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Kurobe T, Kurita J, Haenen O, Voorbergen-Laarman M, Ito T. Mass mortality events associated with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 ( CyHV-2) infection in wild Prussian carp Carassius gibelio in the Netherlands, and molecular biology of virus strains. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13868. [PMID: 37795684 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2011 and 2015, four mass mortalities of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) were observed in a recreational freshwater lake and open freshwater in the western part of the Netherlands. Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection was suspected in these cases, based on presumptive gross diagnosis. To elucidate the cause of the mass mortalities diagnostic PCR assays were performed for CyHV-2, based on the helicase gene. Furthermore, the viral isolates were genotyped by sequencing the enlarged marker A and marker B sequences. Diagnostic PCR revealed that three of four samples were positive for CyHV-2, indicating these three mass mortalities were associated with CyHV-2 infection. The marker A sequence from one of the isolates found in this study was identical to those from different locations such as Asia and Middle East, suggesting a link among the isolates. This is the first detailed report on mass mortalities of Prussian carp associated with CyHV-2 infection in natural aquatic environments in the Netherlands. Since 2015, additionally, in total three CyHV-2 associated outbreaks of Dutch Prussian carp were seen in 2016 and 2020. These outbreaks in Prussian carp from lakes and open water suggest that the virus has been spreading in natural freshwaters in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Kurobe
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Jun Kurita
- Pathology Division, Tamaki Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Tamaki, Mie, Japan
| | - Olga Haenen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Voorbergen-Laarman
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Takafumi Ito
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
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Feng Z, Cheng W, Ma M, Yu C, Zhang Y, Lu L, Wang H, Gui L, Xu D, Dong C. Generation and Characterization of ORF55/ORF57-Deleted Recombinant Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 Mutants with Chimeric Capsid Protein Gene of Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:43. [PMID: 38250856 PMCID: PMC10820899 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a pathogen that causes significant losses to the global aquaculture industry due to mass mortality in crucian carp and goldfish. This study demonstrates that the ORF55/ORF57 deletion mutants CyHV-2-Δ55-CP and CyHV-2-Δ57-CP obtained through homologous recombination replicate effectively within the caudal fin of Carassius auratus gibelio (GiCF) cells and exhibit morphologies similar to the CyHV-2 wild-type strain. Both mutants demonstrated a decrease in virulence, with CyHV-2-Δ57-CP exhibiting a more significant reduction. This serves as a reference for the subsequent development of recombinant attenuated vaccines against CyHV-2. Additionally, both mutants expressed the inserted RGNNV-CP (capsid protein of Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) fusion protein gene, and inoculation with CyHV-2-Δ57-CP-infected GiCF cell lysates elicited an antibody response in the grouper. These results indicate that, while ORF55 and ORF57 genes of CyHV-2 are not required for viral replication in vitro, they do play a role in virulence in vivo. Additionally, expression of foreign protein in CyHV-2 suggests that the fully attenuated mutant of CyHV-2 could potentially function as a viral vector for developing subunit vaccines or multivalent recombinant attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Feng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenjie Cheng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingyang Ma
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chenwei Yu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lang Gui
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.F.); (W.C.); (M.M.); (C.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Gao J, Hu Y, Xie M, Wu H, Wu J, Xi B, Song R, Ou D. Alterations of Plasma Biochemical and Immunological Parameters and Spatiotemporal Expression of TLR2 and TLR9 in Gibel Carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio) after CyHV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1329. [PMID: 38003793 PMCID: PMC10675598 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus II (CyHV-2), a highly contagious pathogen of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHND) and enormous financial losses. However, there is limited information available regarding the changes in plasma biochemical and immunological parameters and the response characteristics of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in gibel carp after CyHV-2 infection. To address this knowledge gap, a sub-lethal CyHV-2 infection was conducted in gibel carp, and the sample was collected daily from 1 to 7 days post infection. The plasma biochemical analyses showed significant decreases in the content of glucose, total cholesterol (TCHO), and total protein (TP), along with marked increases in the level of uric acid, urea, creatinine (CREA), Complement 3 (C3), immunoglobulin D (IgD), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) as well as in the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the infected group. Compared with the control group, the concentration of cortisol, triglyceride (TG), and Complement 4 (C4) had no noticeable alterations in the infected group. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed significant upregulation of TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA expression in the spleen, kidney, brain, liver, intestine, and gill post CyHV-2 infection. Interestingly, a time- and tissue-dependent expression profile has been comparatively observed for TLR2 and TLR9 in the above tissues of gibel carp after CyHV-2 infection, suggesting distinct roles between TLR2 and TLR9 in antiviral response to CyHV-2 infection. Overall, our results demonstrated that CyHV-2 infection led to the disruption of the physiological metabolic process and damage to the liver and kidney, and induced different spatiotemporal expression patterns of TLR2 and TLR9, ultimately stimulating antiviral response via innate and adaptive immune system. These findings may provide a deeper understanding of the host immunity response to CyHV-2 infection and offer novel perspectives for the prevention and treatment and therapeutic drug development against CyHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Gao
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (J.G.); (M.X.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Changsha Customs, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Min Xie
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (J.G.); (M.X.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (J.G.); (M.X.)
| | - Jiayu Wu
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (J.G.); (M.X.)
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (J.G.); (M.X.)
| | - Dongsheng Ou
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (J.G.); (M.X.)
