1
|
Tan YY, Jenner P, Chen SD. Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Past, Present, and Future. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:477-493. [PMID: 34957948 PMCID: PMC8925102 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors are commonly used for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). MAO-B inhibitor monotherapy has been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of early-stage PD, while MAO-B inhibitors as adjuvant drugs have been widely applied for the treatment of the advanced stages of the illness. MAO-B inhibitors can effectively improve patients’ motor and non-motor symptoms, reduce “OFF” time, and may potentially prevent/delay disease progression. In this review, we discuss the effects of MAO-B inhibitors on motor and non-motor symptoms in PD patients, their mechanism of action, and the future development of MAO-B inhibitor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Immunochemistry, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meyer JH, Braga J. Development and Clinical Application of Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents for Monoamine Oxidase B. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:773404. [PMID: 35280341 PMCID: PMC8914088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.773404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is a high-density protein in the brain mainly found on outer mitochondrial membranes, primarily in astroglia, but additionally in serotonergic neurons and in the substantia nigra in the midbrain. It is an enzyme that participates in the oxidative metabolism of important monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, benzylamine, and phenylethylamine. Elevated MAO-B density may be associated with astrogliosis and inhibiting MAO-B may reduce astrogliosis. MAO-B density is elevated in postmortem sampling of pathology for many neuropsychiatric diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and alcohol use disorder. Initial development of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents focused on analogs of [11C]L-deprenyl, with the most commonly applied being the deuterium substituted [11C]L-deprenyl-D2. This latter radiotracer was modeled with an irreversible trapping compartment reflecting its irreversible binding to MAO-B. Subsequently, [11C]SL25.1188, a reversible binding MAO-B radioligand with outstanding properties including high specific binding and excellent reversibility was developed. [11C]SL25.1188 PET was applied to discover a substantive elevation of MAO-B binding in the prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder (MDD) with an effect size of more than 1.5. Longer duration of MDD was associated with greater MAO-B binding throughout most gray matter regions in the brain, suggesting progressive astrogliosis. Important applications of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 PET are detecting a 40% loss in radiotracer accumulation in cigarette smokers, and substantial occupancy of novel therapeutics like EVT301 and sembragiline. Given the number of diseases with elevations of MAO-B density and astrogliosis, and the advance of [11C]SL25.1188, clinical applications of MAO-B imaging are still at an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey H. Meyer,
| | - Joeffre Braga
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arpin DJ, Mitchell T, Archer DB, Burciu RG, Chu WT, Gao H, Guttuso T, Hess CW, Lai S, Malaty IA, McFarland NR, Pasternak O, Price CC, Shukla AW, Wu SS, Okun MS, Vaillancourt DE. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Progression in Parkinson's Disease: A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Rasagiline. Mov Disord 2022; 37:325-333. [PMID: 34724257 PMCID: PMC9019575 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rasagiline has received attention as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether rasagiline is disease modifying remains in question. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to determine whether rasagiline has disease-modifying effects in PD over 1 year. Secondarily we evaluated two diffusion magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences to determine the best sequence to measure disease progression. METHODS This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed the effects of rasagiline administered at 1 mg/day over 12 months in early-stage PD. The primary outcome was 1-year change in free-water accumulation in posterior substantia nigra (pSN) measured using two diffusion magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences, one with a repetition time (TR) of 2500 ms (short TR; n = 90) and one with a TR of 6400 ms (long TR; n = 75). Secondary clinical outcomes also were assessed. RESULTS Absolute change in pSN free-water accumulation was not significantly different between groups (short TR: P = 0.346; long TR: P = 0.228). No significant differences were found in any secondary clinical outcomes between groups. Long TR, but not short TR, data show pSN free-water increased significantly over 1 year (P = 0.025). Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale testing of motor function, Part III increased significantly over 1 year (P = 0.009), and baseline free-water in the pSN correlated with the 1-year change in Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale testing of motor function, Part III (P = 0.004) and 1-year change in bradykinesia score (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that 1 mg/day rasagiline has a disease-modifying effect in PD over 1 year. We found pSN free-water increased over 1 year, and baseline free-water relates to clinical motor progression, demonstrating the importance of diffusion imaging parameters for detecting and predicting PD progression. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Arpin
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Trina Mitchell
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Derek B. Archer
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roxana G. Burciu
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Winston T. Chu
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hanzhi Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Guttuso
- Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Christopher W. Hess
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Song Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology & CTSI Human Imaging Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Irene A. Malaty
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nikolaus R. McFarland
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine C. Price
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology and Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel S. Wu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David E. Vaillancourt
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Norris SA, White H, Tanenbaum A, Williams EL, Cruchaga C, Tian L, Schmidt RE, Perlmutter JS. Severe acute neurotoxicity reflects absolute intra-carotid 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine dose in non-human primates. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109406. [PMID: 34767855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Norris
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Hcb White
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - A Tanenbaum
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - E L Williams
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - C Cruchaga
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L Tian
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - R E Schmidt
