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Semenova EI, Rudenok MM, Rybolovlev IN, Shulskaya MV, Lukashevich MV, Partevian SA, Budko AI, Nesterov MS, Abaimov DA, Slominsky PA, Shadrina MI, Alieva AK. Effects of Age and MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease on the Expression of Genes Associated with the Regulation of the Sleep-Wake Cycle in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7721. [PMID: 39062963 PMCID: PMC11276692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a long prodromal period, during which patients often have sleep disturbances. The histaminergic system and circadian rhythms play an important role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Changes in the functioning of these systems may be involved in the pathogenesis of early stages of PD and may be age-dependent. Here, we have analyzed changes in the expression of genes associated with the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle (Hnmt, Hrh1, Hrh3, Per1, Per2, and Chrm3) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of normal male mice of different ages, as well as in young and adult male mice with an MPTP-induced model of the early symptomatic stage (ESS) of PD. Age-dependent expression analysis in normal mouse brain tissue revealed changes in Hrh3, Per1, Per2, and Chrm3 genes in adult mice relative to young mice. When gene expression was examined in mice with the MPTP-induced model of the ESS of PD, changes in the expression of all studied genes were found only in the SN of adult mice with the ESS model of PD. These data suggest that age is a significant factor influencing changes in the expression of genes associated with sleep-wake cycle regulation in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Semenova
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Margarita M. Rudenok
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Ivan N. Rybolovlev
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Marina V. Shulskaya
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Maria V. Lukashevich
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Suzanna A. Partevian
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Alexander I. Budko
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Maxim S. Nesterov
- Scientific Center for Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia, 119435 Krasnogorsk, Russia;
| | - Denis A. Abaimov
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Petr A. Slominsky
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Maria I. Shadrina
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Anelya Kh. Alieva
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.R.); (I.N.R.); (M.V.S.); (M.V.L.); (S.A.P.); (A.I.B.); (P.A.S.); (M.I.S.); (A.K.A.)
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Dean B. Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor agonists for schizophrenia: promising candidates for the therapeutic arsenal. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1113-1121. [PMID: 37994870 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2288074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful phase 3 trials of KarXT in people with schizophrenia herald a new era of treating the disorder with drugs that do not target the dopamine D2 receptor. The active component of KarXT is xanomeline, a muscarinic (CHRM) M1 and M4 agonist, making muscarinic receptors a viable target for treating schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED This review covers the process of taking drugs that activate the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors from conceptualization to the clinic and details the mechanisms by which activating the CHRM1 and 4 can affect the broad spectrum of symptoms experienced by people with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a syndrome which means drugs that activate muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors, as was the case for antipsychotic drugs acting on the dopamine D2 receptor, will not give optimal outcomes in everyone within the syndrome. Thus, it would be ideal to identify people who are responsive to drugs activating the CHRM1 and 4. Given knowledge of the actions of these receptors, it is possible treatment non-response could be restricted to sub-groups within the syndrome who have deficits in cortical CHRM1 or those with one of the cognitive endophenotypes that may be identifiable by changes in the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Dean B, Bakker G, Ueda HR, Tobin AB, Brown A, Kanaan RAA. A growing understanding of the role of muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124333. [PMID: 36909280 PMCID: PMC9992992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models, postmortem and neuroimaging studies all support a role for muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology of schizophrenia. From these data it was proposed that activation of the muscarinic M1 and/or M4 receptor would reduce the severity of the symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is now supported by results from two clinical trials which indicate that activating central muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors can reduce the severity of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. This review will provide an update on a growing body of evidence that argues the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors have critical roles in CNS functions that are dysregulated by the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This realization has been made possible, in part, by the growing ability to visualize and quantify muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors in the human CNS using molecular neuroimaging. We will discuss how these advances have provided evidence to support the notion that there is a sub-group of patients within the syndrome of schizophrenia that have a unique molecular pathology driven by a marked loss of muscarinic M1 receptors. This review is timely, as drugs targeting muscarinic receptors approach clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia and here we outline the background biology that supported development of such drugs to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Advanced Research Centre (ARC), School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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Tiepolt S, Meyer PM, Patt M, Deuther-Conrad W, Hesse S, Barthel H, Sabri O. PET Imaging of Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:33S-44S. [PMID: 35649648 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a neuromodulator, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine plays an important role in cognitive, mood, locomotor, sleep/wake, and olfactory functions. In the pathophysiology of most neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD) or Lewy body disorder (LBD), cholinergic receptors, transporters, or enzymes are involved and relevant as imaging targets. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on PET imaging of cholinergic neurotransmission in neurodegenerative diseases. For PET imaging of presynaptic vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT), (-)-18F-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol (18F-FEOBV) was the first PET ligand that could be successfully translated to clinical application. Since then, the number of 18F-FEOBV PET investigations on patients with AD or LBD has grown rapidly and provided novel, important findings concerning the pathophysiology of AD and LBD. Regarding the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), various second-generation PET ligands, such as 18F-nifene, 18F-AZAN, 18F-XTRA, (-)-18F-flubatine, and (+)-18F-flubatine, were developed and successfully translated to human application. In neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and LBD, PET imaging of α4β2 nAChRs is of special value for monitoring disease progression and drugs directed to α4β2 nAChRs. For PET of α7 nAChR, 18F-ASEM and 11C-MeQAA were successfully applied in mild cognitive impairment and AD, respectively. The highest potential for α7 nAChR PET is seen in staging, in evaluating disease progression, and in therapy monitoring. PET of selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) is still in an early stage, as the development of subtype-selective radioligands is complicated. Promising radioligands to image mAChR subtypes M1 (11C-LSN3172176), M2 (18F-FP-TZTP), and M4 (11C-MK-6884) were developed and successfully translated to humans. PET imaging of mAChRs is relevant for the assessment and monitoring of therapies in AD and LBD. PET of acetylcholine esterase activity has been investigated since the 1990s. Many PET studies with 11C-PMP and 11C-MP4A demonstrated cortical cholinergic dysfunction in dementia associated with AD and LBD. Recent studies indicated a solid relationship between subcortical and cortical cholinergic dysfunction and noncognitive dysfunctions such as balance and gait in LBD. Taken together, PET of distinct components of cholinergic neurotransmission is of great interest for diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapy monitoring and to gain insight into the pathophysiology of different neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Philipp M Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | | | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and
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Yadav D, Kumar P. Restoration and targeting of aberrant neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Neurochem Int 2022; 156:105327. [PMID: 35331828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are considered as a fundamental regulator in the process of neuronal growth, differentiation and survival. Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs due to extensive damage of dopamine-producing neurons; this causes dopamine deficits in the midbrain, followed by the alternation of various other neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, serotonin, etc.). It has been observed that fluctuation of neurotransmission in the basal ganglia exhibits a great impact on the pathophysiology of PD. Dopamine replacement therapy, such as the use of L-DOPA, can increase the dopamine level, but it majorly ameliorates the motor symptoms and is also associated with long-term complications (for e.g., LID). While the non-dopaminergic system can efficiently target non-motor symptoms, for instance, the noradrenergic system regulates the synthesis of BDNF via the MAPK pathway, which is important in learning and memory. Herein, we briefly discuss the role of different neurotransmitters, implementation of neurotransmitter receptors in PD. We also illustrate the recent advances of neurotransmitter-based drugs, which are currently under in vivo and clinical studies. Reinstating normal neurotransmitter levels has been believed to be advantageous in the treatment of PD. Thus, there is an increasing demand for drugs that can specifically target the neurotransmission system and reinstate the normal levels of neurotransmitters, which might prevent or delay neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Yadav
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, 110042, India.
