1
|
Kumar R, Kamboj H, Dhanda S, Verma A, Chander Y, Nehra K, Bhati A, Dedar RK, Sharma DK, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Sharma S, Kumar N. Identification of miR-29a as a novel biomarker for lumpy skin disease virus exposure in cattle. Virulence 2024; 15:2324711. [PMID: 38527940 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2324711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-29a antagonizes IFN-γ production at early times post-LSDV infection in cattle. miR-29a was predicted to target upstream IFN-γ regulators, and its inhibition resulted in enhanced IFN-γ production in sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further, stimulation of PBMCs with LSDV antigen exhibited lower levels of miR-29a, concomitant with a potent cell-mediated immune response (CMI), characterized by an increase in LSDV-specific CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ, which eventually facilitated virus clearance. In addition, a few immunocompromised cattle (developed secondary LSDV infection at ~ 6 months) that failed to mount a potent cell-mediated immune response, were shown to maintain higher miR-29a levels. Furthermore, as compared to the sensitized crossbred cattle, PBMCs from sensitized Rathi (a native Indian breed) animals exhibited lower levels of miR-29a along with an increase in CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ. Finally, we analysed that a ≥ 60% decrease in miR-29a expression levels in the PBMCs of sensitized cattle correlated with a potent CMI response. In conclusion, miR-29a expression is involved in antagonizing the IFN-γ response in LSDV-infected cattle and may serve as a novel biomarker for the acute phase of LSDV infection, as well as predicting the functionality of T cells in sensitized cattle. In addition, Rathi cattle mount a more potent CMI response against LSDV than crossbred cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Kamboj
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Kuldeep Nehra
- Livestock Research Station, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Nohar, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udaipur, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar N, Barua S, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Kumar A, Verma A, Singh L, Godara B, Chander Y, Kumar G, Riyesh T, Sharma DK, Pathak A, Kumar S, Dedar RK, Mehta V, Gaur M, Bhardwaj B, Vyas V, Chaudhary S, Yadav V, Bhati A, Kaul R, Bashir A, Andrabi A, Yousuf RW, Koul A, Kachhawaha S, Gurav A, Gautam S, Tiwari HA, Munjal VK, Gupta MK, Kumar R, Gulati BR, Misri J, Kumar A, Mohanty AK, Nandi S, Singh KP, Pal Y, Dutt T, Tripathi BN. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated lumpy skin disease vaccine in India. Virulence 2023; 14:2190647. [PMID: 36919498 PMCID: PMC10038050 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported for the first time in India in 2019 and since then, it has become endemic. Since a homologous (LSD-virus based) vaccine was not available in the country, goatpox virus (GPV)-based heterologous vaccine was authorized for mass immunization to induce protection against LSD in cattle. This study describes the evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated LSD vaccine developed by using an Indian field strain, isolated in 2019 from cattle. The virus was attenuated by continuous passage (P = 50) in Vero cells. The vaccine (50th LSDV passage in Vero cells, named as Lumpi-ProVacInd) did not induce any local or systemic reaction upon its experimental inoculation in calves (n = 10). At day 30 post-vaccination (pv), the vaccinated animals were shown to develop antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and exhibited complete protection upon virulent LSDV challenge. A minimum Neethling response (0.018% animals; 5 out of 26,940 animals) of the vaccine was observed in the field trials conducted in 26,940 animals. There was no significant reduction in the milk yield in lactating animals (n = 10108), besides there was no abortion or any other reproductive disorder in the pregnant animals (n = 2889). Sero-conversion was observed in 85.18% animals in the field by day 30 pv.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Lokender Singh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhagraj Godara
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Garvit Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udaipur, India
| | - Anubha Pathak
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Vishal Mehta
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Banswara, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mitesh Gaur
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udaipur, India
| | | | - Vithilesh Vyas
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - Adrish Bhati
- Livestock Research station, Nohar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Kaul
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjum Andrabi
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | | | - Subhash Kachhawaha
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
| | - Amol Gurav
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | | | | | | | - Madhurendu K Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| | | | - Sukdeb Nandi
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pandita S, Verma A, Kamboj H, Kumar R, Chander Y, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Kumar N. miRNA profiling of primary lamb testicle cells infected with lumpy skin disease virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:290. [PMID: 37955695 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, miRNA profiling of cells infected with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was conducted for the first time. When compared to mock-infected cells, LSDV-infected primary lamb testicle (LT) cells showed dysregulation of 64, 85, and 85 miRNAs at 12 hours postinfection (hpi), 48 hpi, and 72 hpi, respectively. While some of these miRNAs were found to be dysregulated at a particular time point following LSDV infection, others were dysregulated at all three time points. Analysis of the differentially expressed miRNA-mRNA interaction networks, Gene Ontology analysis of the predicted targets, and KEGG analysis of highly enriched pathways revealed several cellular factors/pathways involved in protein/ion/enzyme binding, cell differentiation, movement of subcellular components, calcium reabsorption, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and melanogenesis. Some selected upregulated (oar-mir-379-5p, oar-let-7d, Chr10-18769, Chr2_5162 and oar-miR-493-5p) and downregulated (ChrX-33741, Chr3_8257 and Chr26_32680) miRNAs were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. These findings contribute to our understanding of virus replication, virus-host interactions, and disease pathogenesis, and the differentially expressed miRNAs and their cellular targets may serve as biomarkers as well as novel targets for therapeutic intervention against LSDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Pandita
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Himanshu Kamboj
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar R, Chander Y, Verma A, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. TA novel HRM-based gap-qRT-PCR for identification and quantitation of the vaccine and field strain(s) of lumpy skin disease virus. J Immunol Methods 2023:113521. [PMID: 37392930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has become the most important animal health problem in India due to high morbidity, mortality and production losses. A homologous live-attenuated LSD vaccine (Lumpi-ProVacInd) was recently developed by using a local LSD virus (LSDV) strain (LSDV/2019/India/Ranchi) in India which is likely to replace the existing practice of vaccinating cattle with goatpox vaccine. It is essential to differentiate the vaccine and field strains, if a live-attenuated vaccine has been used for control and eradication of the disease, particularly in endemic areas. As compared to the prevailing vaccine and field/virulent strains, the Indian vaccine strain (Lumpi-ProVacInd) has a unique deletion of 801 nucleotides in its inverted terminal repeat (ITR) region. We exploited this unique feature and developed a novel high resolution melting-based gap quantitative real-time PCR (HRM-gap-qRT-PCR) for rapid identification and quantitation of the vaccine and field strain(s) of LSDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India; Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chander Y. Editorial: Point-of-care diagnostics for veterinary use. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1206117. [PMID: 37252404 PMCID: PMC10210131 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1206117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
|
6
|