- Departments of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Physical, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Graf A, Ksenofontov A, Bunik V. Inhibition of 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase as a Chemical Model of Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:751639. [PMID: 34977062 PMCID: PMC8718613 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.751639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypoxia and inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) are known to change cellular amino acid pools, but the quantitative comparison of the metabolic and physiological outcomes has not been done. We hypothesize that OGDHC inhibition models metabolic changes caused by hypoxia, as both perturb the respiratory chain function, limiting either the NADH (OGDHC inhibition) or oxygen (hypoxia) supply. In the current study, we quantify the changes in the amino acid metabolism after OGDHC inhibition in the highly sensitive to hypoxia cerebellum and compare them to the earlier characterized changes after acute hypobaric hypoxia. In addition, the associated physiological effects are characterized and compared. A specific OGDHC inhibitor succinyl phosphonate (SP) is shown to act similar to hypoxia, increasing levels of many amino acids in the cerebellum of non-pregnant rats, without affecting those in the pregnant rats. Compared with hypoxia, stronger effects of SP in non-pregnant rats are observed on the levels of cerebellar amino acids, electrocardiography (ECG), and freezing time. In pregnant rats, hypoxia affects ECG and behavior more than SP, although none of the stressors significantly change the levels of cerebellar amino acids. The biochemical differences underlying the different physiological actions of SP and hypoxia are revealed by correlation analysis of the studied parameters. The negative correlations of cerebellar amino acids with OGDHC and/or tryptophan, shown to arise after the action of SP and hypoxia, discriminate the overall metabolic action of the stressors. More negative correlations are induced in the non-pregnant rats by hypoxia, and in the pregnant rats by SP. Thus, our findings indicate that the OGDHC inhibition mimics the action of acute hypobaric hypoxia on the cerebellar amino acid levels, but a better prediction of the physiological outcomes requires assessment of integral network changes, such as increases in the negative correlations among the amino acids, OGDHC, and/or tryptophan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational and Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ksenofontov
- Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Bunik
- Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Biochemistry Department, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vidyadhara DJ, Yarreiphang H, Raju TR, Alladi PA. Differences in Neuronal Numbers, Morphology, and Developmental Apoptosis in Mice Nigra Provide Experimental Evidence of Ontogenic Origin of Vulnerability to Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1892-1907. [PMID: 34762290 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) prevalence varies by ethnicity. In an earlier study, we replicated the reduced vulnerability to PD in an admixed population, using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-susceptible C57BL/6 J, MPTP-resistant CD-1 and their F1 crossbreds. In the present study, we investigated if the differences have a developmental origin. Substantia nigra was evaluated at postnatal days 2 (P2), P6, P10, P14, P18, and P22. C57BL/6 J mice had smaller nigra and fewer dopaminergic neurons than the CD-1 and crossbreds at P2, which persisted through development. A significant increase in numbers and nigral volume was observed across strains until P14. A drastic decline thereafter was specific to C57BL/6 J. CD-1 and crossbreds retained their numbers from P14 to stabilize with supernumerary neurons at adulthood. The neuronal size increased gradually to attain adult morphology at P10 in the resistant strains, vis-à-vis at P22 in C57BL/6 J. Accordingly, in comparison to C57BL/6 J, the nigra of CD-1 and reciprocal crossbreds possessed cytomorphological features of resilience, since birth. The considerably lesser dopaminergic neuronal loss in the CD-1 and crossbreds was seen at P2 and P14 and thereafter was complemented by attenuated developmental cell death. The differences in programmed cell death were confirmed by reduced TUNEL labelling, AIF, and caspase-3 expression. GDNF expression aligned with the cell death pattern at P2 and P14 in both nigra and striatum. Earlier maturity of nigra and its neurons appears to be better features that reflect as MPTP resistance at adulthood. Thus, variable MPTP vulnerability in mice and also differential susceptibility to PD in humans may arise early during nigral development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haorei Yarreiphang
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Trichur R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
- Formerly at Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Park JY, Zhao D, Kwon HC, Yang HO. Neuroprotective Effect of Astersaponin I against Parkinson's Disease through Autophagy Induction. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:615-629. [PMID: 34210894 PMCID: PMC8551730 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An active compound, triterpene saponin, astersaponin I (AKNS-2) was isolated from Aster koraiensis Nakai (AKNS) and the autophagy activation and neuroprotective effect was investigated on in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease (PD) models. The autophagy-regulating effect of AKNS-2 was monitored by analyzing the expression of autophagy-related protein markers in SHSY5Y cells using Western blot and fluorescent protein quenching assays. The neuroprotection of AKNS-2 was tested by using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridium ion (MPP+)-induced in vitro PD model in SH-SY5Y cells and an MPTP-induced in vivo PD model in mice. The compound-treated SH-SY5Y cells not only showed enhanced microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and decreased sequestosome 1 (p62) expression but also showed increased phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-Erk), phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and phosphorylated unc-51-like kinase (p-ULK) and decreased phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) expression. AKNS-2-activated autophagy could be inhibited by the Erk inhibitor U0126 and by AMPK siRNA. In the MPP+-induced in vitro PD model, AKNS-2 reversed the reduced cell viability and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and reduced the induced α-synuclein level. In an MPTP-induced in vivo PD model, AKNS-2 improved mice behavioral performance, and it restored dopamine synthesis and TH and α-synuclein expression in mouse brain tissues. Consistently, AKNS-2 also modulated the expressions of autophagy related markers in mouse brain tissue. Thus, AKNS-2 upregulates autophagy by activating the Erk/mTOR and AMPK/mTOR pathways. AKNS-2 exerts its neuroprotective effect through autophagy activation and may serve as a potential candidate for PD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medical Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jeoung Yun Park
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Zhao
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Almansoub HAMM, Tang H, Wu Y, Wang DQ, Mahaman YAR, Salissou MTM, Lu Y, Hu F, Zhou LT, Almansob YAM, Liu D. Oxytocin Alleviates MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice by Targeting MicroRNA-26a/Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 Pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:883-901. [PMID: 32083584 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is one of the major pathological changes in multiple neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the second popular neurodegenerative disease in aged people. It is known that the AD and PD share the similar neuropathological hallmarks, such as the oxidative stress, loss of specific neurons, and aggregation of specific proteins. However, there are no effective therapeutic drugs for both AD and PD yet. Oxytocin (OXT) is a small peptide with 9 amino acids that is neuroprotective to many neurological disorders. Whether OXT administration confers neuroprotection to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in mice are still not known. In this study, we first found that the OXT levels are decreased in MPTP mice. Supplementation with OXT effectively rescues the locomotor disabilities and anxiety-like behaviors in MPTP mice. OXT also alleviates the hyperphosphorylation of α-synuclein at S129 site and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, as well as the oxidative stress in the MPTP mice, and alleviates both oxidative stress and cell cytotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, we found that OXT could inhibit the miR-26a/DAPK1 signal pathway in MPTP mice. In summary, our study demonstrates protective effects of OXT in MPTP mice and that miR-26a/DAPK1 signaling pathway may play an important role in mediating the protection of OXT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A M M Almansoub
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science - Marib, Sana'a University, Marib, Yemen
