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Kumar R, Chander Y, Khandelwal N, Verma A, Rawat KD, Shringi BN, Pal Y, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. ROCK1/MLC2 inhibition induces decay of viral mRNA in BPXV infected cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17811. [PMID: 36280692 PMCID: PMC9592580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) intracellular cell signaling pathway regulates cell morphology, polarity, and cytoskeletal remodeling. We observed the activation of ROCK1/myosin light chain (MLC2) signaling pathway in buffalopox virus (BPXV) infected Vero cells. ROCK1 depletion by siRNA and specific small molecule chemical inhibitors (Thiazovivin and Y27632) resulted in a reduced BPXV replication, as evidenced by reductions in viral mRNA/protein synthesis, genome copy numbers and progeny virus particles. Further, we demonstrated that ROCK1 inhibition promotes deadenylation of viral mRNA (mRNA decay), mediated via inhibiting interaction with PABP [(poly(A)-binding protein] and enhancing the expression of CCR4-NOT (a multi-protein complex that plays an important role in deadenylation of mRNA). In addition, ROCK1/MLC2 mediated cell contraction, and perinuclear accumulation of p-MLC2 was shown to positively correlate with viral mRNA/protein synthesis. Finally, it was demonstrated that the long-term sequential passage (P = 50) of BPXV in the presence of Thiazovivin does not select for any drug-resistant virus variants. In conclusion, ROCK1/MLC2 cell signaling pathway facilitates BPXV replication by preventing viral mRNA decay and that the inhibitors targeting this pathway may have novel therapeutic effects against buffalopox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.464655.00000 0004 1768 5915Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India ,grid.411892.70000 0004 0500 4297Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- grid.411892.70000 0004 0500 4297Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana India
| | - Brij N. Shringi
- grid.464655.00000 0004 1768 5915Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Yash Pal
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
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Screening and analysis of immune-related genes of Aedes aegypti infected with DENV2. Acta Trop 2022; 236:106698. [PMID: 36162456 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus type Ⅱ (DENV2) is a primary serotype responsible for the dengue fever epidemic, and Aedes aegypti is the main DENV2 vector. Understanding the Aedes aegypti immune mechanism against DENV2 is the basis for research on immune blockade in mosquitoes. Some preliminary studies lack validation in the literature, so this study was performed to further study and validate the potential target genes to provide a further basis for screening key target genes. We screened 51 genes possibly related to Aedes aegypti infection and immunity from the literature for further verification. First, bioinformatic methods such as GO, KEGG and PPI analysis were used, and then RT-qPCR was used to detect the changes in mRNA expression in the midguts and salivary glands of Aedes aegypti infected with DENV2.Bioinformatic analysis showed that mostly genes of the glucose metabolism pathway and myoprotein were influenced. In salivary glands, the Gst (xa) and Toll (xb) expression levels were significantly correlated with DENV2 load (y, lg[DENV2 RNA copies]), y = -3436xa+0.2287xb+3.8194 (adjusted R2 = 0.5563, F = 9.148, PF = 0.0045). In midguts, DENV2 load was significantly correlated with the relative Fba(R2 = 0.4381, t = 2.497, p < 0.05, df = 8), UcCr(R2 = 0.4072, t = 2.344, p < 0.05, df = 8) and Gbps1(R2 = 0.4678, t = 2.652, p < 0.05, df = 8) expression levels, but multiple regression did not yield significant results. This study shows that genes related to glucose metabolism and muscle proteins contribute to the interaction between Aedes aegypti and dengue virus. It was confirmed that SAAG-4, histone H4, endoplasmin, catalase and other genes are involved in the regulation of DENV2 infection in Aedes aegypti. It was revealed that GST and Toll in salivary glands may have antagonistic effects on the regulation of DENV2 load. Fba, UcCr and Gbps1 in the midgut may increase DENV2 load. These study results further condensed the potential target gene range of the Aedes aegypti immune mechanism against DENV2 infection and provided basic information for research on the Aedes aegypti in vivo blockade strategy against DENV2.