Kumar R, Godara B, Chander Y, Kachhawa JP, Dedar RK, Verma A, Riyesh T, Pal Y, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Kumar N. Evidence of lumpy skin disease virus infection in camels. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106922. [PMID: 37031926 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Countries in the Indian subcontinent are currently facing a deadly epidemic of lumpy skin disease (LSD). LSD is primarily a disease of cattle. Buffaloes may sometimes develop mild illness, however, other domestic animals are considered resistant to LSD. We confirmed the LSDV infection in camels as evidenced by skin nodules on the body surface of the affected camels, isolation of LSD virus (LSDV) and amplification of LSDV-specific gene segments from the skin nodules (PCR), nucleotide sequencing of the viral genome and, demonstration of anti-LSDV antibodies in serum. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequencing of ORF011, ORF012 and ORF036 revealed that the virus (LSDV/Camel/India/2022/Bikaner) is related to the historical NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains which are predominantly circulating in the Indian subcontinent. This is the first report wherein LSDV has been to infect camels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhagraj Godara
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Jai Prakash Kachhawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chander Y. Prevalence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Antinuclear Antibodies in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Tertiary Care Center Experience from North India. JAPI 2022. [DOI: 10.5005/japi-11001-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
8
|
Kumar R, Chander Y, Khandelwal N, Verma A, Rawat KD, Shringi BN, Pal Y, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. ROCK1/MLC2 inhibition induces decay of viral mRNA in BPXV infected cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17811. [PMID: 36280692 PMCID: PMC9592580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) intracellular cell signaling pathway regulates cell morphology, polarity, and cytoskeletal remodeling. We observed the activation of ROCK1/myosin light chain (MLC2) signaling pathway in buffalopox virus (BPXV) infected Vero cells. ROCK1 depletion by siRNA and specific small molecule chemical inhibitors (Thiazovivin and Y27632) resulted in a reduced BPXV replication, as evidenced by reductions in viral mRNA/protein synthesis, genome copy numbers and progeny virus particles. Further, we demonstrated that ROCK1 inhibition promotes deadenylation of viral mRNA (mRNA decay), mediated via inhibiting interaction with PABP [(poly(A)-binding protein] and enhancing the expression of CCR4-NOT (a multi-protein complex that plays an important role in deadenylation of mRNA). In addition, ROCK1/MLC2 mediated cell contraction, and perinuclear accumulation of p-MLC2 was shown to positively correlate with viral mRNA/protein synthesis. Finally, it was demonstrated that the long-term sequential passage (P = 50) of BPXV in the presence of Thiazovivin does not select for any drug-resistant virus variants. In conclusion, ROCK1/MLC2 cell signaling pathway facilitates BPXV replication by preventing viral mRNA decay and that the inhibitors targeting this pathway may have novel therapeutic effects against buffalopox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.464655.00000 0004 1768 5915Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India ,grid.411892.70000 0004 0500 4297Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- grid.411892.70000 0004 0500 4297Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana India
| | - Brij N. Shringi
- grid.464655.00000 0004 1768 5915Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Yash Pal
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chander Y, Kumar R, Verma A, Khandelwal N, Nagori H, Singh N, Sharma S, Pal Y, Puvar A, Pandit R, Shukla N, Chavada P, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Resistance evolution against host-directed antiviral agents: Buffalopox virus switches to use p38-ϒ under long-term selective pressure of an inhibitor targeting p38-α. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6668988. [PMID: 35975687 PMCID: PMC9435063 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-dependency factors have increasingly been targeted to minimize antiviral drug resistance. In this study, we have demonstrated that inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (a cellular protein) suppresses buffalopox virus (BPXV) protein synthesis by targeting p38-MNK1-eIF4E signaling pathway. In order to provide insights into the evolution of drug resistance, we selected resistant mutants by long-term sequential passages (P; n = 60) in the presence of p38 inhibitor (SB239063). The P60-SB239063 virus exhibited significant resistance to SB239063 as compared to the P60-Control virus. To provide mechanistic insights on the acquisition of resistance by BPXV-P60-SB239063, we generated p38-α and p38-ϒ (isoforms of p38) knockout Vero cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. It was demonstrated that unlike the wild type (WT) virus which is dependent on p38-α isoform, the resistant virus (BPXV-P60-SB239063) switches over to use p38-ϒ so as to efficiently replicate in the target cells. This is a rare evidence wherein a virus was shown to bypass the dependency on a critical cellular factor under selective pressure of a drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Nagori
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hiar, Haryana, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Apurvasinh Puvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Rameshchandra Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Nitin Shukla
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Priyank Chavada
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Nagori H, Verma A, Barua A, Godara B, Pal Y, Gulati BR, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase inhibitor DZNep blocks transcription and translation of SARS-CoV-2 genome with a low tendency to select for drug-resistant viral variants. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105232. [PMID: 34968527 PMCID: PMC8714615 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the in vitro antiviral activity of DZNep (3-Deazaneplanocin A; an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase) against SARS-CoV-2, besides demonstrating its protective efficacy against lethal infection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, a member of the Coronaviridae family). DZNep treatment resulted in reduced synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins without affecting other steps of viral life cycle. We demonstrated that deposition of N6-methyl adenosine (m6A) in SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the infected cells recruits heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1), an RNA binding protein which serves as a m6A reader. DZNep inhibited the recruitment of hnRNPA1 at m6A-modified SARS-CoV-2 RNA which eventually suppressed the synthesis of the viral genome. In addition, m6A-marked RNA and hnRNPA1 interaction was also shown to regulate early translation to replication switch of SARS-CoV-2 genome. Furthermore, abrogation of methylation by DZNep also resulted in defective synthesis of the 5’ cap of viral RNA, thereby resulting in its failure to interact with eIF4E (a cap-binding protein), eventually leading to a decreased synthesis of viral proteins. Most importantly, DZNep-resistant mutants could not be observed upon long-term sequential passage of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. In summary, we report the novel role of methylation in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and propose that targeting the methylome using DZNep could be of significant therapeutic value against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Nagori
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Aditya Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhagraj Godara
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Kumar R, Nagori H, Verma A, Mittal P, T R, Kamboj S, Verma SS, Khatreja S, Pal Y, Gulati BR, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Studies on Growth Characteristics and Cross-Neutralization of Wild-Type and Delta SARS-CoV-2 From Hisar (India). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:771524. [PMID: 34888260 PMCID: PMC8650692 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly evolved to generate several antigenic variants. These variants have raised concerns whether pre-existing immunity to vaccination or prior infection would be able to protect against the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants or not. We isolated SARS-CoV-2 from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-confirmed patients in the beginning of the first (April/May 2020) and second (April/May 2021) waves of COVID-19 in India (Hisar, Haryana). Upon complete nucleotide sequencing, the viruses were found to be genetically related with wild-type (WT) and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 produced a rapid cytopathic effect (24-36 h as compared to 48-72 h in WT) and had bigger plaque size but a shorter life cycle (~6 h as compared to the ~8 h in WT). Furthermore, the Delta variant achieved peak viral titers within 24 h as compared to the 48 h in WT. These evidence suggested that the Delta variant replicates significantly faster than the WT SARS-CoV-2. The virus neutralization experiments indicated that antibodies elicited by vaccination are more efficacious in neutralizing the WT virus but significantly less potent against the Delta variant. Our findings have implications in devising suitable vaccination, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, besides providing insights into understanding virus replication and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Khandelwal