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Sun Y, Xu C, Wang H, Qiao G, Wang Z, Li Z, Li Q, Wei C. An attenuated strain of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 as a vaccine candidate against herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 138:108826. [PMID: 37201732 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease causes by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection is a high mortality disease that leads to great economic damage to gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio aquaculture. In this study, an attenuated strain of CyHV-2 G-RP7 was achieved by subculture on RyuF-2 cells derived from the fin of Ryukin-variety goldfish and GiCF cells derived from fin of gibel carp. As the attenuated vaccine candidate, there are no clinical symptoms of gibel carp that immersion or intraperitoneal injection with G-RP7 strain. The protection rates of G-PR7 to gibel carp by immersion and intraperitoneal injection were 92% and 100%, respectively. In the test for virulence reversion, the candidate was propagated through gibel carp six times by intraperitoneal injection with kidney and spleen homogenate of the inoculated fish. During in vivo passages in gibel carp, no abnormality and mortality of the inoculated fish were observed, and the virus DNA copies maintain a low level from the first passage to the sixth passage. The dynamic of virus DNA in each tissue of G-RP7 vaccination fish increased within 1, 3, and 5 days post-immunization, and subsequently decreased and stabilized within 7 and 14 days. In addition, the increase of anti-virus antibody titer was detected both immersion and injection immunization fish 21 days after vaccination by ELISA. These results demonstrated that G-RP7 can be a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Sun
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Chaonan Xu
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Fish in Northern China of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Ministry of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo Qiao
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Chang Wei
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China.
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Xu C, Xue M, Jiang N, Li Y, Meng Y, Liu W, Fan Y, Zhou Y. Characteristics and expression profiles of MHC class Ⅰ molecules in Carassius auratus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 137:108794. [PMID: 37146848 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ (MHC Ⅰ) molecules play a vital role in adaptive immune systems in vertebrates by presenting antigens to effector T cells. Understanding the expression profiling of MHC Ⅰ molecules in fish is essential for improving our knowledge of the relationship between microbial infection and adaptive immunity. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of MHC Ⅰ gene characteristics in Carassius auratus, an important freshwater aquaculture fish in China that is susceptible to Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection. We identified approximately 20 MHC Ⅰ genes discussed, including U, Z, and L lineage genes. However, only U and Z lineage proteins were identified in the kidney of Carassius auratus using high pH reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry. The L lineage proteins were either not expressed or present at an extremely low level in the kidneys of Carassius auratus. We also used targeted proteomics to analyze changes in protein MHC Ⅰ molecules abundance in healthy and CyHV-2-infected Carassius auratus. We observed that five MHC Ⅰ molecules were upregulated, and Caau-UFA was downregulated in the diseased group. This study is the first to reveal the expression of MHC Ⅰ molecules at a large scale in Cyprinids, which enhances our understanding of fish adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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Dai C, Zheng J, Qi L, Deng P, Wu M, Li L, Yuan J. Chronic stress boosts systemic inflammation and compromises antiviral innate immunity in Carassius gibel. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105156. [PMID: 36814911 PMCID: PMC9939519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function and render fish vulnerable to infection and diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms between stress responses and susceptibility to infections, especially viral diseases, in fish remain unknown. Understanding and monitoring the biological consequences and mechanisms underlying stress responses in fish may contribute to the improvement of animal welfare and production efficiency. In this study, long-term exposure to a variety of stressors, including chasing, overcrowding, restraint stress, and air exposure mimicking chronic stresses, in aquaculture practices was conducted in Carassius gibel to investigate the consequences of chronic stress on inflammation and antiviral capability. With the continuation of stimulation, experimental fish gradually became insensitive to the stress of net chasing and feeding with the accompaniment of upregulated gene expressed in the HPI axis and elevated levels of stress hormones. As expected, stress-induced hyperglycaemia with a decrease in the insulin signaling pathway and altered gene expression in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, suggesting the disturbance of glycometabolism. Importantly, a link between intestinal homoeostasis and systemic low-grade inflammation in stressed C. gibel was observed, implying crosstalk among the brain, intestine, and other organs. Furthermore, the compromised antiviral capability with impaired antiviral innate immunity in stressed fish was confirmed by RNA sequencing and infection with Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), promoting the understanding of enhanced susceptibility to viral infection in stressed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijiao Dai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZUA), Wuhan, China
| | - Jianduo Zheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Consultation, Tianbin Ruicheng Environmental Technology Engineering Co., LTD, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Fisheries Science Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengke Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZUA), Wuhan, China
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZUA), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Chen P, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Li J, Wan X, Lv T, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Ma Z, Zhu Z, Chen L, Li Z, Wang Z, Qiao G. Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection changes microbiota and metabolites in the gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio) midgut. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1017165. [PMID: 36817692 PMCID: PMC9933507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1017165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infects gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and causes severe losses. Microbiota in animal guts involves nutrition intake, development, immunity, and disease resistance. However, the relationship between gibel carp gut microbiota and CyHV-2 infection is not well known. Herein, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition and metabolite profiles in CyHV-2-infected and -uninfected fish using high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results showed that CyHV-2 infection significantly changed gut microbiota and metabolite profiles (p < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that the relative abundance of Aeromonas in the midgut increased dramatically while Cetobacterium decreased. Time-course analysis showed that the number of Aeromonas in the midgut of infected fish increased more than 1,000 times within 5 days post infection. Metabolome analysis illustrated that CyHV-2 infection significantly altered 24 metabolites in the midgut of gibel carp, annotating to the anomaly of digestion and metabolisms of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, such as tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. The Mantel test demonstrated that gut microbiota and metabolite profiles were well related (r = 0.89). Furthermore, Trp metabolism responded to CyHV-2 infection closely was taken as one example to prove the correlation among CyHV-2 infection, metabolites and microbiota in the midgut, and host immunity. Results showed that modulating Trp metabolism could affect the relative abundance of Aeromonas in the midgut of fish, transcription of antiviral cytokines, and CyHV-2 infection. Therefore, we can conclude that CyHV-2 infection significantly perturbed the gut microbiome, disrupted its' metabolic functions, and caused the proliferation of the opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas. This study also suggests that modulation of the gut microbiome will open a therapeutic opportunity to control CyHV-2 infection in gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichan Zhang
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Xihe Wan
- Central Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Institute of Marine Fisheries, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingli Lv
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiyue Chen
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Guo Qiao, ; Zhigang Zhao, ; Zisheng Wang,
| | - Zhihao Ma
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Center of Fisheries technology popularization Sheyang Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zisheng Wang
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Guo Qiao, ; Zhigang Zhao, ; Zisheng Wang,
| | - Guo Qiao
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Immunity and Disease Control, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Guo Qiao, ; Zhigang Zhao, ; Zisheng Wang,
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Wang L, Yang M, Luo S, Yang G, Lu X, Lu J, Chen J. Oral Vaccination of Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing ORF132 Induces Protective Immunity against Cyprinid Herpesvirus-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010186. [PMID: 36680030 PMCID: PMC9861155 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is the etiological agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) disease, which causes serious economic losses in the crucian carp culture industry. In this study, by displaying ORF132 on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (named EBY100/pYD1-ORF132), we evaluated the protective efficacy of oral administration against CyHV-2 infection. Intense innate and adaptive immune responses were evoked in both mucosal and systemic tissues after oral vaccination with EBY100/pYD1-ORF132. Importantly, oral vaccination provided significant protection for crucian carp post CyHV-2 infection, resulting in a relative percent survival (RPS) of 64%. In addition, oral administration suppressed the virus load and relieved histological damage in selected tissues. Our results indicated that surface-displayed ORF132 on S. cerevisiae could be used as potential oral vaccine against CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Maoxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xinjiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.C.)
