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Saleh AF, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Forsgard MAM, Shatnyeva O, Osteikoetxea X, Karlsson F, Heath N, Ingelsten M, Rose J, Harris J, Mairesse M, Bates SM, Clausen M, Etal D, Leonard E, Fellows MD, Dekker N, Edmunds N. Extracellular vesicles induce minimal hepatotoxicity and immunogenicity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6990-7001. [PMID: 30916672 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cellular communication through the transfer of active biomolecules, raising interest in using them as biological delivery vehicles for therapeutic drugs. For drug delivery applications, it is important to understand the intrinsic safety and toxicity liabilities of EVs. Nanoparticles, including EVs, typically demonstrate significant accumulation in the liver after systemic administration in vivo. We confirmed uptake of EVs derived from Expi293F cells into HepG2 cells and did not detect any signs of hepatotoxicity measured by cell viability, functional secretion of albumin, plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial and lysosomal activity even at high exposures of up to 5 × 1010 EVs per mL. Whole genome transcriptome analysis was used to measure potential effects on the gene expression in the recipient HepG2 cells at 24 h following exposure to EVs. Only 0.6% of all genes were found to be differentially expressed displaying less than 2-fold expression change, with genes related to inflammation or toxicity being unaffected. EVs did not trigger any proinflammatory cytokine response in HepG2 cells. However, minor changes were noted in human blood for interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Administration of 5 × 1010 Expi293F-derived EVs to BALB/c mice did not result in any histopathological changes or increases of liver transaminases or cytokine levels, apart from a modest increase in keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC). The absence of any significant toxicity associated with EVs in vitro and in vivo supports the prospective use of EVs for therapeutic applications and for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer F Saleh
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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Dubich T, Lieske A, Santag S, Beauclair G, Rückert J, Herrmann J, Gorges J, Büsche G, Kazmaier U, Hauser H, Stadler M, Schulz TF, Wirth D. An endothelial cell line infected by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) allows the investigation of Kaposi's sarcoma and the validation of novel viral inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:311-324. [PMID: 30610257 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-01733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a tumor of endothelial origin predominantly affecting immunosuppressed individuals. Up to date, vaccines and targeted therapies are not available. Screening and identification of anti-viral compounds are compromised by the lack of scalable cell culture systems reflecting properties of virus-transformed cells in patients. Further, the strict specificity of the virus for humans limits the development of in vivo models. In this study, we exploited a conditionally immortalized human endothelial cell line for establishment of in vitro 2D and 3D KSHV latency models and the generation of KS-like xenograft tumors in mice. Importantly, the invasive properties and tumor formation could be completely reverted by purging KSHV from the cells, confirming that tumor formation is dependent on the continued presence of KSHV, rather than being a consequence of irreversible transformation of the infected cells. Upon testing a library of 260 natural metabolites, we selected the compounds that induced viral loss or reduced the invasiveness of infected cells in 2D and 3D endothelial cell culture systems. The efficacy of selected compounds against KSHV-induced tumor formation was verified in the xenograft model. Together, this study shows that the combined use of anti-viral and anti-tumor assays based on the same cell line is predictive for tumor reduction in vivo and therefore allows faithful selection of novel drug candidates against Kaposi's sarcoma. KEY MESSAGES: Novel 2D, 3D, and xenograft mouse models mimic the consequences of KSHV infection. KSHV-induced tumorigenesis can be reverted upon purging the cells from the virus. A 3D invasiveness assay is predictive for tumor reduction in vivo. Chondramid B, epothilone B, and pretubulysin D diminish KS-like lesions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Dubich
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Lieske
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susann Santag
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guillaume Beauclair
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jessica Rückert
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jan Gorges
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guntram Büsche
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hauser
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Zhu X, Badawi M, Pomeroy S, Sutaria DS, Xie Z, Baek A, Jiang J, Elgamal OA, Mo X, Perle KL, Chalmers J, Schmittgen TD, Phelps MA. Comprehensive toxicity and immunogenicity studies reveal minimal effects in mice following sustained dosing of extracellular vesicles derived from HEK293T cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1324730. [PMID: 28717420 PMCID: PMC5505007 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1324730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are under evaluation as therapeutics or as vehicles for drug delivery. Preclinical studies of EVs often use mice or other animal models to assess efficacy and disposition. However, as most EVs under evaluation are derived from human cells, they may elicit immune responses which may contribute to toxicities or enhanced EV clearance. Furthermore, EVs from different cell sources or EVs comprising various cargo may differ with respect to immunogenicity or toxicity. To assess EV-induced immune response and toxicity, we dosed C57BL/6 mice with EVs intravenously and intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. EVs were harvested from wild type or engineered HEK293T cells which were modified to produce EVs loaded with miR-199a-3p and chimeric proteins. Blood was collected to assess hematology, blood chemistry, and immune markers. Spleen cells were immunophenotyped, and tissues were harvested for gross necropsy and histopathological examination. No signs of toxicity were observed, and minimal evidence of changes in immune markers were noted in mice dosed with engineered, but not with wild type EVs. This study provides a framework for assessment of immunogenicity and toxicity that will be required as EVs from varying cell sources are tested within numerous animal models and eventually in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed Badawi
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Pomeroy
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zhiliang Xie
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alice Baek
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jinmai Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ola A Elgamal
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krista La Perle
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chalmers
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Mitch A Phelps
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Fahad AS. Prevalence of Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in untreated patients with early stage Mycosis Fungoides (A retrospective study). Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2010; 4:128-138. [PMID: 21475551 PMCID: PMC3068833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's Sarcoma - associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was first identified and detected in 1994 in patients with Kaposi's Sarcoma. Recently, a strong association has been shown between HHV-8 and large-plaque parapsoriasis and mycosis fungoides(MF). This association has been attributed to either recent infection or reactivation of HHV-8 in patients who had extensive and/or who had an advanced stage of the diseases. This intriguing observation prompted us to perform a retrospective study in which tested previous histopathology specimens of untreated patients with early stage MF for presence of (HHV-8) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in lesional skin of patients with early MF. METHOD Retrospective study of the presence of HHV-8 in patients with early stages (1a,1b) MF. Fifty Paraffin-embedded lesional skin specimens were selected, 27 specimens were from patients with MF stage la and lb, 21 specimens from patients with psoriasis as negative control and 2 specimens from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma as positive control. The presence of HHV-8 was analyzed from paraffin-embedded lesional tissue samples using a real time PCR technology. RESULTS A low association of HHV-8 infection in early stages of MF was observed. Only two samples were tested positive, while none tested positive in psoriatic samples. CONCLUSIONS It may be concluded that HHV-8 is not significantly associated with early stages MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Saif Fahad
- Department of Dermatology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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