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Nagori
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Priyasi Mittal
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Riyesh T
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | | | | | - Yash Pal
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar R, Afsar M, Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Riyesh T, Dedar RK, Gulati BR, Pal Y, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Hussain T, Kumar N. Emetine suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibiting interaction of viral mRNA with eIF4E. Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105056. [PMID: 33711336 PMCID: PMC7943376 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emetine is a FDA-approved drug for the treatment of amebiasis. Previously we demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of emetine against some RNA and DNA viruses. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral efficacy of emetine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and found it to be a low nanomolar (nM) inhibitor. Interestingly, emetine exhibited protective efficacy against lethal challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV; a chicken coronavirus) in the embryonated chicken egg infection model. Emetine treatment led to a decrease in viral RNA and protein synthesis without affecting other steps of viral life cycle such as attachment, entry and budding. In a chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, emetine was shown to disrupt the binding of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA with eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, a cellular cap-binding protein required for initiation of protein translation). Further, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested that emetine may bind to the cap-binding pocket of eIF4E, in a similar conformation as m7-GTP binds. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 was shown to exploit ERK/MNK1/eIF4E signalling pathway for its effective replication in the target cells. Collectively our results suggest that further detailed evaluation of emetine as a potential treatment for COVID-19 may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Mohammad Afsar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Tanweer Hussain
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chander Y, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Singh N, Shringi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in virus replication and potential for developing broad spectrum antiviral drugs. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-16. [PMID: 33450133 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a key role in complex cellular processes such as proliferation, development, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis. Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs which include extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, p38 proteins, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3) and ERK5. p38 MAPK is activated by a wide range of cellular stresses and modulates activity of several downstream kinases and transcription factors which are involved in regulating cytoskeleton remodeling, cell cycle modulation, inflammation, antiviral response and apoptosis. In viral infections, activation of cell signalling pathways is part of the cellular defense mechanism with the basic aim of inducing an antiviral state. However, viruses can exploit enhanced cell signalling activities to support various stages of their replication cycles. Kinase activity can be inhibited by small molecule chemical inhibitors, so one strategy to develop antiviral drugs is to target these cellular signalling pathways. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of various cellular and viral events regulated by the p38 signalling pathway, with a special emphasis on targeting these events for antiviral drug development which might identify candidates with broad spectrum activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Brij Nandan Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kumar N, Chander Y, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Riyesh T, Chaudhary K, Shanmugasundaram K, Kumar S, Kumar A, Gupta MK, Pal Y, Barua S, Tripathi BN. Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241022. [PMID: 33428633 PMCID: PMC7799759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has devastating economic impact. During the last decade, LSD had spread to climatically new and previously disease-free countries, which also includes its recent emergence in the Indian subcontinent (2019). This study deals with the LSD outbreak(s) from cattle in Ranchi (India). Virus was isolated from the scabs (skin lesions) in the primary goat kidney cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequencing of LSD virus (LSDV) ORF011, ORF012 and ORF036 suggested that the isolated virus (LSDV/Bos taurus-tc/India/2019/Ranchi) is closely related to Kenyan LSDV strains. Further, we adapted the isolated virus in Vero cells. Infection of the isolated LSDV to Vero cells did not produce cytopathic effect (CPE) until the 4th blind passage, but upon adaptation, it produced high viral titres in the cultured cells. The kinetics of viral DNA synthesis and one-step growth curve analysis suggested that Vero cell-adapted LSDV initiates synthesizing its genome at ~24 hours post-infection (hpi) with a peak level at ~96 hpi whereas evidence of progeny virus particles was observed at 36–48 hours (h) with a peak titre at ~120 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study describes the first successful isolation of LSDV in India, besides providing insights into the life cycle Vero cell-adapted LSDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- * E-mail: (NK); (SB); (BNT)
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Khushboo Chaudhary
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Sanjit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Sciences, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India
| | - Madhurendu K. Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- * E-mail: (NK); (SB); (BNT)
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- * E-mail: (NK); (SB); (BNT)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Acute acalculous cholecystitis is usually seen in association with systemic medical illness, or after surgery, trauma or burn and is considered as a more severe disease than acute calculous cholecystitis. We recently had the opportunity of observing a patient who was admitted in a surgical emergency with clinical features of acute cholecystitis and was found to have Orientia tsutsugamushi infection after a strong clinical suspicion of acute tropical fever illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Pannu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Smitha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nithiyanandan Ravi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manisha Biswal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Savita Kumari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Kumar R, Riyesh T, Dedar RK, Kumar M, Gulati BR, Sharma S, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Antiviral activity of Apigenin against buffalopox: Novel mechanistic insights and drug-resistance considerations. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104870. [PMID: 32707051 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein that Apigenin, which is a dietary flavonoid, exerts a strong in vitro and in ovo antiviral efficacy against buffalopox virus (BPXV). Apigenin treatment was shown to inhibit synthesis of viral DNA, mRNA and proteins, without affecting other steps of viral life cycle such as attachment, entry and budding. Although the major mode of antiviral action of Apigenin was shown to be mediated via targeting certain cellular factors, a modest inhibitory effect of Apigenin was also observed directly on viral polymerase. We also evaluated the selection of drug-resistant virus variants under long-term selection pressure of Apigenin. Wherein Apigenin-resistant mutants were not observed up to ~ P20 (passage 20), a significant resistance was observed to the antiviral action of Apigenin at ~ P30. However, a high degree resistance could not be observed even up to P60. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing in vitro and in ovo antiviral efficacy of Apigenin against poxvirus infection. The study also provides mechanistic insights on the antiviral activity of Apigenin and selection of potential Apigenin-resistant mutants upon long-term culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India; Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Basic Science and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- Equine Health Unit, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar N, Chander Y, Riyesh T, Khandelwal N, Kumar R, Kumar H, Tripathi BN, Barua S. Isolation and characterization of bovine herpes virus 5 (BoHV5) from cattle in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232093. [PMID: 32330151 PMCID: PMC7182196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) and 5 (BoHV5) are genetically and antigenically related alphaherpesviruses. Infection with one virus induces protective immunity against the other. However, disease associated with BoHV1 and BoHV5 varies significantly; whereas BoHV1 infection is usually associated with rhinotracheitis and abortion, BoHV5 causes encephalitis in cattle. BoHV5 outbreaks are sporadic and mainly restricted to the South American countries. We report BoHV5 infection for the first time from aborted cattle in India. Based on the characteristic cytopathic effects in MDBK cells, amplification of the viral genome by PCR, differential PCR for BoHV1/BoHV5, nucleotide sequencing and restriction endonuclease patterns, identity of the virus was confirmed as BoHV5 subtype A. Serum samples from the aborted cattle strongly neutralized both BoHV1 and BoHV5 suggesting an active viral infection in the herd. Upon UL27, UL44 and UL54 gene-based sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated virus clustered with BoHV5 strains and showed highest similarity with the Brazilian BoHV5 strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- * E-mail: (NK); (SB); (BNT)