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De Conto F, Conversano F, Razin SV, Belletti S, Arcangeletti MC, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. Host-cell dependent role of phosphorylated keratin 8 during influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) infection in mammalian cells. Virus Res 2021; 295:198333. [PMID: 33556415 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the involvement of keratin 8 during human influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) infection in semi-permissive rhesus monkey-kidney (LLC-MK2) and permissive human type II alveolar epithelial (A549) cells. In A549 cells, keratin 8 showed major expression and phosphorylation levels. Influenza A/NWS/33 virus was able to subvert keratin 8 structural organization at late stages of infection in both cell models, promoting keratin 8 phosphorylation in A549 cells at early phases of infection. Accordingly, partial colocalizations of the viral nucleoprotein with keratin 8 and its phosphorylated form were assessed by confocal microscopy at early stages of infection in A549 cells. The employment of chemical activators of phosphorylation resulted in structural changes as well as increased phosphorylation of keratin 8 in both cell models, favoring the influenza A/NWS/33 virus's replicative efficiency in A549 but not in LLC-MK2 cells. In A549 and human larynx epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cells inoculated with respiratory secretions from pediatric patients positive for, respectively, influenza A virus or respiratory syncytial virus, the keratin 8 phosphorylation level had increased only in the case of influenza A virus infection. The results obtained suggest that in A549 cells the influenza virus is able to induce keratin 8 phosphorylation thereby enhancing its replicative efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora De Conto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Silvana Belletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Lakdawala SS, Lee N, Brooke CB. Teaching an Old Virus New Tricks: A Review on New Approaches to Study Age-Old Questions in Influenza Biology. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4247-4258. [PMID: 31051174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses have been studied for over 80 years, yet much about the basic viral lifecycle remain unknown. However, new imaging, biochemical, and sequencing techniques have revealed significant insight into many age-old questions of influenza virus biology. In this review, we will cover the role of imaging techniques to describe unique aspects of influenza virus assembly, biochemical techniques to study viral genomic organization, and next-generation sequencing to explore influenza genomic evolution. Our goal is to provide a brief overview of how emerging techniques are being used to answer basic questions about influenza viruses. This is not a comprehensive list of emerging techniques, rather ones that we feel will continue to make significant contributions to field of influenza biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Christopher B Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
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Bedi S, Ono A. Friend or Foe: The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Influenza A Virus Assembly. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010046. [PMID: 30634554 PMCID: PMC6356976 DOI: 10.3390/v11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Virus (IAV) is a respiratory virus that causes seasonal outbreaks annually and pandemics occasionally. The main targets of the virus are epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. Like many other viruses, IAV employs the host cell’s machinery to enter cells, synthesize new genomes and viral proteins, and assemble new virus particles. The cytoskeletal system is a major cellular machinery, which IAV exploits for its entry to and exit from the cell. However, in some cases, the cytoskeleton has a negative impact on efficient IAV growth. In this review, we highlight the role of cytoskeletal elements in cellular processes that are utilized by IAV in the host cell. We further provide an in-depth summary of the current literature on the roles the cytoskeleton plays in regulating specific steps during the assembly of progeny IAV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmani Bedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lakdawala SS, Fodor E, Subbarao K. Moving On Out: Transport and Packaging of Influenza Viral RNA into Virions. Annu Rev Virol 2017; 3:411-427. [PMID: 27741407 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses bear an eight-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome that is replicated in the nucleus. Newly synthesized viral RNA (vRNA) segments are exported from the nucleus and transported to the plasma membrane for packaging into progeny virions. Influenza viruses exploit many host proteins during these events, and this is the portion of the viral life cycle when genetic reassortment among influenza viruses occurs. Reassortment among influenza A viruses allows viruses to expand their host range, virulence, and pandemic potential. This review covers recent studies on the export of vRNAs from the nucleus and their transport through the cytoplasm, progressive assembly, and packaging into progeny virus particles. Understanding these events and the constraints on genetic reassortment has implications for assessment of the pandemic potential of newly emerged influenza viruses, for vaccine production, for determination of viral fitness, and for identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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Intracellular Colocalization of Influenza Viral RNA and Rab11A Is Dependent upon Microtubule Filaments. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01179-17. [PMID: 28724771 PMCID: PMC5599730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01179-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) consists of eight viral RNA (vRNA) segments that are replicated in the host cell nucleus and transported to the plasma membrane for packaging into progeny virions. We have previously proposed a model where subcomplexes of vRNA are exported from the nucleus and assembled en route to the plasma membrane. However, the role of host cytoskeletal proteins in the cytoplasmic assembly of IAV vRNA segments remains unknown. Previous studies have suggested that IAV vRNA segments are transported via Rab11A-containing recycling endosomes (RE) and use both microtubules (MT) and actin. Rab11A RE transport primarily along MT; therefore, investigation of the role of MT in vRNA assembly is warranted. We explored the role of MT in vRNA assembly and replication by using multiple IAV strains in various cell types, including primary human airway epithelial cells. We observed that Rab11A localization was altered in the presence of MT-depolymerizing drugs, but growth of IAV in all of the cell types tested was unchanged. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed to determine the role of MT in the assembly of multiple vRNA segments. Unexpectedly, we found that vRNA-vRNA association in cytoplasmic foci was independent of MT. Given the disparity of localization between Rab11A and vRNA segments in the absence of intact MT filaments, we analyzed the three-dimensional spatial relationship between Rab11A and vRNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells. We found that Rab11A and vRNA colocalization is dependent upon dynamic MT filaments. Taken together, our data suggest that cytoplasmic transport of influenza vRNA may include a Rab11A RE-independent mechanism. IMPORTANCE IAV infections cause a large public health burden through seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Pandemic IAVs emerge through reassortment of vRNA in animal or human hosts. Elucidation of the mechanism of intracellular dynamics of IAV assembly is necessary to understand reassortment. Our results describing the role of MT in vRNA transport and assembly expand upon previous studies characterizing vRNA assembly. This study is the first to assess the role of MT in influenza virus replication in human bronchial airway epithelial cells. In addition, we present novel data on the role of MT in facilitating the association between distinct vRNA segments. Interestingly, our results suggest that progressive assembly of vRNA segments may be cell type dependent and that vRNA may be transported through the cytoplasm without Rab11A RE in the absence of intact MT. These results enhance our understanding of vRNA assembly and the role of cytoskeletal proteins in that process.
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De Conto F, Fazzi A, Razin SV, Arcangeletti MC, Medici MC, Belletti S, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. Mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-1 restricts early phases of influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) infection in LLC-MK2 cells by affecting cytoskeleton dynamics. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 437:185-201. [PMID: 28744815 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses depend on cellular machinery to efficiently replicate. The host cytoskeleton is one of the first cellular systems hijacked by viruses in order to ensure their intracellular transport and promote the development of infection. Our previous results demonstrated that stable microfilaments and microtubules interfered with human influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) infection in semi-permissive LLC-MK2 cells. Although formins play a key role in cytoskeletal remodelling, few studies addressed a possible role of these proteins in development of viral infection. Here, we have demonstrated that mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-1 (mDia1) is involved in the control of cytoskeleton dynamics during human influenza A virus infection. First, by employing cytoskeleton-perturbing drugs, we evidenced a cross-talk occurring between microtubules and microfilaments that also has implications on the intracellular localization of mDia1. In influenza A/NWS/33 virus-infected LLC-MK2 cells, mDia1 showed a highly dynamic intracellular localization and partially co-localized with actin and tubulin. A depletion of mDia1 by RNA-mediated RNA interference was found to improve the outcome of influenza A/NWS/33 virus infection and to increase the dynamics of microfilament and microtubule networks in LLC-MK2 cells. Consistent with these findings, observations made in epithelial respiratory cells from paediatric patients with acute respiratory disease assessed that the expression of mDia1 is stimulated by influenza A virus but not by respiratory syncytial virus. Taken together, the obtained results suggest that mDia1 restricts the initiation of influenza A/NWS/33 virus infection in LLC-MK2 cells by counteracting cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora De Conto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Fazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Lomonosow Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Silvana Belletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Conto FD, Chezzi C, Fazzi A, Razin SV, Arcangeletti MC, Medici MC, Gatti R, Calderaro A. Proteasomes raise the microtubule dynamics in influenza A (H1N1) virus-infected LLC-MK2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:840-66. [DOI: 10.1515/cmble-2015-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe dynamics of microtubule networks are known to have an impact on replication of influenza A virus in some cellular models. Here we present evidence suggesting that at late stages of LLC-MK2 cell infection by influenza A (H1N1) virus the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation system participates in destabilization of microtubules, and favours virus replication. Chemical inhibition of proteasome activity partially suppresses influenza A virus replication, while stimulation of proteasome activity favours influenza A virus replication. Conversely, in another cellular model, A549 cells, inhibitors and activators of proteasomes have a small effect on influenza A virus replication. These data suggest that influenza A virus might take selective advantage of proteasome functions in order to set up a favourable cytoskeletal “environment” for its replication and spread. Furthermore, the relationship between influenza virus and the host cell is likely to depend on both the cellular model and the virus strain.