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Qi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Department of Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Maibouge Tanko Mahamane Salissou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Youming Lu
- The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Ting Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yusra A M Almansob
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key lab of a neurological disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Franco R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter. Biomedicines 2021; 9:109. [PMID: 33499192 PMCID: PMC7911410 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher executive action, acts through five types of G-protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine has been studied extensively for its neuronal handling, synaptic actions, and in relation to Parkinson's disease. However, dopamine receptors can be found extra-synaptically and, in addition, they are not only expressed in neurons, but in many types of mammalian cells, inside and outside the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies show a dopamine link between the gut and the CNS; the mechanisms are unknown, but they probably require cells to act as mediators and the involvement of the immune system. In fact, dopamine receptors are expressed in almost any cell of the immune system where dopamine regulates various processes, such as antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and inflammation. This likely immune cell-mediated linkage opens up a new perspective for the use of dopamine-related drugs, i.e., agonist-antagonist-allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors, in a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xian YF, Lin ZX, Qu C, Liu L, Xu QQ. Neuroprotective effects of San-Jia-Fu-Mai decoction: Studies on the in vitro and in vivo Models of Parkinson's Disease. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_62_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
11
|
Arnaldi D, Famà F, Girtler N, Brugnolo A, Pardini M, Mattioli P, Meli R, Massa F, Orso B, Sormani MP, Donegani MI, Bauckneht M, Morbelli S, Nobili F. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A proof-of-concept neuroprotection study for prodromal synucleinopathies. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:1210-1217. [PMID: 33275819 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To explore the feasibility of a neuroprotection trial in prodromal synucleinopathy, using idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) as the target population and 123 I-FP-CIT-SPECT as a biomarker of disease progression. METHODS Consecutive iRBD patients were randomly assigned to a treatment arm receiving selegiline and symptomatic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder treatment, or to a control arm receiving symptomatic treatment only. Selegiline was chosen because of a demonstrated neuroprotection effect in animal models. Patients underwent 123 I-FP-CIT-SPECT at baseline and after 30 months on average. The clinical outcome was the emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia. A repeated-measures general linear model (GLM) was applied using group (control and treatment) as "between" factor, and both time (baseline and follow-up) and regions (123 I-FP-CIT-SPECT putamen and caudate uptake) as the "within" factors, adjusting for age. RESULTS Thirty iRBD patients completed the study (68.2 ± 6.9 years; 29 males; 21% dropout rate), 13 in the treatment arm, and 17 in the control arm. At follow-up (29.8 ± 9.0 months), three patients in the control arm developed dementia and one parkinsonism, whereas two patients in the treatment arm developed parkinsonism. Both putamen and caudate uptake decreased over time in the control arm. In the treatment arm, only the putamen uptake decreased over time, whereas caudate uptake remained stable. GLM analysis demonstrated an effect of treatment on the 123 I-FP-CIT-SPECT uptake change, with a significant interaction between the effect of group, time, and regions (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS A 30-months neuroprotection study for prodromal synucleinopathy is feasible, using iRBD as the target population and 123 I-FP-CIT-SPECT as a biomarker of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Arnaldi
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Famà
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Girtler
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Brugnolo
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Mattioli
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Meli
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Massa
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Orso
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Isabella Donegani
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez-Enríquez F, Costas-Lago MC, Besada P, Alonso-Pena M, Torres-Terán I, Viña D, Fontenla JÁ, Sturlese M, Moro S, Quezada E, Terán C. Novel coumarin-pyridazine hybrids as selective MAO-B inhibitors for the Parkinson's disease therapy. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104203. [PMID: 32932120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 3-pyridazinylcoumarin scaffold was previously reported as an efficient core for the discovery of reversible and selective inhibitors of MAO-B, a validated drug target for PD therapy which also plays an important role in the AD progress. Looking for its structural optimization, novel compounds of hybrid structure coumarin-pyridazine, differing in polarizability and lipophilicity properties, were synthesized and tested against the two MAO isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B (compounds 17a-f and 18a-f). All the designed compounds selectively inhibited the MAO-B isoenzyme, exhibiting many of them IC50 values ranging from sub-micromolar to nanomolar grade and lacking neuronal toxicity. The 7-bromo-3-(6-bromopyridazin-3-yl)coumarin (18c), the most potent compound of these series (IC50 = 60 nM), was subjected to further in vivo studies in a reserpine-induced mouse PD model. The obtained results suggest a promising potential for 18c as antiparkinsonian agent. Molecular modeling studies also provided valuable information about the enzyme-drug interactions and the potential pharmacokinetic profile of the novel compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Carmen Costas-Lago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro Besada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso-Pena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Iria Torres-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ángel Fontenla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elias Quezada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Terán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and tissue distribution of marmoset monoamine oxidases A and B. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:479-482. [PMID: 32782138 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World primate, is currently attracting much attention as a nonhuman primate model for pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies in preclinical research. In this study, we newly isolated the cDNAs of marmoset monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and MAO-B from liver and brain, respectively. MAO-A and MAO-B cDNAs, respectively, contained open reading frames of 527 and 520 amino acids and were approximately 92% and 95% identical to their human orthologs. Marmoset MAOs were phylogenetically closer to primate MAOs, including human MAOs, than to pig, dog, or rodent MAOs. The genomic and gene structures of marmoset MAOs were similar to those of humans. Among the five marmoset tissue types analyzed, the expression levels of MAO-A mRNA were relatively abundant in lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine, whereas the expression levels of MAO-B mRNA were relatively abundant in brain, liver, kidney, and small intestine; these tissue distributions are similar to those of human MAOs. These results suggest that MAO-A and MAO-B are similar at a molecular level in marmosets and humans.