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9
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Cheng W, Chen Q, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Lu L, Gui L, Xu D. The identification of viral ribonucleotide reductase encoded by ORF23 and ORF141 genes and effect on CyHV-2 replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1154840. [PMID: 37143536 PMCID: PMC10151572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1154840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is essential for the replication of the double-stranded DNA virus CyHV-2 due to its ability to catalyze the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, and is a potential target for the development of antiviral drugs to control CyHV-2 infection. Methods Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify potential homologues of RR in CyHV-2. The transcription and translation levels of ORF23 and ORF141, which showed high homology to RR, were measured during CyHV-2 replication in GICF. Co-localization experiments and immunoprecipitation were performed to investigate the interaction between ORF23 and ORF141. siRNA interference experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of silencing ORF23 and ORF141 on CyHV-2 replication. The inhibitory effect of hydroxyurea, a nucleotide reductase inhibitor, on CyHV-2 replication in GICF cells and RR enzymatic activity in vitro was also evaluated. Results ORF23 and ORF141 were identified as potential viral ribonucleotide reductase homologues in CyHV-2, and their transcription and translation levels increased with CyHV-2 replication. Co-localization experiments and immunoprecipitation suggested an interaction between the two proteins. Simultaneous silencing of ORF23 and ORF141 effectively inhibited the replication of CyHV-2. Additionally, hydroxyurea inhibited the replication of CyHV-2 in GICF cells and the in vitro enzymatic activity of RR. Conclusion These results suggest that the CyHV-2 proteins ORF23 and ORF141 function as viral ribonucleotide reductase and their function makes an effect to CyHV-2 replication. Targeting ribonucleotide reductase could be a crucial strategy for developing new antiviral drugs against CyHV-2 and other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Cheng
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qikang Chen
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Gui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Xu,
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10
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Dharmaratnam A, Sudhagar A, Swaminathan TR. Evaluation of protective effects of heat-inactivated cyprinid herpesvirus-2 ( CyHV-2) vaccine against herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHND) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 132:108460. [PMID: 36503057 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) is an important virus that causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHND) leading to huge economic losses in goldfish (Carassius auratus). However, until now no proper prophylactic measure or treatment is available for CyHV-2 infection in goldfish. Hence, in this experiment, we developed a heat-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine and evaluated its performance in goldfish. Initially, CyHV-2 was propagated in the fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line and the titer of the viral inoculum was 107.8 TCID50/ml. Subsequently, various temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C) were evaluated to achieve the complete inactivation of CyHV-2. Only the viral inoculum inactivated at 80 °C for 1 h did not show any cytopathic effect in the FtGF cell line after five blind passages. Hence the heat-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine developed at 80 °C was further used for immunization trials in goldfish. The experimental goldfish were intraperitoneally immunized with 300 μL of the heat-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine. Subsequently, the kidney and spleen tissues were sampled at various time points post-vaccination (6th hr, 2nd day, 4th day, 6th day, 10th day, 16th day, and 30th day) to evaluate the expression of immune genes (IL-12, IL-10, IFN-γ, CD8, and CD4). A significant upregulation of immune genes was observed at various time points in the kidney and spleen tissue of the vaccinated goldfish. Furthermore, in order to study the efficacy of the vaccine, the experimental fish were challenged with CyHV-2 (107.8 TCID50/ml) after the 30th day post-vaccination. The survival of the fish in the vaccine group (86.7%) was significantly higher compared to the non-vaccinated group (20%). Moreover, the relative percentage survival of the vaccinated group was 83.34%. In spite of the single dose, the heat-killed vaccine developed in the present study elicited the immune response and offered better protection in goldfish against CyHV-2. However, further large-scale field performance evaluation studies are necessary to develop this vaccine on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India.
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11
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Yang J, Wen J, Xiao S, Wei C, Yu F, Roengjit P, Lu L, Wang H. Complete Genome and Molecular Characterization of a New Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 ( CyHV-2) SH-01 Strain Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2022; 14:2068. [PMID: 36146873 DOI: 10.3390/v14092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a causative factor of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in farmed crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). In this study, we analyzed the genomic characteristics of a new strain, CyHV-2 SH-01, isolated during outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai, China. CyHV-2 SH-01 exhibited a high sensitivity to goldfish and crucian carp in our previous research. The complete genome of SH-01 is 290,428 bp with 154 potential open reading frames (ORFs) and terminal repeat (TR) regions at both ends. Compared to the sequenced genomes of other CyHVs, Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) and Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1), several variations were found in SH-01, including nucleotide mutations, deletions, and insertions, as well as gene duplications, rearrangements, and horizontal transfers. Overall, the genome of SH-01 shares 99.60% of its identity with that of ST-J1. Genomic collinearity analysis showed that SH-01 has a high degree of collinearity with another three CyHV-2 isolates, and it is generally closely related to CaHV, CyHV-1, and CyHV-3, although it contains many differences in locally collinear blocks (LCBs). The lowest degree of collinearity was found with AngHV-1, despite some homologous LCBs, indicating that they are evolutionarily the most distantly related. The results provide new clues to better understand the CyHV-2 genome through sequencing and sequence mining.