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Sharma S, Mayank AK, Nailwal H, Tripathi S, Patel JR, Bowzard JB, Gaur P, Donis RO, Katz JM, Cox NJ, Lal RB, Farooqi H, Sambhara S, Lal SK. Influenza A viral nucleoprotein interacts with cytoskeleton scaffolding protein α-actinin-4 for viral replication. FEBS J 2014; 281:2899-914. [PMID: 24802111 PMCID: PMC7164065 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), similar to other viruses, exploits the machinery of human host cells for its survival and replication. We identified α‐actinin‐4, a host cytoskeletal protein, as an interacting partner of IAV nucleoprotein (NP). We confirmed this interaction using co‐immunoprecipitation studies, first in a coupled in vitro transcription‐translation assay and then in cells either transiently co‐expressing the two proteins or infected with whole IAV. Importantly, the NP–actinin‐4 interaction was observed in several IAV subtypes, including the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. Moreover, immunofluorescence studies revealed that both NP and actinin‐4 co‐localized largely around the nucleus and also in the cytoplasmic region of virus‐infected A549 cells. Silencing of actinin‐4 expression resulted in not only a significant decrease in NP, M2 and NS1 viral protein expression, but also a reduction of both NP mRNA and viral RNA levels, as well as viral titers, 24 h post‐infection with IAV, suggesting that actinin‐4 was critical for viral replication. Furthermore, actinin‐4 depletion reduced the amount of NP localized in the nucleus. Treatment of infected cells with wortmannin, a known inhibitor of actinin‐4, led to a decrease in NP mRNA levels and also caused the nuclear retention of NP, further strengthening our previous observations. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that actinin‐4, a novel interacting partner of IAV NP, plays a crucial role in viral replication and this interaction may participate in nuclear localization of NP and/or viral ribonucleoproteins. Structured digital abstract •http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03466 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0006 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512541, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512553)•http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8JR21 and http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0403 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0416 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9514040)•http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q91U50 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0006 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9514006)•http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5L4H4 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0407 to http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0007 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512166, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512219)•http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/C3W6D7 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0006 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9513951)•http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5L4H4 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0007 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512237)•http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6DPG0 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0006 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9513984) •http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B2BU63 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0006 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9513930) •http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5L4H4 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0018 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512145, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9512095) •http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/C9S3S8 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0915 with http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43707 by http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/?termId=MI:0006 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interaction/EBI-9513909)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Sharma
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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De Conto F, Di Lonardo E, Arcangeletti MC, Chezzi C, Medici MC, Calderaro A. Highly dynamic microtubules improve the effectiveness of early stages of human influenza A/NWS/33 virus infection in LLC-MK2 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41207. [PMID: 22911759 PMCID: PMC3401105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the role of microtubule dynamics in the initiation of NWS/33 human influenza A (NWS) virus infection in MDCK and LLC-MK2 mammalian kidney cells. We previously demonstrated a host-dependent role of the actin cytoskeleton in inducing restriction during the early phases of NWS infection. Furthermore, we showed the differential infectious entry of NWS virus in the above mentioned cell models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By first