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nagai M, Hattori N. [Pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy of rasagiline mesylate (Azilect ®)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:187-194. [PMID: 32378642 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.19146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as motor deficits, tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. The most prominent pathological feature of this disease is reduced striatal dopamine concentration due to the loss of nigrodopaminergic neurons. Symptomatic dopamine replacement therapy is the standard management approach for Parkinson's disease. Treatment with monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors also improves Parkinson's disease symptoms by inhibiting the striatal dopamine metabolism and increasing the intracerebral dopamine concentration. Rasagiline is a potent and specific MAO-B inhibitor and is currently approved as an antiparkinsonian drug in more than 50 countries, including the United States and European countries. Clinical trials conducted in Japan to evaluate the efficacy of rasagiline monotherapy in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease using the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part II (patient motor experience of daily living) and Part III (clinician motor examination) have demonstrated the antiparkinsonian action of rasagiline. Furthermore, in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease receiving levodopa, concomitant rasagiline administration reduced the duration of "wearing-off". Based on these favorable results, rasagiline mesilate (Azilect® tablets) was approved for manufacture and sales in Japan in March 2018. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological properties and clinical effects of rasagiline based on the results of domestic trials, with the aim of increasing the understanding of rasagiline use in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagai
- Clinical Research Support Center, Ehime University Hospital
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Parambi DGT. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease by MAO-B Inhibitors, New Therapies and Future Challenges - A Mini-Review. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:847-861. [PMID: 32238135 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200402090557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases with increasing age is Parkinson's disease (PD). Its pathogenesis is unclear and mainly confined to glutamate toxicity and oxidative stress. The dyskinesia and motor fluctuations and neuroprotective potential are the major concerns which are still unmet in PD therapy. OBJECTIVE This article is a capsulization of the role of MAO-B in the treatment of PD, pharmacological properties, safety and efficiency, clinical evidence through random trials, future therapies and challenges. CONCLUSION MAO-B inhibitors are well tolerated for the treatment of PD because of their pharmacokinetic properties and neuroprotective action. Rasagiline and selegiline were recommended molecules for early PD and proven safe and provide a modest to significant rise in motor function, delay the use of levodopa and used in early PD. Moreover, safinamide is antiglutamatergic in action. When added to Levodopa, these molecules significantly reduce the offtime with a considerable improvement of non-motor symptoms. This review also discusses the new approaches in therapy like the use of biomarkers, neurorestorative growth factors, gene therapy, neuroimaging, neural transplantation, and nanotechnology. Clinical evidence illustrated that MAOB inhibitors are recommended as monotherapy and added on therapy to levodopa. A large study and further evidence are required in the field of future therapies to unwind the complexity of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carrera I, Cacabelos R. Current Drugs and Potential Future Neuroprotective Compounds for Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:295-306. [PMID: 30479218 PMCID: PMC6425078 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181127125704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The research progress of understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has yet lead to the development of some clinical approaches intended to treat cognitive and behavioral symptoms, such as memory and per-ception disorders. Despite the major advances in different genetic causes and risk factors for PD, which share common pathways to cell dysfunction and death, there is not yet a complete model of PD that can be used to accurately predict the ef-fect of drugs on disease progression. Clinical trials are also important to test any novel neuro-protective agent, and recently there have been great advances in the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and plant flavonoid antioxidants to protect against spe-cific neuronal degeneration and its interference with lipid and cholesterol metabolism. The increasing knowledge of the mo-lecular events underlying the degenerative process of PD has stimulated research to identify natural compounds capable of halting or slowing the progress of neural deterioration. Polyphenols and flavonoids, which play a neuroprotective role in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo models of neurological disorders, emerged from among the multi-target bio-agents found mainly in plants and microorganisms. This review presents a detailed overview of the multimodal activities of neuroprotec-tive bio-agents tested so far, emphasizing their neurorescue/neuroregenerative activity. The brain-penetrating property of bio-agents may make these compounds an important class of natural drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Alt-hough there are numerous studies demonstrating beneficial effects in the laboratory by identifying critical molecular targets, the clinical efficacy of these neuroprotective treatments remains to be proven accurately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Carrera
- Department of Health Biotechnology, EuroEspes Biotechnology, Corunna 15165, Spain
| | - Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Corunna 15166, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moriguchi S, Wilson AA, Miler L, Rusjan PM, Vasdev N, Kish SJ, Rajkowska G, Wang J, Bagby M, Mizrahi R, Varughese B, Houle S, Meyer JH. Monoamine Oxidase B Total Distribution Volume in the Prefrontal Cortex of Major Depressive Disorder: An [11C]SL25.1188 Positron Emission Tomography Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:634-641. [PMID: 30840042 PMCID: PMC6551845 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an important, high-density enzyme in the brain that generates oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide production, alters mitochondrial function, and metabolizes nonserotonergic monoamines. Recent advances in positron emission tomography radioligand development for MAO-B in humans enable highly quantitative measurement of MAO-B distribution volume (MAO-B VT), an index of MAO-B density. To date, this is the first investigation of MAO-B in the brain of major depressive disorder that evaluates regions beyond the raphe and amygdala. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether MAO-B VT is elevated in the prefrontal cortex in major depressive episodes (MDEs) of major depressive disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was performed at a tertiary care psychiatric hospital from April 1, 2014, to August 30, 2018. Twenty patients with MDEs without current psychiatric comorbidities and 20 age-matched controls underwent carbon 11-labeled [11C]SL25.1188 positron emission tomography scanning to measure MAO-B VT. All participants were drug and medication free, nonsmoking, and otherwise healthy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The MAO-B VT in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The second main outcome was to evaluate the association between MAO-B VT in the PFC and duration of major depressive disorder illness. RESULTS Twenty patients with MDEs (mean [SD] age, 34.2 [13.2] years; 11 women) and 20 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 33.7 [13.1] years; 10 women) were recruited. Patients with MDEs had significantly greater MAO-B VT in the PFC (mean, 26%; analysis of variance, F1,38 = 19.6, P < .001). In individuals with MDEs, duration of illness covaried positively with MAO-B VT in the PFC (analysis of covariance, F1,18 = 15.2, P = .001), as well as most other cortex regions and the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Fifty percent (10 of 20) of patients with MDEs had MAO-B VT values in the PFC exceeding those of healthy controls. Greater MAO-B VT is an index of MAO-B overexpression, which may contribute to pathologies of mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated synthesis of neurotoxic products, and increased metabolism of nonserotonergic monoamines. Hence, this study identifies a common pathological marker associated with downstream consequences poorly targeted by the common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatments. It is also recommended that the highly selective MAO-B inhibitor medications that are compatible for use with other antidepressants and have low risk for hypertensive crisis should be developed or repurposed as adjunctive treatment for MDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Moriguchi