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12
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Zhu M, Dai Y, Tong X, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Jiang Y, Yang R, Wang X, Cao G, Xue R, Hu X, Gong C. Circ-Udg Derived from Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 Promotes Viral Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0094322. [PMID: 35770986 PMCID: PMC9431488 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00943-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) has caused great losses to the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) industry. Previous studies showed that certain DNA viruses can encode circular RNAs (circRNAs) to regulate virus infection, which provides new clues for the treatment of viral disease. Whether CyHV-2 can encode circRNAs is still unknown. Here, 10 CyHV-2-derived circRNAs were identified, and the function of circ-udg, a circRNA derived from the CyHV-2 uracil DNA glycosylase (udg) gene, was studied. Although the expression level of circ-udg was lower than that of the parental gene, udg, its expression level was elevated in tandem with the proliferation of CyHV-2 and udg. In vitro experiments confirmed that circ-udg could promote the proliferation of CyHV-2. Moreover, circ-udg could encode a truncated UDG protein consisting of 147-amino-acid residues (termed circ-udg-P147). Both UDG and circ-udg-P147 were found to promote CyHV-2 proliferation, but the promoting effect of circ-udg on CyHV-2 proliferation was attenuated after circ-udg lost the ability to encode circ-udg-P147. Also, circ-udg-P147 could not change the transcription level of the udg gene. Interestingly, the UDG protein level was increased by circ-udg-P147. These results deepen the understanding of the genetic information carried by the genome of CyHV-2 and provide a new target for the treatment of gibel carp bleeding disease caused by CyHV-2. IMPORTANCE The outbreak of C. auratus gibelio gill hemorrhagic disease caused by CyHV-2 brought great losses to the gibel carp industry. Therefore, exploring the interaction between CyHV-2 and host and the molecular mechanism of viral infection is of great significance in preventing and treating the gibel carp gill hemorrhagic disease. Although some progress has been made in the study of CyHV-2, the mechanism of interaction between CyHV-2 and crucian carp is still unclear. In this study, we found that CyHV-2 can encode circRNA to regulate virus replication. Our study provides novel information on CyHV-2 functional genomics, a reference for research into the circRNA of other viruses, and theoretical guidance for preventing and treating gibel carp bleeding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaping Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Dafeng District Aquaculture Technical Extension Station of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiting Jiang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruolin Yang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Dafeng District Aquaculture Technical Extension Station of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Dharmaratnam A, Sudhagar A, Das S, Nair RR, Nithianantham SR, Preena PG, Lekshmi N, Swaminathan TR. Immune gene expression and protective effects in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) immunized with formalin-inactivated cyprinid herpesvirus-2 ( CyHV-2) vaccine. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105452. [PMID: 35217179 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The goldfish hematopoietic necrosis viral disease (GHNVD) has led to worldwide economic losses in goldfish aquaculture. The present study has focused on the development of an inactivated vaccine for the cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV-2) and to check the immunogenicity of the vaccine in the host. The fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line was used in the propagation of the CyHV-2 and the viral titer obtained were of 107.8 TCID50/ml. Followed by the virus was inactivated using 0.1% formalin for 2 days. Various concentrations of formalin-inactivated CyHV-2 (1%, 0.7%, 0.5%, 0.3% and 0.1%) were studied in the FtGF cell line. Morphological changes were observed in the FtGF cell line in all other concentrations of formalin except 0.1% formalin-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine. The goldfishes were intraperitoneally injected with 300 μl of vaccine and various immune gene responses were studied for a period of 30 days. The gene expression of the adaptive markers CD8, CD4, IFN-ϒ, the cytokines (IL-10, IL-12) was studied in kidney and spleen tissues. Formalin-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine showed a significant up-regulation of the genes CD8 and IFN-ϒ by the 6th hr post-vaccination onwards. The experimental fish were challenged intraperitoneally with CyHV-2 virus of concentration 107.8 TCID50/ml after 30 days of post-vaccination. A significant difference in cumulative mortality rate was observed for the vaccinated fishes from the unvaccinated fishes. The relative percent survival for formalin immunized fish was 74.03%. Our results have proven that the formalin-inactivated vaccines were efficient and it resulted in triggering the immune gene expression in goldfish. The development and further enhanced studies for this vaccine will lead to a promising low-cost commercial vaccine for CyHV-2 viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Sweta Das
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Reshma Rajeev Nair
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | | | | | - Narendrakumar Lekshmi
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
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14
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Wen J, Xu Y, Su M, Lu L, Wang H. Susceptibility of Goldfish to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 ( CyHV-2) SH01 Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091761. [PMID: 34578342 PMCID: PMC8473056 DOI: 10.3390/v13091761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus, is a fatal contagious aquatic pathogen that affects goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Although crucian carp and goldfish belong to the genus Carassius, it is unclear whether they are susceptible to the same CyHV-2 isolate. In addition, the origin of the crucian carp-derived CyHV-2 virus isolate remains unclear. CyHV-2 SH01 was isolated during herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHN) outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai. CyHV-2 SH01 was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analysis of kidney, spleen, muscle, and blood tissue from the diseased crucian carp. Moreover, histopathological and ultra-pathological analyses revealed pathological changes characteristic of CyHV-2 SH01 infection in the tissues of the diseased crucian carp. In the present study, goldfish and crucian carp were challenged with CyHV-2 SH01 to elucidate viral virulence. We found that CyHV-2 SH01 could cause rapid and fatal disease progression in goldfish and crucian carp 24 h post-injection at 28 °C. Experimental infection of goldfish by injection indicated that the average virus titer in the kidney of the goldfish was 103.47 to 103.59 copies/mg. In addition, tissues exhibited the most prominent histopathological changes (cellular wrinkling and shrinkage, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fusion of the gill lamellae, and hepatic congestion) in CyHV-2 SH01-infected goldfish and crucian carp. Thus, crucian carp and goldfish showed a high sensitivity, with typical symptoms, to HVHN disease caused by CyHV-2 SH01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Wen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yao Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meizhen Su
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-61900453 (ext. 201306)
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15