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- * E-mail: (NK); (SB); (BNT)
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- * E-mail: (NK); (SB); (BNT)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Panigrahi S, Jindal N, Kumar P, Barua S, Kumar N, Riyesh T, Chander Y. Molecular characterization of chicken astroviruses in gout-affected commercial broiler chickens in Haryana, India. Virusdisease 2019; 30:551-561. [PMID: 31897418 PMCID: PMC6917690 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken astroviruses (CAstVs) infect young chicks and are associated with gastroenteritis, stunted growth or visceral gout (gout). True incidence and distribution of CAstVs as well as virus variants circulating in India is not well understood. In this study, 80 gout-affected broiler chicken flocks from Haryana, a north-western state of India, were tested for the presence of astroviruses by targeting the polymerase gene of both CAstV and avian nephritis virus (ANV) and capsid gene of CAstV. Of these, 22 (27.5%) flocks were found positive for CAstV, 7(8.75%) for ANV and 2 (2.5%) for both CAstV and ANV genome by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. CAstV was isolated by inoculating tissue (kidney) homogenate from gout-affected birds into specific-pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs where the infected embryos showed stunted growth with necrosis of liver and enlarged kidney with urate deposits. Capsid gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed the clustering of CAstV strains from this study with Indian strains of serogroup Biii suggesting their antigenic relatedness. Thus the present study reveals the presence of chicken astroviruses in broiler chickens affected with gout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Panigrahi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar N, Khandelwal N, Kumar R, Chander Y, Rawat KD, Chaubey KK, Sharma S, Singh SV, Riyesh T, Tripathi BN, Barua S. Inhibitor of Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-ATPase Impairs Multiple Steps of Paramyxovirus Replication. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:209. [PMID: 30814986 PMCID: PMC6381065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA) is a membrane-bound cytosolic enzyme which is known to regulate the uptake of calcium into the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that SERCA can also regulate virus replication. Treatment of Vero cells with SERCA-specific inhibitor (Thapsigargin) at a concentration that is nontoxic to the cells significantly reduced Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) replication. Conversely, overexpression of SERCA rescued the inhibitory effect of Thapsigargin on virus replication. PPRV and NDV infection induced SERCA expression in Vero cells, which could be blocked by Thapsigargin. Besides inducing enhanced formation of cytoplasmic foci, Thapsigargin was shown to block viral entry into the target cells as well as synthesis of viral proteins. Furthermore, NDV was shown to acquire significant resistance to Thapsigargin upon long-term passage (P) in Vero cells. As compared to the P0 and P70-Control, the fusion (F) protein of P70-Thapsigargin virus exhibited a unique mutation at amino acid residue 104 (E104K), whereas no Thapsigargin-associated mutations were observed in HN gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the virus-supportive role of SERCA and a rare report suggesting that viruses may acquire resistance even in the presence of an inhibitor that targets a cellular factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | | | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Riyesh T, Tripathi BN, Kashyap SK, Barua S, Maherchandani S, Kumar N. MNK1 inhibitor as an antiviral agent suppresses buffalopox virus protein synthesis. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Madakshira MG, Bhardwaj S, Gupta K, Chander Y, Bhalla A. A fatal case of enterovirus infection with secondary hemophagocytosis-case report with review of literature. APMIS 2018; 126:877-882. [PMID: 30357959 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus is a common viral infection, which can affect multiple organ systems with an array of clinical presentation such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and disseminated infections. The illness is usually asymptomatic and self-limited but few cases can be severe and life-threatening especially when associated with hemophagocytosis. We discuss a fatal case of disseminated enterovirus infection and the histomorphological features of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Gopal Madakshira
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunny Bhardwaj
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- Reader, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040
| | - R N Misra
- Reader, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040
| | - Ramji Rai
- Professor & Head, Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- Reader, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College. Pune 411 040
| | - Ramji Rai
- Professor and Head. Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College. Pune 411 040
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Rawat KD, Riyesh T, Nishanth C, Sharma S, Jindal N, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Emetine inhibits replication of RNA and DNA viruses without generating drug-resistant virus variants. Antiviral Res 2017. [PMID: 28624461 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At a noncytotoxic concentration, emetine was found to inhibit replication of DNA viruses [buffalopoxvirus (BPXV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)] as well as RNA viruses [peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)]. Using the time-of-addition and virus step-specific assays, we showed that emetine treatment resulted in reduced synthesis of viral RNA (PPRV and NDV) and DNA (BPXV and BHV-1) as well as inhibiting viral entry (NDV and BHV-1). In addition, emetine treatment also resulted in decreased synthesis of viral proteins. In a cell free endogenous viral polymerase assay, emetine was found to significantly inhibit replication of NDV, but not BPXV genome, suggesting that besides directly inhibiting specific viral polymerases, emetine may also target other factors essentially required for efficient replication of the viral genome. Moreover, emetine was found to significantly inhibit BPXV-induced pock lesions on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) along with associated mortality of embryonated chicken eggs. At a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 126.49 ng/egg and at an effective concentration 50 (EC50) of 3.03 ng/egg, the therapeutic index of the emetine against BPXV was determined to be 41.74. Emetine was also found to significantly delay NDV-induced mortality in chicken embryos associated with reduced viral titers. Further, emetine-resistant mutants were not observed upon long-term (P = 25) sequential passage of BPXV and NDV in cell culture. Collectively, we have extended the effective antiviral activity of emetine against diverse groups of DNA and RNA viruses and propose that emetine could provide significant therapeutic value against some of these viruses without inducing an antiviral drug-resistant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Chikkahonnaiah Nishanth