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Antidepressant-Like Properties of Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070505. [PMID: 34357977 PMCID: PMC8310221 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s patients often suffer from depression and anxiety, for which there are no optimal treatments. Hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats were used to test whether intrastriatal Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) application could also have antidepressant-like properties in addition to the known improvement of motor performance. To quantify depression- and anxiety-like behavior, the forced swim test, tail suspension test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test were applied to hemi-PD rats injected with BoNT-A or vehicle. Furthermore, we correlated the results in the forced swim test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test with the rotational behavior induced by apomorphine and amphetamine. Hemi-PD rats did not show significant anxiety-like behavior as compared with Sham 6-OHDA- + Sham BoNT-A-injected as well as with non-injected rats. However, hemi-PD rats demonstrated increased depression-like behaviors compared with Sham- or non-injected rats; this was seen by increased struggling frequency and increased immobility frequency. Hemi-PD rats intrastriatally injected with BoNT-A exhibited reduced depression-like behavior compared with the respective vehicle-receiving hemi-PD animals. The significant effects of intrastriatally applied BoNT-A seen in the forced swim test are reminiscent of those found after various antidepressant drug therapies. Our data correspond with the efficacy of BoNT-A treatment of glabellar frown lines in treating patients with major depression and suggest that also intrastriatal injected BoNT-A may have some antidepressant-like effect on hemi-PD.
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Colloby SJ, Nathan PJ, Bakker G, Lawson RA, Yarnall AJ, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP. Spatial Covariance of Cholinergic Muscarinic M 1 /M 4 Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1879-1888. [PMID: 33973693 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with cholinergic dysfunction, although the role of M1 and M4 receptors remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate spatial covariance patterns of cholinergic muscarinic M1 /M4 receptors in PD and their relationship with cognition and motor symptoms. METHODS Some 19 PD and 24 older adult controls underwent 123 I-iodo-quinuclidinyl-benzilate (QNB) (M1 /M4 receptor) and 99m Tc-exametazime (perfusion) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning. We implemented voxel principal components analysis, producing a series of images representing patterns of intercorrelated voxels across individuals. Linear regression analyses derived specific M1 /M4 spatial covariance patterns associated with PD. RESULTS A cholinergic M1 /M4 pattern that converged onto key hubs of the default, auditory-visual, salience, and sensorimotor networks fully discriminated PD patients from controls (F1,41 = 135.4, P < 0.001). In PD, we derived M1 /M4 patterns that correlated with global cognition (r = -0.62, P = 0.008) and motor severity (r = 0.53, P = 0.02). Both patterns emerged with a shared topography implicating the basal forebrain as well as visual, frontal executive, and salience circuits. Further, we found a M1 /M4 pattern that predicted global cognitive decline (r = 0.46, P = 0.04) comprising relative decreased binding within default and frontal executive networks. CONCLUSIONS Cholinergic muscarinic M1 /M4 modulation within key brain networks were apparent in PD. Cognition and motor severity were associated with a similar topography, inferring both phenotypes possibly rely on related cholinergic mechanisms. Relative decreased M1 /M4 binding within default and frontal executive networks could be an indicator of future cognitive decline. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Colloby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geor Bakker
- Experimental Medicine, Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Burn
- Population Health Science Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Sharma PK, Wells L, Rizzo G, Elson JL, Passchier J, Rabiner EA, Gunn RN, Dexter DT, Pienaar IS. DREADD Activation of Pedunculopontine Cholinergic Neurons Reverses Motor Deficits and Restores Striatal Dopamine Signaling in Parkinsonian Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1120-1141. [PMID: 31965550 PMCID: PMC7609798 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The brainstem-based pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) traditionally associates with motor function, but undergoes extensive degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD), which correlates with axial motor deficits. PPN-deep brain stimulation (DBS) can alleviate certain symptoms, but its mechanism(s) of action remains unknown. We previously characterized rats hemi-intranigrally injected with the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin, as an accurate preclinical model of PD. Here we used a combination of chemogenetics with positron emission tomography imaging for in vivo interrogation of discrete neural networks in this rat model of PD. Stimulation of excitatory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs expressed within PPN cholinergic neurons activated residual nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to produce profound motor recovery, which correlated with striatal dopamine efflux as well as restored dopamine receptor 1- and dopamine receptor 2-based medium spiny neuron activity, as was ascertained with c-Fos-based immunohistochemistry and stereological cell counts. By revealing that the improved axial-related motor functions seen in PD patients receiving PPN-DBS may be due to stimulation of remaining PPN cholinergic neurons interacting with dopaminergic ones in both the substantia nigra pars compacta and the striatum, our data strongly favor the PPN cholinergic-midbrain dopaminergic connectome as mechanism for PPN-DBS's therapeutic effects. These findings have implications for refining PPN-DBS as a promising treatment modality available to PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet K Sharma
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lisa Wells
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gaia Rizzo
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joanna L Elson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jan Passchier
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roger N Gunn
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - David T Dexter
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9PH, UK.