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Yu L, Chen Q, Chu X, Luo Y, Feng Z, Lu L, Zhang Y, Xu D. Expression and regulation of ccBAX by miR-124 in the caudal fin cell of C. auratus gibelio upon cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:837-845. [PMID: 33400351 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bcl2 family proteins play a critical role in cell death or survival. BAX, the death-promoting protein of bcl2 family, mediated mitochondrial pathway inducing cells' apoptosis in mammal. MiRNAs have been implicated as negative regulators down-regulating genes' expression after post-transcriptional level. At present, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of miRNA on the Bcl2 family proteins during CyHV-2 infection in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). In this study, the ccBAX (silver crucian carp BAX) gene was cloned and expressed, and polyclonal antibodies were raised in mouse against the purified ccBAX-GST fusion protein. The structure analysis indicated that ccBAX protein included four conserve domains (BH1, BH2, BH3 and transmembrane domains) and the expression of ccBAX protein occurred throughout the cells. Furthermore, two miRNAs (miR-124 and miRNA-29b) were identified to negatively regulate ccBAX gene expression in GiCF cell. miR-124 was found to suppress the expression of WT-ccBAX (wild type), but not the MT-ccBAX (mutant). Overall, the results demonstrated that the expression of the ccBAX gene was significantly down-regulated by miR-124 in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) during CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qikang Chen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhao Feng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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Dharmaratnam A, Sudhagar A, Nithianantham SR, Das S, Swaminathan TR. Evaluation of candidate reference genes for quantitative RTqPCR analysis in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) in healthy and CyHV-2 infected fish. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110270. [PMID: 34015681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of quantitative real time PCR (RTqPCR) can be attained only when a suitable reference gene is used. The gene expression for a particular gene may vary within different cells at different conditions. Hence, the suitability and stability of various potential reference genes have to be determined for expression studies. In this study, we have examined the potential of four different reference genes including β-Actin (ACTB), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1AA) in seven different tissues including gill, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, muscle and intestine of goldfish (Carassius auratus). The housekeeping genes were analyzed from healthy fish and in CyHV-2 challenged fish. Based upon the real time PCR results the gene expression varied among the genes and in tissues. The expression levels of the housekeeping genes were then compared and evaluated with the RefFinder web tool which analyses results using four different algorithms - BestKeeper, delta Ct, geNorm and NormFinder. EF1AA was ranked to be the best gene in healthy fish by BestKeeper and geNorm analysis. The delta Ct and NormFinder algorithm have found 18S to be a stable gene in healthy fish but 18S was given to be least expressed in challenged fish. ACTB was also given as a stable gene by geNorm analysis in both healthy and challenged fish. Also, in CyHV-2 challenged fish, EF1AA was identified as the best gene by all the three analysis except by BestKeeper analysis, where it has ranked GADPH as the best housekeeping gene. Expression of the four candidate reference genes differed across all tissue types tested, inferring that a thorough study of the reference genes is necessary for cross tissue comparison. These results can be further used in the immune gene response study of goldfish infected with any viral pathogen to develop better health strategies in the disease management of goldfish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, ICAR CMFRI Campus, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala, India.
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, ICAR CMFRI Campus, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala, India
| | - Sundar Raj Nithianantham
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, ICAR CMFRI Campus, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala, India
| | - Sweta Das
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, ICAR CMFRI Campus, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, ICAR CMFRI Campus, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala, India.
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Zhang T, Gu Y, Liu X, Yuan R, Zhou Y, Dai Y, Fang P, Feng Y, Cao G, Chen H, Xue R, Hu X, Gong C. Incidence of Carassius auratus Gibelio Gill Hemorrhagic Disease Caused by CyHV-2 Infection Can Be Reduced by Vaccination with Polyhedra Incorporating Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040397. [PMID: 33923836 PMCID: PMC8072653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of antigens within protein microcrystals (polyhedra) is a promising approach for the stable delivery of vaccines. In this study, a vaccine was encapsulated into polyhedra against cyprinid herpesvirus II (CyHV-2). CyHV-2 typically infects gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, causing gill hemorrhagic disease. The vaccine was constructed using a codon-optimized sequence, D4ORF, comprising the ORF72 (region 1–186 nt), ORF66 (region 993–1197 nt), ORF81 (region 603–783 nt), and ORF82 (region 85–186 nt) genes of CyHV-2. The H1-D4ORF and D4ORF-VP3 sequences were, respectively, obtained by fusing the H1-helix sequence (region 1–90 nt) ofBombyx mori cypovirus(BmCPV) polyhedrin to the 5′ terminal end of D4ORF and by fusing a partial sequence (1–279 nt) of the BmCPV VP3 gene to the 3′ terminal end of D4ORF. Furthermore, BmNPV-H1-D4ORF-polh and BmNPV-D4ORF-VP3-polh recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedroviruses (BmNPVs), belonging to the family Baculoviridae, and co-expressing BmCPV polyhedrin and H1-D4ORF or D4ORF-VP3, were constructed. H1-D4ORF and D4ORF-VP3 fusion proteins were confirmed to be encapsulated into recombinant cytoplasmic polyhedra by Western blotting. Degradation of vaccine proteins was assessed by SDS-PAGE, and the results showed that the encapsulated vaccine proteins in polyhedra could be protected from degradation. Furthermore, when gibel carp were vaccinated with the purified polyhedra from BmNPV-H1-D4ORF-polh and BmNPV-D4ORF-VP3-polh via injection, the antibody titers in the serum of the vaccinated fish reached 1:6400–1:12,800 at 3 weeks post-vaccination. Therelative percentage of survival of immunized gibel carp reached 64.71% and 58.82%, respectively, following challenge with CyHV-2. These results suggest that incorporating vaccine protein into BmCPV polyhedra may be a novel approach for developing aquaculture microencapsulated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
| | - Yuchao Gu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Jiangsu Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, Nanjing 210036, China; (X.L.); (R.Y.); (P.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Rui Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, Nanjing 210036, China; (X.L.); (R.Y.); (P.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Dafeng District Aquaculture Technical Extension Station of Yancheng City, Yancheng 224100, China;
| | - Yaping Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
| | - Ping Fang
- Jiangsu Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, Nanjing 210036, China; (X.L.); (R.Y.); (P.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Yongjie Feng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, Nanjing 210036, China; (X.L.); (R.Y.); (P.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (T.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.F.); (G.C.); (R.X.)