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Benzine JW, Brown KM, Agans KN, Godiska R, Mire CE, Gowda K, Converse B, Geisbert TW, Mead DA, Chander Y. Molecular Diagnostic Field Test for Point-of-Care Detection of Ebola Virus Directly From Blood. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S234-S242. [PMID: 27638947 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular diagnostic method for robust detection of Ebola virus (EBOV) at the point of care (POC) directly from blood samples is described. This assay is based on reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) of the glycoprotein gene of EBOV. Complete reaction formulations were lyophilized in 0.2-mL polymerase chain reaction tubes. RT-LAMP reactions were performed on a battery-operated isothermal instrument. Limit of detection of this RT-LAMP assay was 2.8 × 102 plaque-forming units (PFU)/test and 1 × 103 PFU/test within 40 minutes for EBOV-Kikwit and EBOV-Makona, respectively. This assay was found to be specific for the detection of EBOV, as no nonspecific amplification was detected in blood samples spiked with closely related viruses and other pathogens. These results showed that this diagnostic test can be used at the point of care for rapid and specific detection of EBOV directly from blood with high sensitivity within 40 minutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Manocha H, Dua S, Chander Y, Tailang M. Cryptosporidiosis, whether it is more prevalent in Southern India. Trop Parasitol 2014; 4:125-7. [PMID: 25250236 PMCID: PMC4166799 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.138543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species is identified as an important cause of morbidity in children and adults. Prevalence rate as reported from various studies in India is much lower when compared to developed word. Present study was designed to analyze the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. Stool samples from 306 patients suffering with gastrointestinal symptoms were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. A higher prevalence (25%) was found when compared to reports from north east and western India. Cryptosporidium was prevalent in 35-36% of adults, 17% of children and 20% of infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harmesh Manocha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Dua
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Tailang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bagga PK, Bhargava SK, Aggarwal N, Chander Y. Primary subcutaneous inguinal hydatid cyst: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:FD11-3. [PMID: 25302206 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8692.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydatid disease or human cystic echinococcosis, recognized by ancient scholars such as Hippocrates, Galen and Rhazes, is one of the oldest diseases known to man. Though hydatid cyst may develop in almost any part of the body, a solitary primary subcutaneous localization is an extremely rare entity. We herein report a case of primary subcutaneous inguinal hydatid cyst which was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Radiological examination done subsequently corroborated with the cytodiagnosis of Hydatid cyst and did not show involvement of any other organ or site. Histopathological examination of surgically removed cyst confirmed the diagnosis of Hydatid cyst. Hydatid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all unusual swellings in soft tissues, especially in regions where the disease is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Permeet Kaur Bagga
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Amritsar, India
| | - Satish Kumar Bhargava
- Professor and Head, Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences & Research and Sharda Hospital, Sharda University , Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Neema Aggarwal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences & Research and Sharda Hospital, Sharda University , Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences & Research and Sharda Hospital, Sharda University , Greater Noida, U.P, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chander Y, Koelbl J, Puckett J, Moser MJ, Klingele AJ, Liles MR, Carrias A, Mead DA, Schoenfeld TW. A novel thermostable polymerase for RNA and DNA loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Front Microbiol 2014; 5:395. [PMID: 25136338 PMCID: PMC4117986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meeting the goal of providing point of care (POC) tests for molecular detection of pathogens in low resource settings places stringent demands on all aspects of the technology. OmniAmp DNA polymerase (Pol) is a thermostable viral enzyme that enables true POC use in clinics or in the field by overcoming important barriers to isothermal amplification. In this paper, we describe the multiple advantages of OmniAmp Pol as an isothermal amplification enzyme and provide examples of its use in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for pathogen detection. The inherent reverse transcriptase activity of OmniAmp Pol allows single enzyme detection of RNA targets in RT-LAMP. Common methods of nucleic acid amplification are highly susceptible to sample contaminants, necessitating elaborate nucleic acid purification protocols that are incompatible with POC or field use. OmniAmp Pol was found to be less inhibited by whole blood components typical in certain crude sample preparations. Moreover, the thermostability of the enzyme compared to alternative DNA polymerases (Bst) and reverse transcriptases allows pretreatment of complete reaction mixes immediately prior to amplification, which facilitates amplification of highly structured genome regions. Compared to Bst, OmniAmp Pol has a faster time to result, particularly with more dilute templates. Molecular diagnostics in field settings can be challenging due to the lack of refrigeration. The stability of OmniAmp Pol is compatible with a dry format that enables long term storage at ambient temperatures. A final requirement for field operability is compatibility with either commonly available instruments or, in other cases, a simple, inexpensive, portable detection mode requiring minimal training or power. Detection of amplification products is shown using lateral flow strips and analysis on a real-time PCR instrument. Results of this study show that OmniAmp Pol is ideally suited for low resource molecular detection of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Abel Carrias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface contamination has been implicated in the transmission of certain viruses, and surface disinfection can be an effective measure to interrupt the spread of these agents. AIM To evaluate the in-vitro efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV), a vapour-phase disinfection method, for the inactivation of a number of structurally distinct viruses of importance in the healthcare, veterinary and public sectors. The viruses studied were: feline calicivirus (FCV, a norovirus surrogate); human adenovirus type 1; transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs (TGEV, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] surrogate); avian influenza virus (AIV); and swine influenza virus (SwIV). METHODS The viruses were dried on stainless steel discs in 20- or 40-μL aliquots and exposed to HPV produced by a Clarus L generator (Bioquell, Horsham, PA, USA) in a 0.2-m(3) environmental chamber. Three vaporized volumes of hydrogen peroxide were tested in triplicate for each virus: 25, 27 and 33 mL. FINDINGS No viable viruses were identified after HPV exposure at any of the vaporized volumes tested. HPV was virucidal (>4-log reduction) against FCV, adenovirus, TGEV and AIV at the lowest vaporized volume tested (25 mL). For SwIV, due to low virus titre on the control discs, >3.8-log reduction was shown for the 25-mL vaporized volume and >4-log reduction was shown for the 27-mL and 33-mL vaporized volumes. CONCLUSION HPV was virucidal for structurally distinct viruses dried on surfaces, suggesting that HPV can be considered for the disinfection of virus-contaminated surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Y Chander
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - S Yezli
- Bioquell UK Ltd, Andover, UK
| | - J A Otter
- Bioquell UK Ltd, Andover, UK; Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research (CIDR), Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar D, Singh AK, Ali MR, Chander Y. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli from Various Clinical Samples. Infect Dis (Lond) 2014; 7:1-8. [PMID: 24847178 PMCID: PMC4024053 DOI: 10.4137/idrt.s13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli has tremendously increased worldwide and it is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality associated with hospital-acquired infections. This could be attributed to association of multi drug resistance in ESBL producing isolates. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of ESBL producing E. coli isolates from various clinical samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical samples, which consist of pus, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, sputum, swabs, and different body fluids, are included in the study. Samples were processed and identified as per routine laboratory protocol. ESBL screening and confirmation along with antimicrobial susceptibility test was done according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. RESULTS Out of 180 third generation cephalosporins resistant E. coli, 100 (55.55%) isolates were ESBL producers showing a greater degree of resistance to antibiotics. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ESBL is increasing day by day in nearly every center of different countries and necessary steps to prevent the spread and emergence of resistance should be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Gold Field Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Rashid Ali