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan A. Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Miler
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo M. Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Varughese
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alborghetti M, Nicoletti F. Different Generations of Type-B Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:861-873. [PMID: 30160213 PMCID: PMC7052841 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180830100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three inhibitors of type-B monoamine oxidase (MAOB), selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide, are used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). All three drugs improve motor signs of PD, and are effective in reducing motor fluctuations in patients undergoing long-term L-DOPA treatment. The effect of MAOB inhibitors on non-motor symptoms is not uniform and may not be class-related. Selegiline and rasagiline are irreversible inhibitors forming a covalent bond within the active site of MAOB. In contrast, safinamide is a reversible MAOB inhibitor, and also inhibits voltage- sensitive sodium channels and glutamate release. Safinamide is the prototype of a new generation of multi-active MAOB inhibitors, which includes the antiepileptic drug, zonisamide. Inhibition of MAOB-mediated dopamine metabolism largely accounts for the antiparkinsonian effect of the three drugs. Dopamine metabolism by MAOB generates reactive oxygen species, which contribute to nigro-striatal degeneration. Among all antiparkinsonian agents, MAOB inhibitors are those with the greatest neuroprotective potential because of inhibition of dopamine metabolism, induction of neurotrophic factors, and, in the case of safinamide, inhibition of glutamate release. The recent development of new experimental animal models that more closely mimic the progressive neurodegeneration associated with PD will allow to test the hypothesis that MAOB inhibitors may slow the progression of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Tel: 39-3662816464; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Szökő É, Tábi T, Riederer P, Vécsei L, Magyar K. Pharmacological aspects of the neuroprotective effects of irreversible MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline, in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1735-1749. [PMID: 29417334 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The era of MAO-B inhibitors dates back more than 50 years. It began with Kálmán Magyar's outstanding discovery of the selective inhibitor, selegiline. This compound is still regarded as the gold standard of MAO-B inhibition, although newer drugs have also been introduced to the field. It was revealed early on that selective, even irreversible inhibition of MAO-B is free from the severe side effect of the non-selective MAO inhibitors, the potentiation of tyramine, resulting in the so-called 'cheese effect'. Since MAO-B is involved mainly in the degradation of dopamine, the inhibitors lack any antidepressant effect; however, they became first-line medications for the therapy of Parkinson's disease based on their dopamine-sparing activity. Extensive studies with selegiline indicated its complex pharmacological activity profile with MAO-B-independent mechanisms involved. Some of these beneficial effects, such as neuroprotective and antiapoptotic properties, were connected to its propargylamine structure. The second MAO-B inhibitor approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, rasagiline also possesses this structural element and shows similar pharmacological characteristics. The preclinical studies performed with selegiline and rasagiline are summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szökő
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Magarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary.
| | - Kálmán Magyar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Neuroprotective and Neuro-restorative Effects of Minocycline and Rasagiline in a Zebrafish 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2017; 367:34-46. [PMID: 29079063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, debilitating, neurodegenerative disorder for which the current gold standard treatment, levodopa (L-DOPA) is symptomatic. There is an urgent, unmet need for neuroprotective or, ideally, neuro-restorative drugs. We describe a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) zebrafish model to screen drugs for neuroprotective and neuro-restorative capacity. Zebrafish larvae at two days post fertilization were exposed to 6-OHDA for three days, with co-administration of test drugs for neuroprotection experiments, or for 32 h, with subsequent treatment with test drugs for neuro-restoration experiments. Locomotor activity was assessed by automated tracking and dopaminergic neurons were visualized by tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-histochemistry. Exposure to 6-OHDA for either 32 h or 3 days induced similar, significant locomotor deficits and neuronal loss in 5-day-old larvae. L-DOPA (1 mM) partially restored locomotor activity, but was neither neuroprotective nor neuro-restorative, mirroring the clinical situation. The calcium channel blocker, isradipine (1 µM) did not prevent or reverse 6-OHDA-induced locomotor deficit or neuronal loss. However, both the tetracycline analog, minocycline (10 µM), and the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, rasagiline (1 µM), prevented the locomotor deficits and neuronal loss due to three-day 6-OHDA exposure. Importantly, they also reversed the locomotor deficit caused by prior exposure to 6-OHDA; rasagiline also reversed neuronal loss and minocycline partially restored neuronal loss due to prior 6-OHDA, making them candidates for investigation as neuro-restorative treatments for Parkinson's disease. Our findings in zebrafish reflect preliminary clinical findings for rasagiline and minocycline. Thus, we have developed a zebrafish model suitable for high-throughput screening of putative neuroprotective and neuro-restorative therapies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Korábečný J, Nepovimová E, Cikánková T, Špilovská K, Vašková L, Mezeiová E, Kuča K, Hroudová J. Newly Developed Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Energy Metabolism, Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Neurotransmission. Neuroscience 2017; 370:191-206. [PMID: 28673719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current options for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment are based on administration of cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and/or memantine, acting as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Therapeutic approaches vary and include novel cholinesterase inhibitors, modulators of NMDA receptors, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, immunotherapeutics, modulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP), amyloid-beta binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) modulators, antioxidant agents, etc. The novel trends of AD therapy are focused on multiple targeted ligands, where mostly ChE inhibition is combined with additional biological properties, positively affecting neuronal energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial functions, and possessing antioxidant properties. The present review summarizes newly developed drugs targeting cholinesterase and MAO, as well as drugs affecting mitochondrial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korábečný
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Cikánková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Špilovská
