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Silva-Costa LC, Smith BJ, Carregari VC, Souza GHMF, Vieira EM, Mendes-Silva AP, de Almeida V, Carvalho BS, Diniz BS, Martins-de-Souza D. Plasma proteomic signature of major depressive episode in the elderly. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104713. [PMID: 36058540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a complex and multifactorial disease, affecting about 6.5% of the elderly population in what is referred to as late-life depression (LLD). Despite its public health relevance, there is still limited information about the molecular mechanisms of LLD. We analyzed the blood plasma of 50 older adults, 19 with LLD and 31 controls, through untargeted mass spectrometry, and used systems biology tools to identify biochemical pathways and biological processes dysregulated in the disease. We found 96 differentially expressed proteins between LLD patients and control individuals. Using elastic-net regression, we generated a panel of 75 proteins that comprises a potential model for determining the molecular signature of LLD. We also showed that biological pathways related to vesicle-mediated transport and voltage-dependent calcium channels may be dysregulated in LLD. These data can help to build an understanding of the molecular basis of LLD, offering an integrated view of the biomolecular alterations that occur in this disorder. SIGNIFICANCE: Major depressive disorder in the elderly, called late-life depression (LLD), is a common and disabling disorder, with recent prevalence estimates of 6.5% in the general population. Despite the public health relevance, there is still limited information about the molecular mechanisms of LLD. The findings in this paper shed light on LLD heterogeneous biological mechanisms. We uncovered a potential novel biomolecular signature for LLD and biological pathways related to this condition which can be targets for the development of novel interventions for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of LLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia C Silva-Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Smith
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Victor Corasolla Carregari
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Erica M Vieira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (APMS, BSD), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (BSD), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Paula Mendes-Silva
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (APMS, BSD), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (BSD), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valéria de Almeida
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Benilton S Carvalho
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas, (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Breno S Diniz
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Connecticut, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Endres K. Apolipoprotein A1, the neglected relative of Apolipoprotein E and its potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2141-2148. [PMID: 33818485 PMCID: PMC8354123 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are multi-molecule assemblies with the primary function of transportation and processing of lipophilic substances within aqueous bodily fluids (blood, cerebrospinal fluid). Nevertheless, they also exert other physiological functions such as immune regulation. In particular, neurons are both sensitive to uncontrolled responses of the immune system and highly dependent on a controlled and sufficient supply of lipids. For this reason, the role of certain lipoproteins and their protein-component (apolipoproteins, Apo's) in neurological diseases is perceivable. ApoE, for example, is well-accepted as one of the major risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease with a protective allele variant (ε2) and a risk-causing allele variant (ε4). ApoA1, the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins, is responsible for transportation of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. The protein is synthesized in the liver and intestine but also can enter the brain via the choroid plexus and thereby might have an impact on brain lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the role of ApoA1 in Alzheimer's disease and discusses whether its role within this neurodegenerative disorder is specific or represents a general neuroprotective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. The Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D Functional Portrait: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738991. [PMID: 34690812 PMCID: PMC8530192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D is a chordate gene early originated in the Lipocalin protein family. Among other features, regulation of its expression in a wide variety of disease conditions in humans, as apparently unrelated as neurodegeneration or breast cancer, have called for attention on this gene. Also, its presence in different tissues, from blood to brain, and different subcellular locations, from HDL lipoparticles to the interior of lysosomes or the surface of extracellular vesicles, poses an interesting challenge in deciphering its physiological function: Is ApoD a moonlighting protein, serving different roles in different cellular compartments, tissues, or organisms? Or does it have a unique biochemical mechanism of action that accounts for such apparently diverse roles in different physiological situations? To answer these questions, we have performed a systematic review of all primary publications where ApoD properties have been investigated in chordates. We conclude that ApoD ligand binding in the Lipocalin pocket, combined with an antioxidant activity performed at the rim of the pocket are properties sufficient to explain ApoD association with different lipid-based structures, where its physiological function is better described as lipid-management than by long-range lipid-transport. Controlling the redox state of these lipid structures in particular subcellular locations or extracellular structures, ApoD is able to modulate an enormous array of apparently diverse processes in the organism, both in health and disease. The new picture emerging from these data should help to put the physiological role of ApoD in new contexts and to inspire well-focused future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
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Adipose-Derived Lipid-Binding Proteins: The Good, the Bad and the Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910460. [PMID: 34638803 PMCID: PMC8508731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue releases a large range of bioactive factors called adipokines, many of which are involved in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Under pathological conditions such as obesity, most of the adipokines are upregulated and considered as deleterious, due to their pro-inflammatory, pro-atherosclerotic or pro-diabetic properties, while only a few are downregulated and would be designated as beneficial adipokines, thanks to their counteracting properties against the onset of comorbidities. This review focuses on six adipose-derived lipid-binding proteins that have emerged as key factors in the development of obesity and diabetes: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), Apolipoprotein D (APOD), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), Lipocalin-14 (LCN14) and Apolipoprotein M (APOM). These proteins share structural homology and capacity to bind small hydrophobic molecules but display opposite effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. RBP4 and FABP4 are positively associated with metabolic syndrome, while APOD and LCN2 are ubiquitously expressed proteins with deleterious or beneficial effects, depending on their anatomical site of expression. LCN14 and APOM have been recently identified as adipokines associated with healthy metabolism. Recent findings on these lipid-binding proteins exhibiting detrimental or protective roles in human and murine metabolism and their involvement in metabolic diseases are also discussed.
