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Yang J, Xiao S, Lu L, Wang H, Jiang Y. Genomic and molecular characterization of a cyprinid herpesvirus 2 YC-01 strain isolated from gibel carp. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32811. [PMID: 39035518 PMCID: PMC11259805 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is the pathogen of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), causing the severe economic losses in farmed gibel carp (Carassius gibelio). Further exploration of the genome structure and potential molecular pathogenesis of CyHV-2 through complete genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and molecular characterization is required. Herein, the genome of a CyHV-2 YC-01 strain isolated from diseased gibel carp collected in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China was sequenced, then we analyzed the genomic structure, genetic properties, and molecular characterization. First, the complete YC-01 genome comprises 275,367 bp without terminal repeat (TR) regions, with 151 potential open reading frames (ORFs). Second, compared with other representative published strains of the genus Cyvirus, several evident variations are found in YC-01, particularly the orientation and position of ORF25 and ORF25B. ORF107 and ORF156 are considered as potential molecular genetic markers for YC-01. ORF55 (encoding thymidine kinase) might be used to distinguish YC-01 and ST-J1 from other CyHV-2 isolates. Third, phylogenetically, YC-01 clusters with the members of the genus Cyvirus (together with the other six CyHV-2 isolates). Fourth, 43 putative proteins are predicted to be functional and are mainly divided into five categories. Several conserved motifs are found in nucleotide, amino acid, and promoter sequences including cis-acting elements identification of YC-01. Finally, the potential virulence factors and linear B cell epitopes of CyHV-2 are predicted to supply possibilities for designing novel vaccines rationally. Our results provide insights for further understanding genomic structure, genetic evolution, and potential molecular mechanisms of CyHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Simin Xiao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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2
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Quijano Cardé EM, Anenson K, Waldbieser G, Brown CT, Griffin M, Henderson E, Yun S, Soto E. Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 genome and partial validation of a qPCR for its detection in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:45-59. [PMID: 38299849 DOI: 10.3354/dao03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus is the primary species used for caviar and sturgeon meat production in the USA. An important pathogen of white sturgeon is acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2). In this study, 4 archived isolates from temporally discrete natural outbreaks spanning the past 30 yr were sequenced via Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms. Assemblies of approximately 134 kb were obtained for each isolate, and the putative ATPase subunit of the terminase gene was selected as a potential quantitative PCR (qPCR) target based on sequence conservation among AciHV-2 isolates and low sequence homology with other important viral pathogens. The qPCR was repeatable and reproducible, with a linear dynamic range covering 5 orders of magnitude, an efficiency of approximately 96%, an R2 of 0.9872, and an analytical sensitivity of 103 copies per reaction after 35 cycles. There was no cross-reaction with other known viruses or closely related sturgeon species, and no inhibition by sturgeon DNA. Clinical accuracy was assessed from white sturgeon juveniles exposed to AciHV-2 by immersion. Viral culture (gold standard) and qPCR were in complete agreement for both cell culture negative and cell culture positive samples, indicating that this assay has 100% relative accuracy compared to cell culture during an active outbreak. The availability of a whole-genome sequence for AciHV-2 and a highly specific and sensitive qPCR assay for detection of AciHV-2 in white sturgeon lays a foundation for further studies on host-pathogen interactions while providing a specific and rapid test for AciHV-2 in captive and wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Anenson
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Geoffrey Waldbieser
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
| | - C Titus Brown
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matt Griffin
- Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
| | | | - Susan Yun
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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3