employing a panel of microtubule-modulators, we evidenced that microtubule-stabilization negatively interferes with NWS replication in LLC-MK2 but not in MDCK cells. Conversely, microtubule-depolymerization improves NWS growth in LLC-MK2 but not in the MDCK model. By using immunofluorescence labelling and Western blotting analyses upon NWS infection in mammalian kidney cells, it was observed that the occurrence of alpha-tubulin hyperacetylation--a post-translational modified form suggestive of stable microtubules--was significantly delayed in LLC-MK2 when compared to MDCK cells. Furthermore, mock-infected LLC-MK2 cells were shown to have higher levels of both acetylated alpha-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4), the latter being essential for the maintenance of normal microtubule polymer levels in interphase epithelial cells. Finally, to obtain highly dynamic microtubules in LLC-MK2 cells, we knocked down the expression of MAP4 by using a RNA-mediated RNA interference approach. The results evidenced that MAP4 silencing improves NWS growth in LLC-MK2 cells. CONCLUSION By evidencing the cell type-dependent regulatory role of microtubule dynamics on NWS replication in mammalian kidney cells, we demonstrated that microtubule-stabilization represents a restriction factor for the initiation of NWS infection in LLC-MK2 but not in MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora De Conto
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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12
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Kroeker AL, Ezzati P, Halayko AJ, Coombs KM. Response of primary human airway epithelial cells to influenza infection: a quantitative proteomic study. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4132-46. [PMID: 22694362 PMCID: PMC3411195 DOI: 10.1021/pr300239r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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Influenza A virus exerts a large health burden during
both yearly epidemics and global pandemics. However, designing effective
vaccine and treatment options has proven difficult since the virus
evolves rapidly. Therefore, it may be beneficial to identify host proteins associated with viral infection and replication
to establish potential new antiviral targets. We have previously measured
host protein responses in continuously cultured A549 cells infected
with mouse-adapted virus strain A/PR/8/34(H1N1; PR8). We here identify
and measure host proteins differentially regulated in more relevant
primary human bronchial airway epithelial (HBAE) cells. A total of
3740 cytosolic HBAE proteins were identified by 2D LC–MS/MS,
of which 52 were up-regulated ≥2-fold and 41 were down-regulated ≥2-fold
after PR8 infection. Up-regulated HBAE proteins clustered primarily
into interferon signaling, other host defense processes, and molecular
transport, whereas down-regulated proteins were associated with cell
death signaling pathways, cell adhesion and motility, and lipid metabolism.
Comparison to influenza-infected A549 cells indicated some common
influenza-induced host cell alterations, including defense response,
molecular transport proteins, and cell adhesion. However, HBAE-specific
alterations consisted of interferon and cell death signaling. These
data point to important differences between influenza replication
in continuous and primary cell lines and/or alveolar and bronchial
epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Kroeker
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 3P4
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Hamilton BS, Whittaker GR, Daniel S. Influenza virus-mediated membrane fusion: determinants of hemagglutinin fusogenic activity and experimental approaches for assessing virus fusion. Viruses 2012; 4:1144-68. [PMID: 22852045 PMCID: PMC3407899 DOI: 10.3390/v4071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the viral protein that facilitates the entry of influenza viruses into host cells. This protein controls two critical aspects of entry: virus binding and membrane fusion. In order for HA to carry out these functions, it must first undergo a priming step, proteolytic cleavage, which renders it fusion competent. Membrane fusion commences from inside the endosome after a drop in lumenal pH and an ensuing conformational change in HA that leads to the hemifusion of the outer membrane leaflets of the virus and endosome, the formation of a stalk between them, followed by pore formation. Thus, the fusion machinery is an excellent target for antiviral compounds, especially those that target the conserved stem region of the protein. However, traditional ensemble fusion assays provide a somewhat limited ability to directly quantify fusion partly due to the inherent averaging of individual fusion events resulting from experimental constraints. Inspired by the gains achieved by single molecule experiments and analysis of stochastic events, recently-developed individual virion imaging techniques and analysis of single fusion events has provided critical information about individual virion behavior, discriminated intermediate fusion steps within a single virion, and allowed the study of the overall population dynamics without the loss of discrete, individual information. In