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Abbasi DA, Nguyen TTA, Hall DA, Robertson-Dick E, Berry-Kravis E, Cologna SM. Characterization of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome in Patients with Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:86-98. [PMID: 34046842 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), first described in 2001, is a neurodegenerative and movement disorder, caused by a premutation in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. To date, the biological mechanisms causing this condition are still not well understood, as not all premutation carriers develop FXTAS. To further understand this syndrome, we quantitatively compared the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome of FXTAS patients with age-matched controls using mass spectrometry. We identified 415 proteins of which 97 were altered in FXTAS patients. These proteins suggest changes in acute phase response signaling, liver X receptor/ retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/RXR activation, which are the main pathways found to be affected. Additionally, we detected changes in many other proteins including amyloid-like protein 2, contactin-1, afamin, cell adhesion molecule 4, NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2, and cathepsin B, that had been previously noted to hold important roles in other movement disorders. Specific to RXR pathways, several apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOC2, and APOD) showed significant changes in the CSF of FXTAS patients. Lastly, CSF parameters were analyzed to investigate abnormalities in blood brain barrier function. Correlations were observed between patient albumin quotient values, a measure of permeability, and CGG repeat length as well as FXTAS rating scale scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin Robertson-Dick
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois At Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Room 4500, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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6
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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7
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Boyce G, Button E, Soo S, Wellington C. The pleiotropic vasoprotective functions of high density lipoproteins (HDL). J Biomed Res 2017; 32:164. [PMID: 28550271 PMCID: PMC6265396 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic functions of circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) on peripheral vascular health are well established. HDL plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport and is also known to suppress inflammation, endothelial activation and apoptosis in peripheral vessels. Although not expressed in the central nervous system, HDL has nevertheless emerged as a potential resilience factor for dementia in multiple epidemiological studies. Animal model data specifically support a role for HDL in attenuating the accumulation of β-amyloid within cerebral vessels concomitant with reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive performance. As the vascular contributions to dementia are increasingly appreciated, this review seeks to summarize recent literature focused on the vasoprotective properties of HDL that may extend to cerebral vessels, discuss potential roles of HDL in dementia relative to brain-derived lipoproteins, identify gaps in current knowledge, and highlight new opportunities for research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilaine Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sonja Soo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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8
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Pohlkamp T, Wasser CR, Herz J. Functional Roles of the Interaction of APP and Lipoprotein Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:54. [PMID: 28298885 PMCID: PMC5331069 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fates of the key initiator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and a family of lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and their molecular roles in the neurodegenerative disease process are inseparably interwoven. Not only does APP bind tightly to the extracellular domains (ECDs) of several members of the LRP group, their intracellular portions are also connected through scaffolds like the one established by FE65 proteins and through interactions with adaptor proteins such as X11/Mint and Dab1. Moreover, the ECDs of APP and LRPs share common ligands, most notably Reelin, a regulator of neuronal migration during embryonic development and modulator of synaptic transmission in the adult brain, and Agrin, another signaling protein which is essential for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and which likely also has critical, though at this time less well defined, roles for the regulation of central synapses. Furthermore, the major independent risk factors for AD, Apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoJ/Clusterin, are lipoprotein ligands for LRPs. Receptors and ligands mutually influence their intracellular trafficking and thereby the functions and abilities of neurons and the blood-brain-barrier to turn over and remove the pathological product of APP, the amyloid-β peptide. This article will review and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are shared by APP and LRPs and discuss their relative contributions to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
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9
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Tynkkynen J, Hernesniemi JA, Laatikainen T, Havulinna AS, Sundvall J, Leiviskä J, Salo P, Salomaa V. Apolipoproteins and HDL cholesterol do not associate with the risk of future dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the National Finnish population study (FINRISK). AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:465-473. [PMID: 27663235 PMCID: PMC5266227 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Data on associations of apolipoproteins A-I and B (apo A-I, apo B) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are conflicting. Our aim was to examine, whether apo B, apoA-I, their ratio, or HDL-C are significant, independent predictors of incident dementia and AD in the general population free of dementia at baseline. We analyzed the results from two Finnish prospective population-based cohort studies in a total of 13,275 subjects aged 25 to 74 years with mainly Caucasian ethnicity. The follow-up time for both cohorts was 10 years. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate hazard ratios (HR) for incident dementia (including AD) (n = 220) and for AD (n = 154). Cumulative incidence function (CIF) analysis was also performed to adjust the results for competing risks of death. Adjusted for multiple dementia and AD risk factors, log-transformed apo A-I, log HDL-C, log apo B, and log apo B/A-I ratio were not associated with incident dementia or AD. HDL-C was inversely associated with AD risk when adjusted for competing risks but no other statistically significant associations were observed in the CIF analyses. Apo A-I, HDL-C, apo B, or apo B/A-I ratio were not associated with future dementia or AD. HDL-C was inversely associated with incident AD risk when adjusted for competing risks of death, but the finding is unlikely to be of clinical relevance. Our study does not support the use of these risk markers to predict incident dementia or AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Tynkkynen