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stone DM, Chander Y, Bekele AZ, Goyal SM, Hariharan H, Tiwari K, Chikweto A, Sharma R. Genotypes, Antibiotic Resistance, and ST-8 Genetic Clone in Campylobacter Isolates from Sheep and Goats in Grenada. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:212864. [PMID: 24693459 PMCID: PMC3944391 DOI: 10.1155/2014/212864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectal swabs from 155 sheep and 252 goats from Grenada were evaluated to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., antibiotic resistance, and multilocus sequence types. Fifteen Campylobacter isolates were obtained (14 C. jejuni and 1 C. coli). The prevalence (3.7%) did not differ significantly between sheep (4.5%) and goats (3.2%). Among the seven antimicrobials tested, resistance was only detected for tetracycline (30.8%) and metronidazole (38.5%). Campylobacter isolates showed no significant difference between sheep and goats for type of antimicrobial resistance or percent of resistant isolates. Twelve of the isolates were successfully genotyped consisting of four recognized clonal complexes and three novel sequence types. Importantly, one isolate from one goat was identified as the C. jejuni sequence type-8, a zoonotic and tetracycline-resistant clone reported to be a highly virulent clone associated with ovine abortion in the USA. Although most samples were from comingled sheep and goat production units, there were no shared sequence types between these two host species. None of the sequence types identified in this study have previously been reported in poultry in Grenada, suggesting sheep- and goat-specific Campylobacter clones in Grenada. This is the first report of genotyping of Campylobacter isolates from sheep and goats in the Eastern Caribbean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Stone
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P.O. Box 7, St. George, Grenada
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Aschalew Z. Bekele
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Harry Hariharan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P.O. Box 7, St. George, Grenada
| | - Keshaw Tiwari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P.O. Box 7, St. George, Grenada
| | - Alfred Chikweto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P.O. Box 7, St. George, Grenada
| | - Ravindra Sharma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P.O. Box 7, St. George, Grenada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kang DH, Gupta S, Rosen C, Fritz V, Singh A, Chander Y, Murray H, Rohwer C. Antibiotic uptake by vegetable crops from manure-applied soils. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9992-10001. [PMID: 24106840 DOI: 10.1021/jf404045m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified the uptake of five antibiotics (chlortetracycline, monensin, sulfamethazine, tylosin, and virginiamycin) by 11 vegetable crops in two different soils that were fertilized with raw versus composted turkey and hog manures or inorganic fertilizer. Almost all vegetables showed some uptake of antibiotics from manure treatments. However, statistical testing showed that except for a few isolated treatments the concentrations of all antibiotics in vegetable tissues were generally less than the limits of quantification. Further testing of the significant treatments showed that antibiotic concentrations in vegetables from many of these treatments were not significantly different than the corresponding concentrations from the fertilizer treatment (matrix effect). All five antibiotic concentrations in the studied vegetables were <10 μg kg(-1). On the basis of the standards for maximum residue levels in animal tissues and suggested maximum daily intake based on body weight, this concentration would not pose any health risk unless one is allergic to that particular antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Kang
- Department of Soil, Water, & Climate, University of Minnesota , 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul , Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Singh AK, Gupta S, Kumar K, Gupta S, Chander Y, Gupta A, Saxena R. Quantitative analysis of conjugated and free estrogens in swine manure: Solutions to overcome analytical problems due to matrix effects. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:203-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
34
|
Abdel-Latif A, Goyal S, Chander Y, Abdel-Moneim A, Tamam S, Madbouly H. Isolation and molecular characterisation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:270-80. [PMID: 23661394 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine fetuses and neonates from sheep and goats in Egypt were screened for pestiviruses using immunohistochemistry (IHC), virus isolation, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two goat kids with typical border disease (BD) were positive for pestivirus infection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal anti-BDV serum but not when four different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used. On inoculation in MDBK cells, a cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was isolated from one of the two kids. PCR amplification followed by sequencing of the 5'-UTR region confirmed it as BVDV subtype 1b. Although the circulating virus in Egypt is considered to be BVDV 1a, this report confirms the existence of BVDV 1b in addition to BVDV 1a. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt and is probably the second report worldwide of a goat kid showing central nervous signs associated with border disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagar Goyal
- 1 University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Yogesh Chander
- 1 University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | | | - Sabry Tamam
- 2 Beni-Suef University Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Hanafy Madbouly
- 2 Beni-Suef University Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni-Suef Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zuo Z, de Abin M, Chander Y, Kuehn TH, Goyal SM, Pui DYH. Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non-woven fabrics. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:637-44. [PMID: 23398976 PMCID: PMC5781197 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To experimentally determine the survival kinetics of influenza virus on personal protective equipment (PPE) and to evaluate the risk of virus transfer from PPE, it is important to compare the effects on virus recovery of the method used to contaminate the PPE with virus and the type of eluent used to recover it. METHODS Avian influenza virus (AIV) was applied as a liquid suspension (spike test) and as an aerosol to three types of non-woven fabrics [polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), and polyamide (Nylon)] that are commonly used in the manufacture of PPE. This was followed by virus recovery using eight different eluents (phosphate-buffered saline, minimum essential medium, and 1.5% or 3.0% beef extract at pH 7, 8, or 9). RESULTS For spike tests, no statistically significant difference was found in virus recovery using any of the eluents tested. Hydrophobic surfaces (PP and PET) yielded higher spiked virus recovery than hydrophilic Nylon. From all materials, the virus recovery was much lower in aerosol challenge tests than in spike tests. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences were found in the recovery of viable AIV from non-woven fabrics between spike and aerosol challenge tests. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for realistic aerosol challenge tests rather than liquid spike tests in studies of virus survival on surfaces where airborne transmission of influenza virus may get involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chander Y, Primus A, Oliveira S, Gebhart CJ. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel strongly hemolytic Brachyspira species, provisionally designated "Brachyspira hampsonii". J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 24:903-10. [PMID: 22914820 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712456975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, outbreaks of severe bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis have been reported in the United States and Canada. Though the primary causative agent of swine dysentery is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which is strongly hemolytic, the current report describes the isolation of a novel strongly hemolytic Brachyspira sp. This novel Brachyspira sp. was identified from clinical submissions at the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, and 40 of such isolates were obtained from 22 clinical submissions representing 5 states. Isolates were confirmed to be different from any known Brachyspira sp. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of nox and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analyses grouped all isolates into 2 clades (clades I and II), and grouping patterns were similar for both nox and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Phenotypically, all isolates were indole and hippurate negative, and enzymatic profiling indicated 2 types of profiles, irrespective of the phylogenetic grouping, differing only in the production of β-glucosidase. The results suggest that a potentially virulent new species of Brachyspira sp., provisionally named "Brachyspira hampsonii ", is circulating among swine herds in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chander Y, Johnson T, Goyal SM, Russell RJ. Antiviral activity of Ecasol against feline calicivirus, a surrogate of human norovirus. J Infect Public Health 2012; 5:420-4. [PMID: 23287613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in closed settings such as hospitals, hotels and cruise ships. The virus survives on inanimate surfaces for extended periods of time, and environmental contamination has been implicated in its transmission. The disinfection of contaminated areas is important in controlling the spread of NoV infections. Neutral solutions of electrochemically activated (ECA)-anolyte have been shown to be powerful disinfectants against a broad range of bacterial pathogens. The active chemical ingredient is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is registered as an approved food contact surface sanitizer in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency, pursuant to 40 CFR 180.940. We evaluated the antiviral activity of Ecasol (an ECA-anolyte) against feline calicivirus (FCV), a surrogate of NoV. FCV dried on plastic surfaces was exposed to Ecasol for 1, 2, or 5min. After exposure to Ecasol, the virus titers were compared with untreated controls to determine the virus inactivation efficacy after different contact times. Ecasol was found to decrease the FCV titer by >5log(10) within 1min of contact, indicating its suitability for inactivation of NoV on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jindal N, Chander Y, Patnayak DP, Mor SK, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. A multiplex RT-PCR for the detection of astrovirus, rotavirus, and reovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis 2012; 56:592-6. [PMID: 23050480 DOI: 10.1637/9958-100911-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop and validate a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) for simultaneous detection of avian rotavirus, turkey astrovirus-2 (TAstV-2), and avian reovirus. Primers targeting the conserved regions of NSP4 gene of avian rotavirus, polymerase gene of TAstV-2, and S4 gene of avian reovirus were used. The position of bands at 630, 802, and 1120 base pairs on agarose gel confirmed the presence of rotavirus, TAstV-2, and reovirus, respectively. This mRT-PCR was found to be specific as no amplification was observed with avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, turkey coronavirus, avian metapneumovirus, and intestinal contents of uninfected turkey poults. Intestinal contents of poults from flocks suspected of exhibiting "poult enteritis syndrome" were pooled and tested. Of the 120 pooled samples tested, 70% were positive for TAstV-2, 45% for avian rotavirus, and 18% for avian reovirus. These three viruses were detected alone or in different combinations. Of the samples tested, 20% were negative for these three viruses, 38% were positive for a single virus (TAstV or rotavirus or reovirus), and 42% were positive for two or three viruses. This single-tube mRT-PCR assay has the potential to serve as a rapid diagnostic method for the simultaneous detection of the three enteric viruses in turkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chander Y, Jindal N, Sreevatsan S, Stallknecht DE, Goyal SM. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of matrix gene of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and live bird markets in the USA. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:513-20. [PMID: 22958470 PMCID: PMC4941746 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild birds are the natural hosts for influenza A viruses (IAVs) and provide a niche for the maintenance of this virus. OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to analyze nucleotide sequences of the matrix (M) gene of AIVs isolated from wild birds and live bird markets (LBMs) to index the changes occurring in this gene. METHODS M-gene of 229 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates obtained from wild birds and LBMs was amplified and sequenced. Full-length sequences (∼900 nt.) thus obtained were analyzed to identify changes that may be associated with resistance to adamantanes. Phylogenetic analysis of all sequences was performed using clustalw, and evolutionary distances were calculated by maximum composite likelihood method using mega (ver. 5.0) software. RESULTS Twenty-seven different viral subtypes were represented with H3N8 being the most dominant subtype in wild birds and H7N2 being the predominant subtype among isolates from LBMs. Phylogenetic analysis of the M-gene showed a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity with US isolates of AIVs but not with those of Asian or European lineages. While none of the isolates from wild birds had any antiviral resistance-associated mutations, 17 LBM isolates carried polymorphisms known to cause reduced susceptibility to antiviral drugs (adamantanes). Of these 17 isolates, 16 had S31N change and one isolate had V27A mutation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate independent evolution of M-gene in the absence of any antiviral drugs leading to mutations causing resistance indicating the need for continued active surveillance of AIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mor SK, Chander Y, Marthaler D, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Detection and molecular characterization of Porcine astrovirus strains associated with swine diarrhea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1064-7. [PMID: 22956487 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712458781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus has been reported to be associated with diarrhea in pigs. The current study was conducted for the detection and molecular characterization of astroviruses in diarrheic pigs submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota. Intestinal contents from 269 pigs were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and 62% were found positive for astroviruses. Of the positive samples, 20% were positive for astrovirus alone while astrovirus with rotavirus was detected in 58% of the samples. The remaining 22% revealed the presence of astrovirus along with Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or Porcine circovirus-2. Sequencing the capsid gene of 56 randomly selected samples confirmed them to be Porcine astrovirus type 4 (PAstV-4) with 58-100% nucleotide identity within these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 possible subgroups. The results indicate that PAstV is present on swine farms in the United States and that it may be associated with diarrhea either alone or in combination with other enteric viruses. Further studies are needed to determine strain diversity among porcine astroviruses so that appropriate control strategies can be devised and implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
El Zowalaty M, Chander Y, Redig P, Goyal S. Selective isolation of avian influenza virus from cloacal samples containing mixed infection of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
42
|
El Zowalaty ME, Abin M, Chander Y, Redig PT, Goyal SM. Improved Method for the Isolation and Sub-Typing of Avian Influenza Viruses from Oropharyngeal Samples of Ducks. Avian Dis 2011; 55:439-42. [DOI: 10.1637/9677-020311-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
43
|
Chander Y, Oliveira SR, Goyal SM. Identification of the tet(B) resistance gene in Streptococcus suis. Vet J 2011; 189:359-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
44
|
El Zowalaty ME, Abin M, Chander Y, Redig PT, Goyal SM. Isolation of H5 avian influenza viruses from waterfowl in the upper Midwest region of the United States. Avian Dis 2011; 55:259-62. [PMID: 21793443 DOI: 10.1637/9477-072110-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the H5N1 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) has become an important zoonotic pathogen. The surveillance of AIV in its natural host, the waterfowl, is crucial to monitoring and controlling the disease in poultry and other species. In this study, we report on the isolation of H5 AIV from cloacal swabs of waterfowl captured in Minnesota and South Dakota. We screened a total of 7260 cloacal samples from waterfowl using matrix gene-directed, real-time reverse transcription-(rRT-PCR) and H5-specific rRT-PCR and found 148 samples to be positive for the H5 subtype. On inoculation of 71 of these samples in embryonated chicken eggs, 25 samples yielded H5 AIV. On subtyping with N-specific primers, we detected a mixture of subtypes in 15 isolates. Molecular pathotyping confirmed the isolated H5 subtypes to be low pathogenicity avian influenza. Continuation of AIV surveillance programs should help in understanding the epidemiology and ecology of AIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Agarwal A, Chander Y, Nagendra A. Serological Evidence of Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Coronary Artery Disease. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 63:229-32. [PMID: 27408004 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(07)80141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection could be involved in atherosclerosis and related clinical manifestations such as coronary artery disease, carotid artery stenosis and myocardial infarction. METHODS Serum IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to chlamydia genus specific antigen were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 100 cases of angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) and 100 randomly selected healthy individuals as controls after matching for age and sex. All the samples positive for chlamydia genus specific IgG antibodies were then subjected to Chlamydia pneumoniae species specific IgG antibody ELISA. RESULTS Seroprevalence of chlamydia genus specific IgG antibodies in control group was 59% with an increase in seropositivity with increasing age. The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 76% in CAD group and the prevalence was significantly high in all age groups as compared to controls. The odds ratio was 2.20 for seropositivity of chlamydia genus specific IgG antibodies in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and/or angina than in control group. No significant association was observed for IgA and IgM anti-chlamydial antibodies. The odds ratio for prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae species specific IgG antibodies in CAD patients increased to 2.55 in comparison to age and sex matched controls. CONCLUSION Current study supports the reported association between C pneumoniae infection and CAD in Indian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Agarwal