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.G.)
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Su M, Tang R, Wang H, Lu L. Suppression effect of plant-derived berberine on cyprinid herpesvirus 2 proliferation and its pharmacokinetics in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Antiviral Res 2020; 186:105000. [PMID: 33359191 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), which infects silver crucian carp including goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) and Crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) with high mortality, is an emerging viral pathogen worldwide. Previous studies showed that berberine (BBR), a bioactive plant-derived alkaloid, demonstrated potential antiviral actions against many different viruses. Here, we assessed the effect of berberine hydrochloride (BBH) on the replication of CyHV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxicity assay indicated that 5-25 μg/mL BBH was non-toxic to the RyuF-2 cells. In viral inhibition assays, real time PCR was employed to titrate the genomic copy number of progeny virus, real time RT-PCR was applied to monitor the transcriptional levels of viral genes, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the synthetic levels of viral proteins. The results demonstrated that BBH systematically impedes the viral gene transcription and suppressed the replication of CyHV-2 in RyuF-2 cells. In animal challenge test, BBH was confirmed to protect Crucian carps from CyHV-2 infection in a dose-dependent manner, which was supported by suppressed viral replication levels, reduced viral pathogenesis and higher survival rates. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics data of BBH in Crucian carp revealed its rapid absorption (Tmax of 1.5 h), suitable plasma half-life (t1/2z/h of 7-12 h depending on oral dosage), and dose-dependent drug exposure properties following oral administration (revealed by AUC0-t values). These findings shed light on repurposing BBH to treat CyHV-2 infections in silver crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Su
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, 201306, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruizhe Tang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, 201306, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, 201306, Shanghai, PR China.
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Fei Y, Han M, Chu X, Feng Z, Yu L, Luo Y, Lu L, Xu D. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal new insights into the regulation of immune pathways during cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection in vitro. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:167-180. [PMID: 32717324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carassius auratus gibelio is susceptible to the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection during the breeding process. Nevertheless, the report on biological response of CyHV-2 with C. auratus gibelio was limited, especially in vitro. In this study, host gene expression profiling was mostly analyzed in caudal fin cells of Carassius auratus gibelio (GiCF) underlying CyHV-2 infection. Transcriptomics and proteomics were employed to study the differential expression gene and revealed the host genes involved in pathway during the CyHV-2 infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed that compared with the control group, there were 11 335 and 19 421 differentially expressed unigenes at 48 h and at 96 h, respectively. Furthermore, proteome analysis showed that there were a total of 9008 proteins, among which 169 proteins were differential expression in the 48 h group and 502 proteins in the 96 h group. Notably, 10 and 158 differentially co-expressed genes at mRNA and protein levels (cDEGs) were reliably quantified at 48 h and 96 h, respectively. Interestingly, significantly different expressed genes both in the transcriptome and the proteome were identified, including GNG7, Hsp90a, THBS1 and RRM2. The result suggested that PI3k-AKT pathway was activated, but the p53 signaling pathway was suppressed. The above result will lay the foundation for understanding the mechanisms of host defense virus invasion during CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Fei
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Minzhen Han
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Chu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zizhao Feng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Yu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Luo
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China.
