molecules may influence the functioning of the other. It has been shown that NRG1 signalling can affect NMDAR levels and function, particularly phosphorylation of the NR2 subunits. However little is known about the possible effects of NMDAR dysfunction on NRG1 signalling, which is important with regards to schizophrenia aetiology as numerous risk factors for the disorder can alter NMDAR functioning during early brain development. This review focuses on the role of the NMDA receptor subunits and NRG1 signalling in schizophrenia and proposes a mechanism by which a disruption to the NMDAR, particularly via altering the balance of NR2 subunits during early development, could influence NRG1 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Geddes
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quintero-Rivera F, Sharifi-Hannauer P, Martinez-Agosto JA. Autistic and psychiatric findings associated with the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome: case report and review. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2459-67. [PMID: 20830797 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The screening of individuals with mild dysmorphic features and mental retardation using whole genome scanning technologies has resulted in the delineation of several previously unrecognized microdeletion syndromes. Microdeletion of 3q29 has been recently described as one such new syndrome. The clinical phenotype is variable despite an almost identical submicroscopic deletion size in most cases. We report on two individuals that further expand the clinical presentation of this rare disorder and compare the findings with earlier reports to refine the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome phenotype. The propositi are a 10-year-old female and a 15-year-old male, who have in common intellectual disabilities, a history of autism and psychiatric symptoms ranging from bipolar disorder presenting with increasing suicidal ideation to aggressive behavior and general anxiety. Other shared physical findings include asymmetric face, high-nasal bridge, crowded/dysplastic teeth, and tapered fingers. Oligonucleotide array-based chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) using a genome-wide SNP array identified a de novo subtelomeric microdeletion of chromosome region 3q29 ranging from 1.6 to 2.1 Mb. The region of overlap encompasses 20 RefSeq genes, including FBX045, DLG1, and PAK2. These genes are related to neuronal postsynaptic membrane function and PTEN signaling, suggesting a role for synaptic connectivity dysfunction in the etiology of autism in these children. The novel clinical presentation of our patients expands the clinical spectrum of the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome and provides additional insights into the pathophysiology of autism and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
SAP97-mediated local trafficking is altered in Alzheimer disease patients' hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:422.e1-10. [PMID: 20980075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synapse-asssociated protein-97 (SAP97) is responsible for the trafficking of both glutamate receptor subunits, GluR1 and NR2A, and α-secretase ADAM10 to the synaptic membrane. Here we evaluate the trafficking capability of SAP97 in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients' brain. We analyzed autoptic hippocampus and superior frontal gyrus, respectively as an affected and a less affected area, from 6 AD patients (Braak 4) and 6 healthy controls. In hippocampus, but not in superior frontal gyrus, of AD patients, ADAM10 and GluR1 synaptic membrane levels are altered while NR2A localization is not affected. Both immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays demonstrated that SAP97 failed to correctly couple to ADAM10 and GluR1, but not to NR2A. These findings not only indicate SAP97 as a point of convergence between amyloid cascade and synaptic failure in AD, but also allow a different interpretation of AD which can be now perceived as synaptic trafficking defect pathology.
Collapse
|
35
|
Magri C, Sacchetti E, Traversa M, Valsecchi P, Gardella R, Bonvicini C, Minelli A, Gennarelli M, Barlati S. New copy number variations in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13422. [PMID: 20967226 PMCID: PMC2954184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide screenings for copy number variations (CNVs) in patients with schizophrenia have demonstrated the presence of several CNVs that increase the risk of developing the disease and a growing number of large rare CNVs; the contribution of these rare CNVs to schizophrenia remains unknown. Using Affymetrix 6.0 arrays, we undertook a systematic search for CNVs in 172 patients with schizophrenia and 160 healthy controls, all of Italian origin, with the aim of confirming previously identified loci and identifying novel schizophrenia susceptibility genes. We found five patients with a CNV occurring in one of the regions most convincingly implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia: NRXN1 and the 16p13.1 regions were found to be deleted in single patients and 15q11.2 in 2 patients, whereas the 15q13.3 region was duplicated in one patient. Furthermore, we found three distinct patients with CNVs in 2q12.2, 3q29 and 17p12 loci, respectively. These loci were previously reported to be deleted or duplicated in patients with schizophrenia but were never formally associated with the disease. We found 5 large CNVs (>900 kb) in 4q32, 5q14.3, 8q23.3, 11q25 and 17q12 in five different patients that could include some new candidate schizophrenia susceptibility genes. In conclusion, the identification of previously reported CNVs and of new, rare, large CNVs further supports a model of schizophrenia that includes the effect of multiple, rare, highly penetrant variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magri
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Sacchetti
- Department of Mental Health, Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- University Psychiatric Unit, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