- Graded Specialist (Pathology), Military Hospital, Saugar, MP
| | - Y Chander
- Senior Advisor (Pathology), Command Hospital (Northern Command), C/o 56 APO
| | - A Nagendra
- Ex- Dy Commandant, Command Hospital (Western Command), Chandimandir
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Eswaran SP, Praharaj AK, Chander Y, Nagendra A. Potency Titration of Oral Polio Vaccine by Estimation of Live Virus Content Using Tissue Culture Technique. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 59:105-7. [PMID: 27407478 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(03)80049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Representative vaccines from 34 different batches of oral log10 (6.425) and a minimum titre of polio vaccine (OPV) were tested for potency by tissue culture technique. All 34 samples were found to be potent, a maximum titre of log10 (6.425) and a minimum titre of log10 (5.86) was obtained. In addition, 6 vaccines from the immunisation clinic (left over sample after immunisation) were also subjected to potency titration and their potency was found to be within normal limits. Adequate potency confirmed ideal storage condition of the vaccines in Armed Forces set up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Priya Eswaran
- Ex-Post Graduate Student (Microbiology), Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| | - A K Praharaj
- Senior Advisor (Pathology and Microbiology), 151 Base Hospital, C/o 99 APO
| | - Y Chander
- Classified Specialist (Pathology and Microbiology), 159 General Hospital, C/o 56 APO
| | - A Nagendra
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Malik YS, Chander Y, Olsen K, Goyal SM. Antimicrobial resistance in enteric pathogens isolated from Minnesota pigs from 1995 to 2004. Can J Vet Res 2011; 75:117-121. [PMID: 21731182 PMCID: PMC3062921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. isolated from swine samples submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL) in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1995 to 2004. During this time period, a total of 5072 E. coli and 2793 Salmonella sp. was isolated. Most of these isolates were found to be resistant to the tetracycline and beta-lactam group of antibiotics. Resistance to spectinomycin was also frequently observed. An increasing trend in ampicillin resistance and a decreasing trend in apramycin resistance were seen in both pathogens, although ampicillin resistance was relatively higher in E. coli than in Salmonella. Aminoglycoside (amikacin) and quinolone (enrofloxacin) were the only antimicrobials to which minimum or no resistance was observed. The resistance of pig pathogens to several antibiotics indicates the need to routinely monitor the use of these antimicrobials and their associated resistance in pig populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Sagar M. Goyal; telephone: (612) 625-2714; fax: (612) 624-8707; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zowalaty MEE, Chander Y, Redig PT, El Latif HKA, Sayed MAE, Goyal SM. Selective Isolation of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from Cloacal Samples Containing AIV and Newcastle Disease Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:330-2. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are important zoonotic pathogens whose natural reservoir is waterfowl. In addition to AIV, waterfowl are often coinfected with other viruses, such as the paramyxoviruses, of which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is of particular importance because of the highly virulent nature of certain strains of this virus for domestic poultry. In routine surveillance of waterfowl for AIV, a number of cloacal samples were encountered that were positive for AIV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but did not yield AIV by inoculation in embryonated chicken eggs. On further testing, these samples were also positive for NDV by conventional RT-PCR. It was hypothesized that if both NDV and AIV are present in a sample, the former may overgrow AIV yielding false-negative AIV results. Such samples were treated with chicken anti-NDV polyclonal antiserum and then inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. Several samples were found to be positive for different subtypes of AIV, indicating that, in the presence of mixed infection with NDV and AIV, it is imperative to remove the influence of NDV, so a true picture of AIV prevalence emerges. An additional benefit is that information on the circulation of NDV in these birds sheds light on their epidemiologic and ecologic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Patrick T. Redig
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Hemmat K. Abd El Latif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona A. El Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jindal N, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. Comparison of capsid gene sequences of turkey astrovirus-2 from poult-enteritis-syndrome-affected and apparently healthy turkeys. Arch Virol 2011; 156:969-77. [PMID: 21327787 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine genetic variations in the capsid gene of turkey astrovirus-2 (TAstV-2) detected in apparently healthy and poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected turkeys. Capsid genes of astroviruses obtained from 30 PES-affected and 45 apparently healthy turkey flocks had sequence homologies of 73.4-100% and 72.4-100% at the nucleotide levels, respectively. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences revealed one amino acid deletion at position 552 in 28 (93.3%) of 30 PES-affected cases. However, there were two deletions (at positions 551 and 552) in 31 (68.9%) of 45 TAstV-2 from apparently healthy flocks. The TAstV-2 (6.7%) from two PES-affected cases had two amino acid insertions each between positions 552 and 553, while TAstV-2 from 14 (31.1%) of 45 healthy flocks had two insertions at the same position. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences revealed that the astroviruses in this study were closely related to most of the previously published TAstV-2 isolates. The sequence homology of TAstV-2 in this study ranged from 70.4% to 99.4% at the nucleotide level with those of previously published TAstV-2 isolates. The variations at the amino acid level in the capsid gene suggest the possibility of the existence of different serotypes of turkey astrovirus. The close relationship of turkey astroviruses from apparently healthy flocks to those from PES-affected cases in capsid gene phylogeny necessitates further studies to compare complete capsid gene sequences from both types of flocks from different geographic areas for better understanding of TAstV circulating in turkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee D, Chander Y, Goyal SM, Cui T. Carbon nanotube electric immunoassay for the detection of swine influenza virus H1N1. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3482-7. [PMID: 21354779 PMCID: PMC7126489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost, label-free, ultra-sensitive electric immunoassay is developed for the detection of swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1. The assay is based on the excellent electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Antibody–virus complexes influence the conductance of underlying SWCNT thin film, which has been constructed by facile layer-by-layer self-assembly. The basic steps of conventional immunoassay are performed followed by the electric characterization of immunochips at the last stage. The resistance of immunochips tends to increase upon surface adsorption of macromolecules such as poly-l-lysine, anti-SIV antibodies, and SIVs during the assay. The resistance shift after the binding of SIV with anti-SIV antibody is normalized with the resistances of bare devices. The sensor selectivity tests are performed with non-SIVs, showing the normalized resistance shift of 12% as a background. The detection limit of 180 TCID50/ml of SIV is obtained suggesting a potential application of this assay as point-of-care detection or monitoring system. This facile CNT-based immunoassay also has the potential to be used as a sensing platform for lab-on-a-chip system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|