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vašková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soderstrom K, O'Malley J, Steece-Collier K, Kordower JH. Neural Repair Strategies for Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Primate Models. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:251-65. [PMID: 16719060 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been invaluable to our understanding of the human disease and in the advancement of novel therapies for its treatment. In this review, we attempt to give a brief overview of the animal models of PD currently used, with a more comprehensive focus on the advantages and disadvantages presented by their use in the nonhuman primate. In particular, discussion addresses the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydopyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb parkinsonian models. Additionally, the role of primate PD models in the development of novel therapies, such as trophic factor delivery, grafting, and deep brain stimulation, are described. Finally, the contribution of primate PD models to our understanding of the etiology and pathology of human PD is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Soderstrom
- Department of Neurological Science, Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:291-324. [PMID: 28391443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of Parkinson disease show many similarities with the human disease. They are very useful to test novel pharmacotherapies as reviewed here. The various NHP models of this disease are described with their characteristics including the macaque, the marmoset, and the squirrel monkey models. Lesion-induced and genetic models are described. There is no drug to slow, delay, stop, or cure Parkinson disease; available treatments are symptomatic. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) still remains the gold standard symptomatic treatment of Parkinson. However, involuntary movements termed L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias appear in most patients after chronic treatment and may become disabling. Dyskinesias are very difficult to manage and there is only amantadine approved providing only a modest benefit. In this respect, NHP models have been useful to seek new drug targets, since they reproduce motor complications observed in parkinsonian patients. Therapies to treat motor symptoms in NHP models are reviewed with a discussion of their translational value to humans. Disease-modifying treatments tested in NHP are reviewed as well as surgical treatments. Many biochemical changes in the brain of post-mortem Parkinson disease patients with dyskinesias are reviewed and compare well with those observed in NHP models. Non-motor symptoms can be categorized into psychiatric, autonomic, and sensory symptoms. These symptoms are present in most parkinsonian patients and are already installed many years before the pre-motor phase of the disease. The translational usefulness of NHP models of Parkinson is discussed for non-motor symptoms.
Collapse
|
24
|
Blesa J, Trigo-Damas I, del Rey NLG, Obeso JA. The use of nonhuman primate models to understand processes in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:325-335. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Grow DA, McCarrey JR, Navara CS. Advantages of nonhuman primates as preclinical models for evaluating stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:352-366. [PMID: 27622596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of dopaminergic neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells brings new hope for a patient-specific, stem cell-based replacement therapy to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and related neurodegenerative diseases; and this novel cell-based approach has already proven effective in animal models. However, there are several aspects of this procedure that have yet to be optimized to the extent required for translation to an optimal cell-based transplantation protocol in humans. These challenges include pinpointing the optimal graft location, appropriately scaling up the graft volume, and minimizing the risk of chronic immune rejection, among others. To advance this procedure to the clinic, it is imperative that a model that accurately and fully recapitulates characteristics most pertinent to a cell-based transplantation to the human brain is used to optimize key technical aspects of the procedure. Nonhuman primates mimic humans in multiple ways including similarities in genomics, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, immunogenetics, and age-related changes in immune function. These characteristics are critical to the establishment of a relevant model in which to conduct preclinical studies to optimize the efficacy and safety of cell-based therapeutic approaches to the treatment of PD. Here we review previous studies in rodent models, and emphasize additional advantages afforded by nonhuman primate models in general, and the baboon model in particular, for preclinical optimization of cell-based therapeutic approaches to the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. We outline current unresolved challenges to the successful application of stem cell therapies in humans and propose that the baboon model in particular affords a number of traits that render it most useful for preclinical studies designed to overcome these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Grow
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, PriStem, United States
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, PriStem, United States
| | - Christopher S Navara
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, PriStem, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baranyi M, Porceddu PF, Gölöncsér F, Kulcsár S, Otrokocsi L, Kittel Á, Pinna A, Frau L, Huleatt PB, Khoo ML, Chai CLL, Dunkel P, Mátyus P, Morelli M, Sperlágh B. Novel (Hetero)arylalkenyl propargylamine compounds are protective in toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:6. [PMID: 26758813 PMCID: PMC4711075 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and their interplay are core pathological features of Parkinson's disease. In dopaminergic neurons, monoamines and their metabolites provide an additional source of reactive free radicals during their breakdown by monoamine oxidase or auto-oxidation. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have a supraadditive impact on the pathological, cytoplasmic accumulation of dopamine and its subsequent release. Here we report the effects of a novel series of potent and selective MAO-B inhibitory (hetero)arylalkenylpropargylamine compounds having protective properties against the supraadditive effect of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. RESULTS The (hetero)arylalkenylpropargylamines were tested in vitro, on acute rat striatal slices, pretreated with the complex I inhibitor rotenone and in vivo, using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced acute, subchronic, and chronic experimental models of Parkinson's disease in mice. The compounds exhibited consistent protective effects against i) in vitro oxidative stress induced pathological dopamine release and the formation of toxic dopamine quinone in the rat striatum and rescued tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra after rotenone treatment; ii) in vivo MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion and motor dysfunction in mice using acute and subchronic, delayed application protocols. One compound (SZV558) was also examined and proved to be protective in a chronic mouse model of MPTP plus probenecid (MPTPp) administration, which induces a progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous inhibition of MAO-B and oxidative stress induced pathological dopamine release by the novel propargylamines is protective in animal models and seems a plausible strategy to combat Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Pier Francesca Porceddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Flóra Gölöncsér
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Szabina Kulcsár
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Lucia Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Paul B Huleatt
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Science, A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, Singapore, 138665, Singapore.
| | - Mui-Ling Khoo
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Science, A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, Singapore, 138665, Singapore.
