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Gulbins A, Görtz GE, Gulbins E, Eckstein A. Sphingolipids in thyroid eye disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1170884. [PMID: 37082124 PMCID: PMC10112667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1170884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is caused by an autoimmune formation of autoantibodies and autoreactive T-cells against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). The autoimmune reaction does not only lead to overstimulation of the thyroid gland, but very often also to an immune reaction against antigens within the orbital tissue leading to thyroid eye disease, which is characterized by activation of orbital fibroblasts, orbital generation of adipocytes and myofibroblasts and increased hyaluronan production in the orbit. Thyroid eye disease is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of the autoimmune Graves' disease. Several studies indicate an important role of sphingolipids, in particular the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system and sphingosine 1-phosphate in thyroid eye disease. Here, we discuss how the biophysical properties of sphingolipids contribute to cell signaling, in particular in the context of thyroid eye disease. We further review the role of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system in autoimmune diseases and its function in T lymphocytes to provide some novel hypotheses for the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease and potentially allowing the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gulbins
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gina-Eva Görtz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anja Eckstein, ; Erich Gulbins,
| | - Anja Eckstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anja Eckstein, ; Erich Gulbins,
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Ingenhoven K, Kramer D, Jensen PE, Hermanrud C, Ryner M, Deisenhammer F, Pallardy M, Menge T, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Bertotti E, Creeke P, Fogdell-Hahn A, Warnke C. Development and Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Binding Anti-Drug Antibodies against Interferon Beta. Front Neurol 2017; 8:305. [PMID: 28729851 PMCID: PMC5498465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop and validate a method for the detection of binding anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against interferon beta (IFN-β) in human serum as part of a European initiative (ABIRISK) aimed at the prediction and analysis of clinical relevance of anti-biopharmaceutical immunization to minimize the risk. Method A two-tiered bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format was selected and validated according to current recommendations. Screening assay: ADA in serum samples form complexes with immobilized IFN-β and biotinylated IFN-β, which are then detected using HRP labeled Streptavidin and TMB substrate. Confirmation assay: Screen “putative positive” samples are tested in the presence of excess drug (preincubation of sera with 0.3 µg/mL of soluble IFN-β) and percentage of inhibition is calculated. Results The assay is precise, and the sensitivity of the assay was confirmed to be 26 ng/mL using commercially available polyclonal rabbit antihuman IFN-β in human sera as the positive control. Conclusion An ultrasensitive ELISA for IFN-β-binding ADA testing has been validated. This will form the basis to assess anti-biopharmaceutical immunization toward IFN-β with regards to its clinical relevance and may allow for the development of predictive tools, key aims within the ABIRISK consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ingenhoven
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi-Aventis, Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, DMSC, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Hermanrud
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Ryner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Til Menge
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd C Kieseier
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Paul Creeke
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Bittner S, Wiendl H. Neuroimmunotherapies Targeting T Cells: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Applications. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:4-19. [PMID: 26563391 PMCID: PMC4720668 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis (MS) have significantly increased over the last few years. T lymphocytes are considered to play a central role in initiating and perpetuating the pathological immune response. Currently approved therapies for MS target T lymphocytes, either in an unspecific manner or directly by interference with specific T-cell pathways. While the concept of "T-cell-specific therapy" implies specificity and selectivity, currently approved approaches come from a general shaping of the immune system towards anti-inflammatory immune responses by non-T-cell-selective immune suppression or immune modulation (e.g., interferons-immune modulation approach) to a depletion of immune cell populations involving T cells (e.g., anti-CD52, alemtuzumab-immune selective depletion approach), or a selective inhibition of distinct molecular pathways in order to sequester leucocytes (e.g., natalizumab-leukocyte sequestration approach). This review will highlight the rationale and results of different T-cell-directed therapeutic approaches coming from basic animal experiments to clinical trials. We will first discuss the pathophysiological rationale for targeting T lymphocytes in MS leading to currently approved treatments acting on T lymphocytes. Furthermore, we will disuss previous promising concepts that have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials or were halted as a result of unexpected adverse events. Learning from the discrepancies between expectations and failures in practical outcomes helps to optimize future research approaches and clinical study designs. As our current view of MS pathogenesis and patient needs is rapidly evolving, novel therapeutic approaches targeting T lymphocytes will also be discussed, including specific molecular interventions such as cytokine-directed treatments or strategies enhancing immunoregulatory mechanisms. Based on clinical experience and novel pathophysiological approaches, T-cell-based strategies will remain a pillarstone of MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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