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Clouthier S, Tomczyk M, Schroeder T, Klassen C, Dufresne A, Emmenegger E, Nalpathamkalam T, Wang Z, Thiruvahindrapuram B. A New Sturgeon Herpesvirus from Juvenile Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Displaying Epithelial Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2023; 12:1115. [PMID: 37764923 PMCID: PMC10537993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections of sturgeon pose a potential threat to sturgeon culture efforts worldwide. A new epitheliotropic herpesvirus named Acipenser herpesvirus 3 (AciHV-3) was detected in hatchery-reared Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens displaying skin lesions in central Canada. The growths were discovered in the fall, reached average prevalence levels of 0.2-40% and eventually regressed. No unusual mortality was observed. The cellular changes within the lesions included epithelial hyperplasia and were reminiscent of other herpesvirus infections. The virus was not evident in lesions examined by electron microscopy. Skin tissue homogenates from symptomatic sturgeon produced atypical cytopathic effects on a primary Lake Sturgeon cell line, and next-generation sequence analysis of the DNA samples revealed the presence of an alloherpesvirus. A new genotyping PCR assay targeting the major capsid protein sequence detected AciHV-3 in symptomatic Lake Sturgeon as well as other apparently healthy sturgeon species. Bayesian inference of phylogeny reconstructed with a concatenation of five alloherpesvirus core proteins revealed a new Alloherpesviridae lineage isomorphic with a new genus. The presence of AciHV-3 homologs in cell lines and sturgeon sequence datasets, low sequence divergence among these homologs and branching patterns within the genotyping phylogeny provide preliminary evidence of an endogenous virus lifestyle established in an ancestral sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Clouthier
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Marek Tomczyk
- Manitoba Agriculture & Resource Development Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5S6, Canada;
| | - Tamara Schroeder
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Cheryl Klassen
- Manitoba Hydro, 360 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3C 0G8, Canada;
| | - André Dufresne
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
| | - Eveline Emmenegger
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Thomas Nalpathamkalam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
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Volpe E, Errani F, Mandrioli L, Ciulli S. Advances in Viral Aquatic Animal Disease Knowledge: The Molecular Methods' Contribution. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030466. [PMID: 36979158 PMCID: PMC10045235 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-producing sector, with a global production of 122.6 million tonnes in 2020. Nonetheless, aquatic animal production can be hampered by the occurrence of viral diseases. Furthermore, intensive farming conditions and an increasing number of reared fish species have boosted the number of aquatic animals' pathogens that researchers have to deal with, requiring the quick development of new detection and study methods for novel unknown pathogens. In this respect, the molecular tools have significantly contributed to investigating thoroughly the structural constituents of fish viruses and providing efficient detection methods. For instance, next-generation sequencing has been crucial in reassignment to the correct taxonomic family, the sturgeon nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, a group of viruses historically known, but mistakenly considered as iridoviruses. Further methods such as in situ hybridisation allowed objectifying the role played by the pathogen in the determinism of disease, as the cyprinid herpesvirus 2, ostreid herpesvirus 1 and betanodaviruses. Often, a combination of molecular techniques is crucial to understanding the viral role, especially when the virus is detected in a new aquatic animal species. With this paper, the authors would critically revise the scientific literature, dealing with the molecular techniques employed hitherto to study the most relevant finfish and shellfish viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
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Tarján ZL, Doszpoly A, Eszterbauer E, Benkő M. Partial genetic characterisation of a novel alloherpesvirus detected by PCR in a farmed wels catfish (Silurus glanis). Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:321-327. [PMID: 36469305 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