| | - Christina L L Chai
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Science, A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, Singapore, 138665, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Petra Dunkel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Peter Mátyus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. .,National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fabbri M, Rosa MM, Abreu D, Ferreira JJ. Clinical pharmacology review of safinamide for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:481-96. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Safinamide (Xadago™) is an oral α-aminoamide derivative marketed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The drug has both dopaminergic properties, namely highly selective and reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase B, and nondopamimetic properties, namely selective sodium channel blockade and calcium channel modulation, with consequent inhibition of excessive glutamate release. In 2014, safinamide was approved in the European Economic Area, as “an add-on therapy to stable dose levodopa, alone or in combination with other PD therapies in mid- to late-stage-fluctuating PD patients.” In addition, evidence has been provided for safinamide in the treatment of motor symptoms in early PD patients. This article summarizes the pharmacological properties, development program, clinical indications for PD treatment, stratified according to several disease’s stages and the safety profile of safinamide. A meta-analysis of the most frequent adverse events among Phase III trials has been also performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Fabbri
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mario M Rosa
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences, Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daisy Abreu
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences, Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cisbani G, Drouin-Ouellet J, Gibrat C, Saint-Pierre M, Lagacé M, Badrinarayanan S, Lavallée-Bourget M, Charest J, Chabrat A, Boivin L, Lebel M, Bousquet M, Lévesque M, Cicchetti F. Cystamine/cysteamine rescues the dopaminergic system and shows neurorestorative properties in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:430-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
29
|
Stocchi F, Fossati C, Torti M. Rasagiline for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:2231-41. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1086748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
30
|
Kandadai RM, Jabeen SA, Kanikannan MA, Borgohain R. Safinamide for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7:747-59. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.968555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
31
|
Müller T. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of rasagiline mesylate for Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1423-32. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.943182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
32
|
Naoi M, Maruyama W. Functional mechanism of neuroprotection by inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1233-50. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
33
|
Naoi M, Maruyama W, Inaba-Hasegawa K. Revelation in the neuroprotective functions of rasagiline and selegiline: the induction of distinct genes by different mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:671-84. [PMID: 23739004 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, cell death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra progresses and neuroprotective therapy is required to halt neuronal loss. In cellular and animal models, selegiline [(-)deprenyl] and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, protect neuronal cells from programmed cell death. In this paper, the authors review their recent results on the molecular mechanisms by which MAO inhibitors prevent the cell death through the induction of antiapoptotic, prosurvival genes. MAO-A mediates the induction of antiapoptotic bcl-2 and mao-a itself by rasagiline, whereas a different mechanism is associated with selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline preferentially increase GDNF and BDNF in nonhuman primates and Parkinsonian patients, respectively. Enhanced neurotrophic factors might be applicable to monitor the neurorescuing activity of neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pienaar IS, Dexter DT, Burkhard PR. Mitochondrial proteomics as a selective tool for unraveling Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:205-26. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
35
|
Mandel S, Amit T, Kalfon L, Youdim MB. Applying transcriptomic and proteomic knowledge to Parkinson's disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1225-40. [PMID: 23496130 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.9.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is recognised that in both genetic and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD), the basis of its etiopathology resides in the particular vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to oxidative stress and in the failure to adequately remove abnormal proteins. These observations have been confirmed recently by microarray transcriptomic studies in human SN from PD brains and have extended understanding of the molecular pathways underlying the PD pathology. This article reviews recent gene expression profiling studies in sporadic PD postmortem SN and highlights gene candidates as putative molecular signatures for early disease diagnosis. In addition, the application of transcriptomics and proteomics in the quest for multifunctional neuroprotective-neurorescue drugs that might possess disease-modifying action is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Efron Street, PO Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel +972 4 8295289 ; +972 4 8513145 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Borgohain R, Kandadai RM. Safinamide: a novel anti-Parkinsonian drug with multiple actions. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease associated with motor symptoms, such as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. Levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors and COMTs form the mainstay of treatment. However, advanced disease is associated with motor complications, especially dyskinesias, that limit dopaminergic replacement therapy. Safinamide is a novel anti-Parkinsonian drug with actions such as MAO-B and glutamate receptor inhibition, and sodium and calcium channel blockade. Safinamide has been shown to be effective as an adjunct to dopamine agonists and levodopa. The possible antidyskinetic and neuroprotective properties add to the usefulness of the drug; it is also a potential anticonvulsant drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Borgohain
- Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Science, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, India.
| | - Rukmini Mridula Kandadai
- Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Science, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rasagiline prevents apoptosis induced by PK11195, a ligand of the outer membrane translocator protein (18 kDa), in SH-SY5Y cells through suppression of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1539-51. [PMID: 23681678 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline protects neuronal cells from cell death caused by various lines of insults. Its neuroprotective function is due to suppression of mitochondrial apoptosis signaling and induction of neuroprotective genes, including Bcl-2 and neurotrophic factors. Rasagiline inhibits the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, an initial stage in apoptosis, but the mechanism has been elusive. In this paper, it was investigated how rasagiline regulates mitochondrial death cascade in apoptosis induced in SH-SY5Y cells by PK11195, a ligand of the outer membrane translocator protein of 18 kDa. Rasagiline prevented release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c), and the following caspase 3 activation, ATP depletion and apoptosis, but did not inhibit the mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, in contrast to Bcl-2 overexpression. Rasagiline stabilized the mitochondrial contact site and suppressed Cyt-c release into cytoplasm, which should be the critical point for the regulation of apoptosis. Monoamine oxidase was not associated with anti-apoptotic activity of rasagiline in PK11195-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hare DJ, Adlard PA, Doble PA, Finkelstein DI. Metallobiology of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Metallomics 2013; 5:91-109. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Gerlach M, Reichmann H, Riederer P. A critical review of evidence for preclinical differences between rasagiline and selegiline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
41
|
|
42
|