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Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors: Hypothesis driven drug development for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112989. [PMID: 32315882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The finding that the drug KarXT, a formulation of xanomeline and tropsium which targets muscarinic receptors, has given a positive result in reducing the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in a phase II trial suggests targeting muscarinic receptors is a new approach to treating the disorder. This review will detail the synergistic interplay between studies to understand the role of muscarinic receptors in the aetiology of schizophrenia and drug development and how this has supported the hypothesis that activating the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors is critical to the efficacy of KarXT, in schizophrenia. The discovery of an intermediate phenotype within schizophrenia which is characterised by the presence of a marked loss of cortical muscarinic M1 receptors will be reviewed. Highlighted will be progress in understanding the biochemistry of that intermediate phenotype and evidence to suggest that those with the intermediate phenotype may resist treatment with agonist to the orthosteric site on the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor. Finally, the possibility of using drugs targeting the allosteric binding sites on muscarinic receptors to treat schizophrenia will be discussed. This timely review will therefore highlight how research can influence hypothesis driven drug discovery that should produce new treatments for schizophrenia.
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Erskine D, Taylor JP, Bakker G, Brown AJH, Tasker T, Nathan PJ. Cholinergic muscarinic M 1 and M 4 receptors as therapeutic targets for cognitive, behavioural, and psychological symptoms in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2307-2314. [PMID: 31499186 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction is involved in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, dementia and Lewy body disease (LBD), leading to widespread use of cholinergic therapies. However, such drugs have focused on increasing the availability of acetylcholine (ACh) generally, with relatively little work done on the muscarinic system and specific muscarinic receptor subtypes. In this review, we provide an overview of the major cholinergic pathways and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the human brain and evidence for their dysfunction in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. We discuss how the selectivity of cholinergic system dysfunction suggests that targeted cholinergic therapeutics to the muscarinic receptor subtypes will be vital in treating several disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction and behavioural and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Capelli R, Bochicchio A, Piccini G, Casasnovas R, Carloni P, Parrinello M. Chasing the Full Free Energy Landscape of Neuroreceptor/Ligand Unbinding by Metadynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3354-3361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Capelli
- INM-9/IAS-5 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-54245 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Bochicchio
- INM-9/IAS-5 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-54245 Jülich, Germany
| | - GiovanniMaria Piccini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Facoltà di Informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Casasnovas
- INM-9/IAS-5 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-54245 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-54245 Jülich, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- INM-9/IAS-5 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-54245 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52078 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Facoltà di Informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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12
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Mann T, Zilles K, Klawitter F, Cremer M, Hawlitschka A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Schmitt O, Wree A. Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Receptor Densities in the Striatum of Hemiparkinsonian Rats Following Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:65. [PMID: 30147647 PMCID: PMC6095974 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission has a pivotal function in the caudate-putamen, and is highly associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated long-term changes in the densities of the muscarinic receptor subtypes M1, M2, M3 (mAchRs) and the nicotinic receptor subtype α4β2 (nAchRs) in the striatum of the 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rat model using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. Hemi-PD rats exhibited an ipsilateral decrease in striatal mAchR densities between 6 and 16%. Moreover, a massive and constant decrease in striatal nAchR density by 57% was found. A second goal of the study was to disclose receptor-related mechanisms for the positive motor effect of intrastriatally injected Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) in hemi-PD rats in the apomorphine rotation test. Therefore, the effect of intrastriatally injected BoNT-A in control and hemi-PD rats on mAchR and nAchR densities was analyzed and compared to control animals or vehicle-injected hemi-PD rats. BoNT-A administration slightly reduced interhemispheric differences of mAchR and nAchR densities in hemi-PD rats. Importantly, the BoNT-A effect on striatal nAchRs significantly correlated with behavioral testing after apomorphine application. This study gives novel insights of 6-OHDA-induced effects on striatal mAchR and nAchR densities, and partly explains the therapeutic effect of BoNT-A in hemi-PD rats on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mann
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Klawitter
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Cremer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
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