this article, we first start by reviewing the determinants of HA fusogenic activity and the viral entry process, highlight some open questions, and then describe the experimental approaches for assaying fusion that will be useful in developing the most effective therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Hamilton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Susan Daniel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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Colpitts TM, Cox J, Nguyen A, Feitosa F, Krishnan MN, Fikrig E. Use of a tandem affinity purification assay to detect interactions between West Nile and dengue viral proteins and proteins of the mosquito vector. Virology 2011; 417:179-87. [PMID: 21700306 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
West Nile and dengue viruses are (re)emerging mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality in man. The identification of mosquito proteins that associate with flaviviruses may provide novel targets to inhibit infection of the vector or block transmission to humans. Here, a tandem affinity purification (TAP) assay was used to identify 18 mosquito proteins that interact with dengue and West Nile capsid, envelope, NS2A or NS2B proteins. We further analyzed the interaction of mosquito cadherin with dengue and West Nile virus envelope protein using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Blocking the function of select mosquito factors, including actin, myosin, PI3-kinase and myosin light chain kinase, reduced both dengue and West Nile virus infection in mosquito cells. We show that the TAP method may be used in insect cells to accurately identify flaviviral-host protein interactions. Our data also provides several targets for interrupting flavivirus infection in mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya M Colpitts
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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De Conto F, Covan S, Arcangeletti MC, Orlandini G, Gatti R, Dettori G, Chezzi C. Differential infectious entry of human influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) in mammalian kidney cells. Virus Res 2010; 155:221-30. [PMID: 20951747 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this report we focused our interest on the early events of the replication cycle of NWS/33 human influenza A (NWS) virus in MDCK (canine), LLC-MK2 (simian), and NSK (swine) kidney cells, with different susceptibility upon infection. We have previously demonstrated that actin organization induces restriction to viral replication during the early stages of NWS virus infection in simian kidney cells. To explore how cell endocytic mechanisms are hijacked by NWS virus and may modulate the outcome of viral infection, the effect of drugs affecting selectively the entry via clathrin-coated pits, caveolar/raft-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis was analyzed. Results point to critical differences in terms of internalization pathways exploited by NWS virus to enter the examined cell models. Moreover, we show that some ways of entry do not allow an effective virus internalization, depending on the cell type. Understanding how specific cell functions/components may regulate early phases of viral replication allows us to deepen our knowledge on influenza virus infection and provides new insights for anti-viral researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora De Conto
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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16
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Quantitative proteomic analyses of influenza virus-infected cultured human lung cells. J Virol 2010; 84:10888-906. [PMID: 20702633 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00431-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because they are obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses are exclusively and intimately dependent upon host cells for replication. Viruses, in turn, induce profound changes within cells, including apoptosis, morphological changes, and activation of signaling pathways. Many of these alterations have been analyzed by gene arrays, which measure the cellular "transcriptome." Until recently, it has not been possible to extend comparable types of studies to globally examine all the host cellular proteins, which are the actual effector molecules. We have used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), combined with high-throughput two-dimensional (2-D) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry, to determine quantitative differences in host proteins after infection of human lung A549 cells with human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) for 24 h. Of the 4,689 identified and measured cytosolic protein pairs, 127 were significantly upregulated at >95% confidence, 153 were significantly downregulated at >95% confidence, and a total of 87 proteins were upregulated or downregulated more than 5-fold at >99% confidence. Gene ontology and pathway analyses indicated differentially regulated proteins and included those involved in host cell immunity and antigen presentation, cell adhesion, metabolism, protein function, signal transduction, and transcription pathways.