''70th Birthday Professor Riederer'' induction of glial cell line-derived and brain-derived neurotrophic factors by rasagiline and (-)deprenyl: a way to a disease-modifying therapy? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:83-9. [PMID: 22892822 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection has been proposed in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, to delay or halt disease progression or reverse neuronal deterioration. The inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO), rasagiline and (-)deprenyl, prevent neuronal loss in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative disorders by intervening in the death signal pathway in mitochondria. In addition, rasagiline and (-)deprenyl increase the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family and neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophic factors, especially glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are required not only for growth and maintenance of developing neurons, but also for function and plasticity of distinct population of adult neurons. GDNF and BDNF have been reported to reduce Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases, respectively. GDNF protects the nigra-striatal dopamine neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease, and its administration has been tried as a disease-modifying therapy for parkinsonian patients. However, the results of clinical trials have not been fully conclusive and more practical ways to enhance GDNF levels in the targeted neurons are essentially required for future clinical application. Rasagiline and (-)deprenyl induced preferentially GDNF and BDNF in cellular and non-human primate experiments, and (-)deprenyl increased BDNF level in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian patients. In this paper, we review the induction of GDNF and BDNF by these MAO inhibitors as a strategy of neuroprotective therapy. The induction of prosurvival genes is discussed in relation to a possible disease-modifying therapy with MAO inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
43
|
Malek NM, Grosset DG. Investigational agents in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: focus on safinamide. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:85-90. [PMID: 27186120 PMCID: PMC4863549 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s34343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors review management issues in Parkinson's disease (PD) and provide an overview of the current pharmacological management strategies, with a specific focus on safinamide. Current therapeutic management of PD largely involves strategies to optimize the replacement of deficient dopamine, using levodopa, dopamine agonists, and inhibitors of dopamine-metabolizing enzymes. Currently under investigation for use in the treatment of PD, safinamide has multiple modes of action including monoamine oxidase B inhibition. It is well absorbed orally, has a long plasma half-life, and does not have liver enzyme-inducing or liver enzyme-inhibiting activity. Peak plasma concentration occurs 2-4 hours after single oral doses. Safinamide as monotherapy and as an adjunct to dopamine agonists improves Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 168 patients given a median safinamide dose of 70 mg/day (range 40-90 mg/day) significantly increased the proportion of responders - defined as patients improving their Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores by 30% or more from baseline - after 3 months (37.5% for safinamide versus 21.4% for placebo; P < 0.05). Safinamide increased "on" time with no or minor dyskinesia compared with the placebo in another trial, but dyskinesia severity was not reduced. Safinamide was well tolerated, with an adverse effect profile similar to that of the placebo. Further Phase III trial data for safinamide efficacy is awaited, and will be of interest in a comparison with other developments in PD therapeutics: modified formulations of available compounds, new drug classes such as adenosine receptor antagonists, and gene-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed M Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
It has long been recognized that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have a role in the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). The MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline has neuroprotective effects in animal models, mediated partly by its antiapoptotic activity. Rasagiline has been shown to be effective as monotherapy for early PD and as an adjunct to dopaminergic therapy. Clinical trials have also shown putative disease-modifying effects, though rasagiline's potential to alter the long-term course of PD remains controversial. Given the demonstrated benefits of rasagiline, along with its safety and tolerability profile, it has an important role to play in PD therapy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Wąsik A, Romańska I, Michaluk J, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. Comparative behavioral and neurochemical studies of R- and S-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline stereoisomers in the rat. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:857-69. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Several genetic causes of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) have now been identified and include mutations of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrial complex I toxins can induce dopaminergic cell death and produce a parkinsonian state. Importantly, defects of mitochondrial function have been identified in postmortem substantia nigra from pathologically proven cases of PD. RECENT ADVANCES These observations provide compelling evidence to support the notion that mitochondria play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, targeting mitochondrial function to delay or prevent neuronal cell death would represent a logical means to modify the course of this disease. Several attempts have already been made in this respect, and have been tested in clinical trial. CRITICAL ISSUES To date, there is no unequivocal evidence for an effective intervention to slow the disease. However, several novel mitochondrial targets are now emerging, including the potential to manipulate the mitochondrial pool to maintain function via biogenesis and mitophagy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This development in drug targets needs to be supported by a parallel improvement in clinical trial design to be able to detect a neuroprotective or disease-modifying effect over a reasonable time scale.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hamilton WR, Trickler WJ, Robinson BL, Paule MG, Ali SF. Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on retinal dopaminergic system in mice. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:107-10. [PMID: 22414866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxins methamphetamine (METH) and MPTP are well-known for their effects on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and use in modeling neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. It is not well-known though, how METH or MPTP affects the visual system and specifically the retinal dopaminergic system. This study was designed to examine acute effects of multiple doses of METH and MPTP on the retinal dopaminergic system. Mice were exposed to either low- (LD) 10 mg/kg total dose or high-dose (HD) 30 mg/kg total dose, of METH or MPTP and the retinal catecholaminergic system was analyzed by HPLC. METH produced no significant changes in dopamine (DA), its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) or DA usage in the retina. LD-MPTP produced no change in DA level, but significantly decreased DOPAC and HVA. LD-MPTP also significantly decreased DA usage as measured by the DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios. HD-MPTP significantly decreased DA, DOPAC and HVA, but did not affect DA usage. Taken together these results suggest that inhibition of the DA metabolizing enzymes monoamine oxidase A (MAO) or catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) may take place at lower doses of MPTP treatment; conversely, higher doses of MPTP may cause decreases in DA, DOPAC and HVA through another mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ryan Hamilton
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/USFDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Visanji NP, Brotchie JM. MPTP-induced models of Parkinson's disease in mice and non-human primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5.42. [PMID: 21953394 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0542s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pro-toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is widely used to create animal models of Parkinson's disease. This unit describes protocols for the production of stable and substantial lesions in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway of mice and non-human primates. The models can be employed for assessing the neural mechanisms underlying the development of Parkinson's disease and for screening potential therapies for the treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi P Visanji
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, currently affecting 1.5 million people in the US. In this review, we describe the diagnostic and pathological features of Parkinson's disease, as well as its clinical course. We then review pharmacologic treatments for the disease, with a particular focus on therapies adjunctive to levodopa and specifically the role of rasagiline. We review the four pivotal rasagiline trials, and discuss rasagiline and its use as adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discuss potential side effects, drug interactions, and other practical aspects concerning the use of rasagiline in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Gaines
- Department of Neurology, Aurora Advanced Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI
| | | |
Collapse
|