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20
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Huo X, Fan C, Ai T, Su J. The Combination of Molecular Adjuvant CCL35.2 and DNA Vaccine Significantly Enhances the Immune Protection of Carassius auratus gibelio against CyHV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040567. [PMID: 33019519 PMCID: PMC7712643 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection results in huge economic losses in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) industry. In this study, we first constructed recombinant plasmids pcORF25 and pcCCL35.2 as DNA vaccine and molecular adjuvant against CyHV-2, respectively, and confirmed that both recombinant plasmids could be effectively expressed in vitro and in vivo. Then, the vaccination and infection experiments (n = 50) were set as seven groups. The survival rate (70%) in ORF25/CCL35.2 group was highest. The highest specific antibody levels were found in ORF25/CCL35.2 group in major immune tissues by qRT-PCR, and confirmed in serum by ELISA assay, antibody neutralization titer, and serum incubation-infection experiments. Three crucial innate immune indices, namely C3 content, lysozyme, and total superoxide dismutase (TSOD) activities, were highest in ORF25/CCL35.2 group in serum. pcORF25/pcCCL35.2 can effectively up-regulate mRNA expressions of some important immune genes (IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ2, and viperin), and significantly suppress CyHV-2 replication in head kidney and spleen tissues. The minimal tissue lesions can be seen in ORF25/CCL35.2 group in gill, spleen, and trunk kidney tissues by histopathological examination. The results indicated that the combination of DNA vaccine pcORF25 and molecular adjuvant pcCCL35.2 is an effective method against CyHV-2 infection, suggesting a feasible strategy for the control of fish viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Huo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.H.); (C.F.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengjian Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Taoshan Ai
- Wuhan Chopper Fishery Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430207, China;
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.H.); (C.F.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8728-2227
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21
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Wei C, Kakazu T, Chuah QY, Tanaka M, Kato G, Sano M. Reactivation of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 ( CyHV-2) in asymptomatic surviving goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) under immunosuppression. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:302-309. [PMID: 32439507 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a highly contagious pathogen of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) causing herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis. Our previous study revealed that CyHV-2 can persistently infect the kidney and spleen of goldfish that recovered from a primary infection. In this study, we tried to identify the cells persistently infected with the virus in surviving fish and investigated virus reactivation in the survivors injected with immunosuppressants, namely dexamethasone (Dex) and cyclosporine A (CsA). Virus DNA was detected from the monocytes that were isolated from the trunk kidney of the asymptomatic survivors, suggesting that monocytes/macrophages are major cells that may be persistently infected with CyHV-2. A significant increase of virus DNA levels was detected in the group injected with Dex at 10 and 21 days post-injection (dpi). In the fish group injected with CsA, the virus DNA level was the same as that in the control group at 10 dpi but increased in some organs at 21 dpi. Compared with Dex-injected fish at 10 dpi, the group injected with both Dex and CsA showed a greater increase in virus DNA levels. The gene expression of phagocytosis-associated genes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and p47phox, and anti-virus antibody levels increased in the CsA group due to virus reactivation in the infected cells but not in the Dex and Dex & CsA groups, indicating that Dex effectively suppressed monocyte/macrophage function and antibody production. In addition, recombinant interferon γ (IFNγ) supplementation in the kidney leukocyte culture that was isolated from survivors showed a reduction of virus DNA. CsA may inhibit T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and consequently IFNγ production, causing a synergetic effect with Dex on virus reactivation. The results suggest that the activity of monocytes/macrophages stimulated by IFNγ can relate to virus latency and reactivation in asymptomatic virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wei
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Taichi Kakazu
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Qiu Yuan Chuah
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Mikio Tanaka
- Saitama Fisheries Research Institute, Saitama, 347-0011, Japan
| | - Goshi Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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Dharmaratnam A, Kumar R, Valaparambil BS, Sood N, Pradhan PK, Das S, Swaminathan TR. Establishment and characterization of fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line from goldfish, Carassius auratus for in vitro propagation of Cyprinid herpes virus-2 ( CyHV-2). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9373. [PMID: 33005480 PMCID: PMC7512137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2), is responsible for massive mortalities in the aquaculture of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Permissive cell lines for the isolation and propagation of CyHV-2 have been established from various goldfish tissues by sacrificing the fish. Here, we report the development of a cell line, FtGF (Fantail Goldfish Fin), from caudal fin of goldfish using non-lethal sampling. We also describe a simple protocol for successful establishment and characterization of a permissive cell line through explant method and continuous propagation of CyHV-2 with high viral titer using this cell line. Methods Caudal fin tissue samples were collected from goldfish without killing the fish. Cell culture of goldfish caudal fin cells was carried out using Leibovitz’s L-15 (L-15) medium containing 20% FBS and 1X concentration of antibiotic antimycotic solution, incubated at 28 °C. Cells were characterized and origin of the cells was confirmed by sequencing fragments of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. CyHV-2 was grown in the FtGF cells and passaged continuously 20 times. The infectivity of the CyHV-2 isolated using FtGF cells was confirmed by experimental infection of naïve goldfish. Results The cell line has been passaged up to 56 times in L-15 with 10% FBS. Karyotyping of FtGF cells at 30th, 40th and 56th passage indicated that modal chromosome number was 2n = 104. Species authentication of FtGF was performed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. The cell line was used for continuous propagation of CyHV-2 over 20 passages with high viral titer of 107.8±0.26 TCID50/mL. Following inoculation of CyHV-2 positive tissue homogenate, FtGF cells showed cytopathic effect by 2nd day post-inoculation (dpi) and complete destruction of cells was observed by the 10th dpi. An experimental infection of naïve goldfish using supernatant from infected FtGF cells caused 100% mortality and CyHV-2 infection in the challenged fish was confirmed by the amplification of DNA polymerase gene, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. These findings provide confirmation that the FtGF cell line is highly permissive to the propagation of CyHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sweta Das
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
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23
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Zhang J, Cui Z, Hu G, Jiang X, Wang J, Qiao G, Li Q. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the antiviral response in the spleen of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after poly I: C treatment. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 102:13-19. [PMID: 32247830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) is an important commercial fish that has become one of the most cultured fishes in the region of Yangtze River in China. However, the fish faces increasing hazard due to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection, which has caused great economic losses. In this study, healthy gibel carp were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of poly I:C at 24 h before CyHV-2 challenge. Results showed that the mortality decreased and peak death time appeared later in the fish injected with poly I:C at a dose of 10 μg/g body weight. To explore what gene plays an important role after poly I:C treatment, the transcriptome analysis of the gibel carp spleen was further performed. Compared with the PBS group, 1286 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the poly I:C-treated fish, including 1006 up-regulated and 280 down-regulated DEGs. GO analysis revealed that the most enriched DEGs responded to "biological regulation", "regulation of cellular process" and "regulation of biological process". Meanwhile, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly mapped on the immune pathways like "TNF signal pathway", "p53 signal pathway" and "JAK-STAT signal pathway", suggesting that these signal pathways may be responsible for the delayed peak of CyHV-2 infection in gibel carp after poly I:C treatment. Taken together, this study provides insights into the immune protection effect of poly I:C against CyHV-2 infection, as well as providing useful information for antiviral defense in gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Zhang
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Zhengyi Cui
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guangyao Hu
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Guo Qiao
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China.