By a broad-range PCR, we detected a novel herpesvirus (HV) in the specimen of a wels catfish (Silurus glanis) presenting disseminated, carp pox-like dermal lesions all over its body. The sequence analysis of the 463-bp PCR product from the viral DNA polymerase gene indicated the presence of a hitherto unknown virus, a putative member of the family Alloherpesviridae in the sample. Another PCR, targeting the terminase gene of fish HVs, provided an additional genomic fragment of over 1,000 bp. Surprisingly, the sequence of a co-amplified, off-target PCR product revealed its origin from a putative gene homologous to ORF87 and ORF45 of cyprinid HVs and anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1), respectively. With specific primers, designed according to the genomic maps of the cyprinid and anguillid HVs, a genomic fragment of 15 kb was also amplified and sequenced by primer walking. In phylogeny inferences, based on several genes, the putative wels catfish HV clustered closest to various cyprinid HVs or to AngHV-1. The novel virus, named as silurid herpesvirus 2, represents a distinct species in the genus Cyprinivirus. However, its association with the skin disease remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán László Tarján
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andor Doszpoly
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Eszterbauer
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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First Isolation of a Herpesvirus (Family Alloherpesviridae) from Great Lakes Lake Sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233230. [PMID: 36496751 PMCID: PMC9740441 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens; LST) is the only native sturgeon species in the Great Lakes (GL), but due to multiple factors, their current populations are estimated to be <1% of historical abundances. Little is known about infectious diseases affecting GL-LST in hatchery and wild settings. Therefore, a two-year disease surveillance study was undertaken, resulting in the detection and first in vitro isolation of a herpesvirus from grossly apparent cutaneous lesions in wild adult LST inhabiting two GL watersheds (Erie and Huron). Histological and ultrastructural examination of lesions revealed proliferative epidermitis associated with herpesvirus-like virions. A virus with identical ultrastructural characteristics was recovered from cells inoculated with lesion tissues. Partial DNA polymerase gene sequencing placed the virus within the Family Alloherpesviridae, with high similarity to a lake sturgeon herpesvirus (LSHV) from Wisconsin, USA. Genomic comparisons revealed ~84% Average Nucleotide Identity between the two isolates, leading to the proposed classification of LSHV-1 (Wisconsin) and LSHV-2 (Michigan) for the two viruses. When naïve juvenile LST were immersion-exposed to LSHV-2, severe disease and ~33% mortality occurred, with virus re-isolated from representative skin lesions, fulfilling Rivers’ postulates. Results collectively show LSHV-2 is associated with epithelial changes in wild adult LST, disease and mortality in juvenile LST, and is a potential threat to GL-LST conservation.
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7
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Complete Genome and Molecular Characterization of a New Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH-01 Strain Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092068. [PMID: 36146873 PMCID: PMC9503944 DOI: 10.3390/v14092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a causative factor of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in farmed crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). In this study, we analyzed the genomic characteristics of a new strain, CyHV-2 SH-01, isolated during outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai, China. CyHV-2 SH-01 exhibited a high sensitivity to goldfish and crucian carp in our previous research. The complete genome of SH-01 is 290,428 bp with 154 potential open reading frames (ORFs) and terminal repeat (TR) regions at both ends. Compared to the sequenced genomes of other CyHVs, Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) and Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1), several variations were found in SH-01, including nucleotide mutations, deletions, and insertions, as well as gene duplications, rearrangements, and horizontal transfers. Overall, the genome of SH-01 shares 99.60% of its identity with that of ST-J1. Genomic collinearity analysis showed that SH-01 has a high degree of collinearity with another three CyHV-2 isolates, and it is generally closely related to CaHV, CyHV-1, and CyHV-3, although it contains many differences in locally collinear blocks (LCBs). The lowest degree of collinearity was found with AngHV-1, despite some homologous LCBs, indicating that they are evolutionarily the most distantly related. The results provide new clues to better understand the CyHV-2 genome through sequencing and sequence mining.