- Centre on Behavioural and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Brescia University and EULO, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail: (ES); (SB)
| | - Michele Traversa
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Valsecchi
- Department of Mental Health, Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- University Psychiatric Unit, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Gardella
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Barlati
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
- Centre on Behavioural and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Brescia University and EULO, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail: (ES); (SB)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Comprehensive copy number variant (CNV) analysis of neuronal pathways genes in psychiatric disorders identifies rare variants within patients. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:971-8. [PMID: 20398908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNV) have become an important source of human genome variability noteworthy to consider when studying genetic susceptibility to complex diseases. As recent studies have found evidences for the potential involvement of CNVs in psychiatric disorders, we have studied the dosage effect of structural genome variants as a possible susceptibility factor for different psychiatric disorders in a candidate gene approach. METHODS After selection of 68 psychiatric disorders' candidate genes overlapping with CNVs, MLPA assays were designed to determine changes in copy number of these genes. The studied sample consisted of 724 patients with psychiatric disorders (accounting for anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders and schizophrenia) and 341 control individuals. RESULTS CNVs were detected in 30 out of the 68 genes screened, indicating that a considerable proportion of neuronal pathways genes contain CNVs. When testing the overall burden of rare structural genomic variants in the different psychiatric disorders compared to control individuals, there was no statistically significant difference in the total amount of gains and losses. However, 14 out of the 30 changes were only found in psychiatric disorder patients but not in control individuals. These genes include GRM7, previously associated to major depression disorder and bipolar disorder, SLC6A13, in anxiety disorders, and S100B, SSTR5 and COMT in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Although we have not been able to found a clear association between the studied CNVs and psychiatric disorders, the rare variants found only within the patients could account for a step further towards understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mulle JG, Dodd AF, McGrath JA, Wolyniec PS, Mitchell AA, Shetty AC, Sobreira NL, Valle D, Rudd MK, Satten G, Cutler DJ, Pulver AE, Warren ST. Microdeletions of 3q29 confer high risk for schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:229-36. [PMID: 20691406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric illness that affects approximately 1% of the population and has a strong genetic underpinning. Recently, genome-wide analysis of copy-number variation (CNV) has implicated rare and de novo events as important in SZ. Here, we report a genome-wide analysis of 245 SZ cases and 490 controls, all of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Because many studies have found an excess burden of large, rare deletions in cases, we limited our analysis to deletions over 500 kb in size. We observed seven large, rare deletions in cases, with 57% of these being de novo. We focused on one 836 kb de novo deletion at chromosome 3q29 that falls within a 1.3-1.6 Mb deletion previously identified in children with intellectual disability (ID) and autism, because increasing evidence suggests an overlap of specific rare copy-number variants (CNVs) between autism and SZ. By combining our data with prior CNV studies of SZ and analysis of the data of the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN), we identified six 3q29 deletions among 7545 schizophrenic subjects and one among 39,748 controls, resulting in a statistically significant association with SZ (p = 0.02) and an odds ratio estimate of 17 (95% confidence interval: 1.36-1198.4). Moreover, this 3q29 deletion region contains two linkage peaks from prior SZ family studies, and the minimal deletion interval implicates 20 annotated genes, including PAK2 and DLG1, both paralogous to X-linked ID genes and now strong candidates for SZ susceptibility.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hiraoka S, Kajii Y, Kuroda Y, Umino A, Nishikawa T. The development- and phencyclidine-regulated induction of synapse-associated protein-97 gene in the rat neocortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:176-86. [PMID: 19836928 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the RNA arbitrarily-primed PCR and the competitive RT-PCR, we have isolated the neocortical transcripts that are upregulated and unchanged in the adult and infant rats, respectively, after a systemic injection of an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), and found them identical to the synapse-associated protein-97 (SAP97) gene mRNAs. The upregulation of the SAP97 transcripts in the adult neocortex after the acute PCP injection was mimicked by another NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine, but not by the indirect dopamine agonists, methamphetamine and cocaine, a selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390, a D2 receptor-preferring antagonist haloperidol and a GABAergic anesthetic pentobarbital. Moreover, the pretreatment with a typical antipsychotic haloperidol failed to antagonize the increased neocortical SAP97 gene expression by PCP. These findings suggest that SAP97 might be involved in the molecular basis of the development-dependent onset of the non-dopaminergic symptoms seen in schizophrenia and the schizophrenia-like psychosis induced by NMDA receptor blocking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hiraoka
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|