- North Karelia Central Hospital, Tikkamäentie 16, 80210 Joensuu, Finland
- Sammonkatu 29 B 34, 33540 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Hospital District of North Karelia, Tikkamäentie 16, 80210 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Leiviskä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
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Lin Q, Cao Y, Gao J. Decreased expression of the APOA1-APOC3-APOA4 gene cluster is associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5421-31. [PMID: 26491253 PMCID: PMC4598222 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein is genetically associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 genes are closely linked and located on human chromosome 11. Therefore, this gene cluster may be related to the risk of AD. Patients and methods A total of 147 AD patients and 160 healthy controls were randomly recruited from June 2013 to August 2014. APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 levels were measured using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results APOA1, APOC3 and APOA4 levels were significantly lower in AD patients than controls (P<0.01). APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 levels were negatively related with the severities of AD determined by Clinical Dementia Rating scores (P<0.01). APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 levels showed a negative relation with Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores and a positive relation with RAND 36-item health-survey scores (P<0.01). There was a decreased trend for levels of APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 in AD patients. Conclusion Low levels of APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 are associated with risk of AD. APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 should be developed as combined drugs for the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Neural Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Anatomy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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11
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Lövkvist H, Jönsson AC, Luthman H, Jood K, Jern C, Wieloch T, Lindgren A. Variations in apolipoprotein D and sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 genes with relation to risk, severity and outcome of ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:191. [PMID: 25261976 PMCID: PMC4186220 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-014-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In experimental studies, the apolipoprotein D (APOD) and the sigma receptor type 1 (SIGMAR1) have been related to processes of brain damage, repair and plasticity. METHODS We examined blood samples from 3081 ischemic stroke (IS) patients and 1595 control subjects regarding 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APOD (chromosomal location 3q29) and SIGMAR1 (chromosomal location 9p13) genes to find possible associations with IS risk, IS severity (NIHSS-score) and recovery after IS (modified Rankin Scale, mRS, at 90 days). Simple/multiple logistic regression and Spearman's rho were utilized for the analyses. RESULTS Among the SNPs analyzed, rs7659 within the APOD gene showed a possible association with stroke risk (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01-1.25; P = 0.029) and stroke severity (NIHSS ≥ 16) (OR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.54-0.92; P = 0.009) when controlling for age, sex and vascular risk factors for stroke. No SNP showed an association with stroke recovery (mRS). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the SNP rs7659 within the APOD gene might be related to risk and severity of ischemic stroke in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Lövkvist
- />Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- />R&D Centre Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Holger Luthman
- />Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Medical Genetics, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katarina Jood
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Jern
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- />Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindgren
- />Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Dassati S, Waldner A, Schweigreiter R. Apolipoprotein D takes center stage in the stress response of the aging and degenerative brain. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1632-42. [PMID: 24612673 PMCID: PMC3988949 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is an ancient member of the lipocalin family with a high degree of sequence conservation from insects to mammals. It is not structurally related to other major apolipoproteins and has been known as a small, soluble carrier protein of lipophilic molecules that is mostly expressed in neurons and glial cells within the central and peripheral nervous system. Recent data indicate that ApoD not only supplies cells with lipophilic molecules, but also controls the fate of these ligands by modulating their stability and oxidation status. Of particular interest is the binding of ApoD to arachidonic acid and its derivatives, which play a central role in healthy brain function. ApoD has been shown to act as a catalyst in the reduction of peroxidized eicosanoids and to attenuate lipid peroxidation in the brain. Manipulating its expression level in fruit flies and mice has demonstrated that ApoD has a favorable effect on both stress resistance and life span. The APOD gene is the gene that is upregulated the most in the aging human brain. Furthermore, ApoD levels in the nervous system are elevated in a large number of neurologic disorders including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and stroke. There is increasing evidence for a prominent neuroprotective role of ApoD because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. ApoD emerges as an evolutionarily conserved anti-stress protein that is induced by oxidative stress and inflammation and may prove to be an effective therapeutic agent against a variety of neuropathologies, and even against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dassati
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Private Hospital "Villa Melitta", Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Waldner
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Private Hospital "Villa Melitta", Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rüdiger Schweigreiter
- Division of Neurobiochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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