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8
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Walker L, Subramaniam K, Viadanna PHO, Vann JA, Marcquenski S, Godard D, Kieran E, Frasca S, Popov VL, Kerr K, Davison AJ, Waltzek TB. Characterization of an alloherpesvirus from wild lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Wisconsin (USA). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:83-96. [PMID: 35686452 DOI: 10.3354/dao03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2017, 2 adult lake sturgeon (LS) Acipenser fulvescens captured from the Wolf River, Wisconsin (USA), presented with multiple cutaneous plaques that, upon microscopic examination, indicated proliferative epidermitis. Ultrastructural examination of affected keratinocytes revealed particles in the nucleus having a morphology typical of herpesviruses. A degenerate PCR assay targeting the DNA polymerase catalytic subunit (pol) gene of large double-stranded DNA viruses generated amplicons of the anticipated size from skin samples, and sequences of amplicons confirmed the presence of a novel alloherpesvirus (lake sturgeon herpesvirus, LSHV) related to acipenserid herpesvirus 1 (AciHV1). The complete genome (202660 bp) of this virus was sequenced using a MiSeq System, and phylogenetic analyses substantiated the close relationship to AciHV1. A PCR assay targeting the LSHV DNA packaging terminase subunit 1 (ter1) gene demonstrated the presence of the virus in 39/42 skin lesion samples collected from wild LS captured in 2017-2019 and 2021 in 4/4 rivers in Wisconsin. Future efforts to isolate LSHV in cell culture would facilitate challenge studies to determine the disease potential of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Walker
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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9
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Mugetti D, Pastorino P, Menconi V, Pedron C, Prearo M. The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020146. [PMID: 32098100 PMCID: PMC7168591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sturgeon production by aquaculture has increased worldwide, a major factor limiting its expansion are infectious diseases, although few data about viral diseases are available however. This review provides a rapid overview of viral agents detected and described to date. Following a general introduction on viral diseases are four sections arranged by virus classification: sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, herpesviruses, white sturgeon adenovirus 1, and other viruses. Molecular diagnosis is currently the best tool to detect viral diseases, since cell culture isolation is not yet applicable for the detection of most sturgeon viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mugetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0112686251
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
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10
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Bedendo G, Panzarin V, Fortin A, Zamperin G, Pretto T, Buratin A, Quartesan R, Sabbion M, Salogni C, Pascoli F, Toffan A. Detection and characterization of a rhabdovirus causing mortality in black bullhead catfish, Ameiurus melas. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1063-1075. [PMID: 29572941 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study fully describes a severe disease outbreak occurred in 2016 in black bullhead catfish farmed in Italy. Affected fish showed nervous clinical signs as well as emaciations and haemorrhagic petechiae on the skin at the fin bases, abdomen and gills. Viral isolation in cell culture allowed the subsequent identification of a rhabdovirus, tentatively named ictalurid rhabdovirus (IcRV), through electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The newly isolated virus, together with 14 additional viral strains stored in our repository and detected during similar mortality episodes in the period 1993-2016, was phylogenetically analysed on the basis of the nucleoprotein and the glycoprotein nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The genetic distances among Italian IcRV strains were also estimated. Our results show that all the IcRV strains belong to the genus Sprivivirus and are closely related to the tench rhabdovirus (TenRV). Italian catfish production is constantly decreasing, mainly due to viral infections, which include the newly characterized IcRV. Data presented in this work will assist to investigate the molecular epidemiology and the diffusive dynamics of this virus and to develop adequate surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bedendo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Fortin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Adria, RO, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | | | - Rosita Quartesan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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11
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Complete genome sequence and analysis of ictalurid herpesvirus 2. Arch Virol 2017; 163:1083-1085. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Doszpoly A, Kalabekov IM, Breyta R, Shchelkunov IS. Isolation and characterization of an atypical Siberian sturgeon herpesvirus strain in Russia: novel North American Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 strain in Europe? JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1363-1372. [PMID: 28239935 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Siberian sturgeon herpesvirus (SbSHV) was isolated in Russia for the first time in 2006. Nine SbSHV isolates were recovered from different fish hatcheries producing the same cytopathic effect in cell cultures, the same clinical signs and mortality kinetics in virus-infected fish and the same virus neutralization pattern and shared identical nucleotide sequences. In 2011, a new isolate was recovered from juvenile sturgeon, which caused completely different cytopathic effect. That isolate was not readily neutralized by Siberian sturgeon hyperimmune antisera, and its DNA was not recognized by the routine PCR developed for SbSHV detection. Molecular study of the novel isolate revealed that it was more closely related to North American Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) isolates from white sturgeon, while the genome sequences of the former SbSHV isolates showed high similarity to the AciHV-2 isolated from shortnose sturgeon. While clinical signs and mortality caused by the novel isolate in infected Siberian sturgeon were similar to those of the formerly described SbSHV isolates, the incubation period and mean time to death produced by the novel isolate were twice as long. The differences between the former isolates and the recent one suggest that a novel SbSHV strain emerged in Europe and the molecular findings imply its North American origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doszpoly