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Wahl A, Schafer F, Bardet W, Hildebrand WH. HLA class I molecules reflect an altered host proteome after influenza virus infection. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:14-22. [PMID: 19748539 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Class I HLA sample and display peptides from thousands of endogenous proteins at the cell surface. During infection, the influenza virus modifies the host cell proteome by triggering host antiviral responses, hijacking host processes, and inhibiting host mRNA processing. In turn, the catalog of HLA class I peptides that decorate the surface of an infected cell is positioned to reflect an altered host cell proteome. To understand the host-encoded peptides presented by class I molecules after influenza infection, we compared by mass spectrometry (MS) the peptides eluted from the HLA of naive and infected cells. We identified 20 peptide ligands unique to infected cells and 347 peptides with increased presentation after infection. Infection with different influenza strains demonstrated that proteome changes are predominantly strain-specific, with few individual cellular interactions observed for multiple viral strains. Modeling by pathway analysis, however, revealed that strain specific host peptide changes represent different routes to the same destination; host changes mediated by influenza are found predominantly clustered around HLA-B, ACTB, HSP90AB1, CDK2, and ANXA2. The class I HLA proteome scanning of influenza-infected cells therefore indicates how divergent strains of influenza pursue alternate routes to access the same host cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Hofer U, Lehmann AD, Waelti E, Amacker M, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Virosomes can enter cells by non-phagocytic mechanisms. J Liposome Res 2010; 19:301-9. [PMID: 19863165 DOI: 10.3109/08982100902911612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of fine particles (1 microm) by macrophages is a ligand-receptor-mediated, actin-based process, whereas the entering of smaller particles (< or = 0.2 microm) in macrophages occurs also by other mechanisms. Virosomes with a diameter of 0.12-0.18 microm are widely used as carrier systems for drugs, vectors, and plasmids in cancer therapy or for vaccines. We investigated their interactions with airway cells, in particular penetration into monocyte-derived macrophages. The microscopic analysis of phagocytic cells incubated with virosomes and polystyrene particles showed that virosomes and particles penetrated cells even in the presence of cytochalasin D, a drug inhibiting actin-based phagocytosis. The charge of the virosomes and particles did not influence their penetration. Also, different inhibitors of endocytotic pathways did not prevent the particles and virosomes from penetrating into the cells. Additionally, to study the ability of virosomes to overcome the epithelial airway barrier, a triple cell co-culture model composed of epithelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells of the respiratory tract was used. We found virosomes and polystyrene particles in both populations of antigen-presenting cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and dendritic cells, in the latter even if they were not directly exposed. In conclusion, virosomes are readily taken up by monocyte-derived macrophages, both by conventional phagocytosis and by actin-independent mechanisms. Further, they can penetrate the airway barrier and reach resident dendritic cells. Therefore, virosomes are promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hofer
- Institute of Anatomy, Division of Histology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Vester D, Rapp E, Gade D, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Quantitative analysis of cellular proteome alterations in human influenza A virus-infected mammalian cell lines. Proteomics 2009; 9:3316-27. [PMID: 19504497 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years virus-host cell interactions were investigated in numerous studies. Viral strategies for evasion of innate immune response, inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and permission of viral RNA and protein production were disclosed. With quantitative proteome technology, comprehensive studies concerning the impact of viruses on the cellular machinery of their host cells at protein level are possible. Therefore, 2-D DIGE and nanoHPLC-nanoESI-MS/MS analysis were used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the dynamic cellular proteome responses of two mammalian cell lines to human influenza A virus infection. A cell line used for vaccine production (MDCK) was compared with a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) as a reference model. Analyzing 2-D gels of the proteomes of uninfected and influenza-infected host cells, 16 quantitatively altered protein spots (at least +/-1.7-fold change in relative abundance, p<0.001) were identified for both cell lines. Most significant changes were found for keratins, major components of the cytoskeleton system, and for Mx proteins, interferon-induced key components of the host cell defense. Time series analysis of infection processes allowed the identification of further proteins that are described to be involved in protein synthesis, signal transduction and apoptosis events. Most likely, these proteins are required for supporting functions during influenza viral life cycle or host cell stress response. Quantitative proteome-wide profiling of virus infection can provide insights into complexity and dynamics of virus-host cell interactions and may accelerate antiviral research and support optimization of vaccine manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vester
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Wang H, Ma J, Ruan L, Xu X. Cloning of a centaurin-alpha1 like gene MjCent involved in WSSV infection from shrimp Marsupeneaus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:279-284. [PMID: 19073266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Centaurin-alpha1 specifically binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI (3,4,5)P3) and is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF6). It actively engages in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) mediated cell signal transduction. Here, for the first time, we have identified a virus related centaurin-alpha1 homologue named MjCent from the shrimp, Marsupeneaus japonicus, an economically important crustacean in the aquaculture industry. MjCent has one conserved ArfGAP and two Pleckstrin homology domains (PH domains). As shown by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, MjCent appeared in every tissue examined and was localized mainly in the cell cytoplasm. Further investigation with real-time quantitative PCR showed that MjCent was significantly up-regulated during white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, but notably decreased in virus-resistant shrimps. This suggests a close relationship between MjCent and WSSV invasion and host defense of the shrimp, M. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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