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - I M Kalabekov
- All Russia Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - R Breyta
- Cary Institute for Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
| | - I S Shchelkunov
- All Russia Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
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13
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Ciulli S, Volpe E, Sirri R, Passalacqua P, Cesa Bianchi F, Serratore P, Mandrioli L. Outbreak of mortality in Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and Siberian (Acipenser baerii) sturgeons associated with sturgeon nucleo-cytoplasmatic large DNA virus. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Rakus K, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Vancsok C, Morvan L, Peñaranda MMD, Stone DM, Way K, van Beurden SJ, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3: An Archetype of Fish Alloherpesviruses. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:161-256. [PMID: 26111587 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The order Herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. However, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. It is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. The Alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. There are 12 alloherpesviruses described to date, 10 of which infect fish. Over the last decade, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) infecting common and koi carp has emerged as the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. Since its first description in the late 1990s, this virus has induced important economic losses in common and koi carp worldwide. It has also had negative environmental implications by affecting wild carp populations. These negative impacts and the importance of the host species have stimulated studies aimed at developing diagnostic and prophylactic tools. Unexpectedly, the data generated by these applied studies have stimulated interest in CyHV-3 as a model for fundamental research. This review intends to provide a complete overview of the knowledge currently available on CyHV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Léa Morvan
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ma Michelle D Peñaranda
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David M Stone
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Way
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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15
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Molecular detection of a putatively novel cyprinid herpesvirus in sichel (Pelecus cultratus) during a mass mortality event in Hungary. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1279-83. [PMID: 25643818 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the early summer of 2014, mass mortality of sichel (Pelecus cultratus) was observed in Lake Balaton, Hungary. Histological examination revealed degenerative changes within the tubular epithelium, mainly in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys and multifocal vacuolisation in the brain stem and cerebellum. Routine molecular investigations showed the presence of the DNA of an unknown alloherpesvirus in some specimens. Subsequently, three genes of the putative herpesviral genome (DNA polymerase, terminase, and helicase) were amplified and partially sequenced. A phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on the concatenated sequence of these three conserved genes implied that the virus belongs to the genus Cyprinivirus within the family Alloherpesviridae. The sequences of the sichel herpesvirus differ markedly from those of the cypriniviruses CyHV-1, CyHV-2 and CyHV-3, putatively representing a fifth species in the genus.
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16
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Martel A, Spitzen-van der Sluijs A, Blooi M, Bert W, Ducatelle R, Fisher MC, Woeltjes A, Bosman W, Chiers K, Bossuyt F, Pasmans F. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15325-9. [PMID: 24003137 PMCID: PMC3780879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307356110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current biodiversity crisis encompasses a sixth mass extinction event affecting the entire class of amphibians. The infectious disease chytridiomycosis is considered one of the major drivers of global amphibian population decline and extinction and is thought to be caused by a single species of aquatic fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. However, several amphibian population declines remain unexplained, among them a steep decrease in fire salamander populations (Salamandra salamandra) that has brought this species to the edge of local extinction. Here we isolated and characterized a unique chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans sp. nov., from this salamander population. This chytrid causes erosive skin disease and rapid mortality in experimentally infected fire salamanders and was present in skin lesions of salamanders found dead during the decline event. Together with the closely related B. dendrobatidis, this taxon forms a well-supported chytridiomycete clade, adapted to vertebrate hosts and highly pathogenic to amphibians. However, the lower thermal growth preference of B. salamandrivorans, compared with B. dendrobatidis, and resistance of midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) to experimental infection with B. salamandrivorans suggest differential niche occupation of the two chytrid fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Mark Blooi
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Bert
- Department of Biology, Nematology Unit, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Matthew C. Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Antonius Woeltjes
- Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation The Netherlands, 6501 BK, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bosman
- Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation The Netherlands, 6501 BK, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Franky Bossuyt
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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Abstract
Three alloherpesviruses are known to cause disease in cyprinid fish: cyprinid herpesviruses 1 and 3 (CyHV1 and CyHV3) in common carp and koi and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV2) in goldfish. We have determined the genome sequences of CyHV1 and CyHV2 and compared them with the published CyHV3 sequence. The CyHV1 and CyHV2 genomes are 291,144 and 290,304 bp, respectively, in size, and thus the CyHV3 genome, at 295,146 bp, remains the largest recorded among the herpesviruses. Each of the three genomes consists of a unique region flanked at each terminus by a sizeable direct repeat. The CyHV1, CyHV2, and CyHV3 genomes are predicted to contain 137, 150, and 155 unique, functional protein-coding genes, respectively, of which six, four, and eight, respectively, are duplicated in the terminal repeat. The three viruses share 120 orthologous genes in a largely colinear arrangement, of which up to 55 are also conserved in the other member of the genus Cyprinivirus, anguillid herpesvirus 1. Twelve genes are conserved convincingly in all sequenced alloherpesviruses, and two others are conserved marginally. The reference CyHV3 strain has been reported to contain five fragmented genes that are presumably nonfunctional. The CyHV2 strain has two fragmented genes, and the CyHV1 strain has none. CyHV1, CyHV2, and CyHV3 have five, six, and five families of paralogous genes, respectively. One family unique to CyHV1 is related to cellular JUNB, which encodes a transcription factor involved in oncogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first time that JUNB-related sequences have been reported in a herpesvirus.
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18
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Marcos-Lopez M, Waltzek TB, Hedrick RP, Baxa DV, Garber AF, Liston R, Johnsen E, Forward BS, Backman S, Ferguson HW. Characterization of a novel alloherpesvirus from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:65-73. [PMID: 22362936 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloherpesviruses affect freshwater and marine fish species. The aim of the current study was to characterize a novel alloherpesvirus in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Samples were processed for histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), virus isolation, molecular characterization, and in situ hybridization (ISH). Histopathology revealed that the infection was restricted to the gills and that it induced cytomegaly in infected cells. By TEM, numerous viral particles with morphology compatible with a herpesvirus were observed inside the cytomegalic cells. To characterize this new agent, polymerase chain reaction amplified regions of the ATPase subunit of the terminase, and DNA polymerase genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strongest similarity with alloherpesviruses belonging to the genus Ictalurivirus and Salmonivirus. The ISH showed specific labeling of nuclear inclusions in the cytomegalic cells. While virus isolation was unsuccessful, the results obtained through different diagnostic tests in the present study confirm the discovery of a new alloherpesvirus affecting Atlantic cod. The authors propose the formal species designation Gadid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) to be considered for approval by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Marcos-Lopez
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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19
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Doszpoly A, Somogyi V, LaPatra SE, Benko M. Partial genome characterization of acipenserid herpesvirus 2: taxonomical proposal for the demarcation of three subfamilies in Alloherpesviridae. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2291-6. [PMID: 21935624 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of approximately one half of the genome of acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2), which is a member of the genus Ictalurivirus in the family Alloherpesviridae, revealed that the gene organization is very similar to that of ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (IcHV-1), the founder member of the genus. The sequenced region encodes the AciHV-2 homologues of IcHV-1 ORF24 to ORF69. It contains 46 predicted protein-coding regions, including 12 that seem to have a homologue in every alloherpesvirus genome sequenced to date. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction, based on the concatenated sequence of these conserved genes, implied that the family Alloherpesviridae is composed of three major clades and could be subdivided into three subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor Doszpoly
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Doszpoly A, Benkő M, Bovo G, LaPatra SE, Harrach B. Comparative Analysis of a Conserved Gene Block from the Genome of the Members of the Genus Ictalurivirus. Intervirology 2011; 54:282-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000319430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Lopez-Jimena B, Cherif N, Garcia-Rosado E, Infante C, Cano I, Castro D, Hammami S, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. A combined RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization method reveals the coexistence of SJNNV and RGNNV betanodavirus genotypes in wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius). J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1361-9. [PMID: 20497277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To detect the possible coexistence of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotypes in a single fish, a methodology based on the combination of PCR amplification and blot hybridization has been developed and applied in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS The degenerate primers designed for the PCR procedure target the T4 region within the capsid gene, resulting in the amplification of both genotypes. The subsequent hybridization of these amplification products with two different specific digoxigenin-labelled probes resulted in the identification of both genotypes separately. The application of the RT-PCR protocol to analyse blood samples from asymptomatic wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius) specimens has shown a 46.87% of viral nervous necrosis virus carriers. The combination of RT-PCR and blot hybridization increases the detection rate up to 90.62%, and, in addition, it has shown the coexistence of both genotypes in 18 out of the 32 specimens analysed (56.25%). CONCLUSIONS This study reports the coexistence of betanodaviruses belonging to two different genotypes (SJNNV and RGNNV) in wild fish specimens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report demonstrating the presence of SJNNV and RGNNV genotypes in the same specimen. This study also demonstrates a carrier state in this fish species for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lopez-Jimena
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
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22
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Doszpoly A, Shchelkunov I. Partial genome analysis of Siberian sturgeon alloherpesvirus suggests its close relation to AciHV-2 - short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:269-74. [PMID: 20460226 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Partial genome sequence of a herpes-like virus, isolated from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), was determined and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The virus (SbSHV) has been shown to be the causative agent of an acute disease with high mortality in farmed juvenile sturgeons in Russia. Two fragments (of 7000 and 300 base pairs in length) encompassing 3 complete and 3 partial ORFs were amplified by PCR. Sturgeon herpesvirus strains, classified into species Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2), have been isolated and partially sequenced from several regions (California, Idaho, Oregon and Canada) of North America from white (A. transmontanus) and shortnose sturgeons (A. brevirostrum). The sequence of the SbSHV strain shared highest identity with that of the Canadian strain originating from shortnose sturgeon. The phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that SbSHV is closely related to AciHV-2 and could also be classified into this virus species. This is the first report on the occurrence of AciHV-2 in Europe. Previously, only another virus species, AciHV-1 has been detected in farmed white sturgeons in Italy. The size and position of ORFs in the examined gene block confirmed that this genomic region is highly conserved in members of the genus Ictalurivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor Doszpoly
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Veterinary Medical Research Institute Hungária krt. 21 H-1143 Budapest Hungary
| | - Igor Shchelkunov
- 2 All Russia Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology Pokrov 601120 Russia
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23
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Goodwin AE, Marecaux E. Validation of a qPCR assay for the detection of Ictalurid herpesvirus-2 (IcHV-2) in fish tissues and cell culture supernatants. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:341-346. [PMID: 20082661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ictalurid herpesvirus-2 (IcHV-2) is a pathogen of cultured black bullhead, Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque), and has been shown to produce high mortality in experimental exposures of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). During acute infections, the virus grows readily in cell cultures but produces a cytopathic effect (CPE) similar to that of Ictalurid herpesvirus-1 (IcHV-1) and the channel catfish reovirus. We have developed a quantitative PCR assay that can be used to detect IcHV-2 in fish tissues and cell culture supernatants. The assay does not amplify other fish herpesviruses tested or host DNA. It is quantitative over a range of eight logs, and the limit of detection is <10 copies per reaction. In replicate assays carried out on different days, the coefficient of variability was 10%. The best organs for the detection of acute IcHV-2 infections by our assay are the spleen and kidney. This assay should be useful for the diagnosis of IcHV-2 disease, the identification of syncytial CPEs in cell cultures, and for the detection of latent infections in carrier fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Goodwin
- University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA.
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24
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Shlapobersky M, Sinyakov MS, Katzenellenbogen M, Sarid R, Don J, Avtalion RR. Viral encephalitis of tilapia larvae: Primary characterization of a novel herpes-like virus. Virology 2010; 399:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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van Beurden SJ, Bossers A, Voorbergen-Laarman MHA, Haenen OLM, Peters S, Abma-Henkens MHC, Peeters BPH, Rottier PJM, Engelsma MY. Complete genome sequence and taxonomic position of anguillid herpesvirus 1. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:880-7. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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