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24
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Qiao G, Chen P, Sun Q, Zhang M, Zhang J, Li Z, Li Q. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in bioflocs alters intestinal microbial community structure, immune-related gene expression and early Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 replication in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 97:72-82. [PMID: 31846772 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture system based on biofloc technology (BFT) showed positive effects on prevention of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), which is detrimental to health and causes seriously economic losses to aquaculture. However, the enhancement mechanism of BFT regarding immunity and disease resistance of cultured species is scarce. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been proved as one of bioactive compounds in bioflocs. In this study, two groups (4% PHB supplementation diets and control with basal diets) with 30-day feeding were set to study the effect of PHB supplementation on immune-related gene expression by qRT-PCR, time-course CyHV-2 replication in vivo by qPCR and intestinal microbiota by illumine high-throughput sequencing. PHB supplementation significantly up-regulated transcriptional levels of eight immune-related genes, decreased cumulative mortality of gibel carp and early CyHV-2 replication in spleen in vivo (P < 0.05). Additionally, PHB changed the microbial structure but not diversity, and significantly increased beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus sp. KEGG pathway analysis by PICRUSt demonstrated that oral administration of PHB up-regulated abundances of genes responsible for seven pathways and down-regulated genes in eleven pathways. Histological structures of foregut, mindgut and hindgut were also affected. Our findings suggested that profitable effects of PHB on immunity and disease resistance might be gut microbiota-related, and regulated through pathways of enzymes secretion, replication and repair, and host immune system. This study will provide new insights into understanding the enhancing mechanism of BFT on immunity and disease resistance of cultured animals, and developing prebiotics/probiotics-based immunotherapies to improve animal health and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Qiao
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Province Liaoning, China
| | - Qirui Sun
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
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Zhou Y, Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Xu C, Liu W, Zeng L. Identification, expression profiles and antiviral activities of a type I IFN from gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 91:78-86. [PMID: 31039439 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons, as a class of multipotent cytokines, play a key role in host antiviral immune responses. In this study, a type I IFN coding gene of gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, CagIFNa was cloned and sequenced. The full-length cDNA sequence of CagIFNa consists of 724 nucleotides that encode a predicted protein of 183 amino acids. CagIFNa has two highly conserved cysteine residues in the deduced protein, which is mostly conserved in the fish group I type I IFNs. CagIFNa was identified as a member of the IFNa subgroup of group I type I IFNs by phylogenetic analysis. CagIFNa transcripts were detected in all investigated tissues with higher levels in the liver, intestine, spleen and head kidney of gibel carp. Following injection with Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), CagIFNa gene expression was significantly inhibited in the spleen but delayed and then increased in head kidneys. Similarly, while CagIFNa expression was rapidly induced in gibel carp brain (GiCB) cells by poly I:C stimulation and its high induction level was delayed following CyHV-2 infection. CagIFNa overexpression in GiCB cells drastically reduced virus CPE and titer. Furthermore, several genes associated with type I IFN signaling pathway including IRF3, IRF7, IRF9, STAT1, Mx1 and PKR were induced in GiCB cells overexpressing CagIFNa upon CyHV-2 infection. These results show that CagIFNa plays a role in antiviral immune system in gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, PR China.
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Qiao G, Zhang M, Li Y, Xu C, Xu DH, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li Q. Biofloc technology (BFT): An alternative aquaculture system for prevention of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 83:140-147. [PMID: 30205203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), a major aquaculture species in China, has emerged in a seriously epizootic disease caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2). There are no effective methods to prevent or control this serious disease. Biofloc technology (BFT) can improve water quality, reduce pathogens introduction, enhance cultured species immunity and disease resistance. In this study, a 30-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of BFT on innate immune response and disease resistance of gibel carp against CyHV-2 infection. Gibel carp was cultured at different total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations of 10, 300, 600, 800 and 1000 mg L-1, which were named as groups BF0, BF300, BF600, BF800 and BF1000. Results showed that fish in groups BF600/800 had significantly higher weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than them in control group (BF0). The transcriptional levels of seven immune-related genes in BF300/600/800 groups, including myeloid-specific- peroxidase (MPO), keratin 8 (KRT 8), dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP 1), interleukin-11 (IL-11), intelectin (ITLN), purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5α (PNP 5α) and c-type lysozyme (c-lys), were up-regulated significantly compared to BF0 group. Furthermore, cumulative mortality of gibel carp in BF600 group after being challenged with CyHV-2 reduced significantly. In vivo viral replication in kidney demonstrated that CyHV-2 load at 168 h post injection in BF600 group was significantly higher than that in BF0 group. In conclusion, BFT could improve growth, immune response and disease resistance of gibel carp, and the effect was related with TSS concentration. The optimal TSS concentration of 600-800 mg L-1 was recommended in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Qiao
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - De-Hai Xu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Marine Technology, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
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Wang H, Sun M, Xu D, Podok P, Xie J, Jiang Y, Lu L. Rapid visual detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1201-1206. [PMID: 29806130 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), causes significant losses in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) aquaculture. Rapid and convenient DNA assay detection of CyHV-2 is useful for field diagnosis. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal DNA amplification and detection technology that can amplify DNA within 30 min at ~37°C by simulating in vivo DNA recombination. Herein, a rapid and convenient detection assay based on RPA with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed for detecting CyHV-2. The highly conserved ORF72 of CyHV-2 was targeted by specific and sensitive primers and probes. The optimized assay takes only 15 min at 38°C using a water bath, with analysis of products by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis within 30 min. A simple lateral flow strip based on the unique probe in reaction buffer was developed for visualization. The entire RPA-LFD assay takes 50 min less than the routine PCR method, is 100 times more sensitive and displays no cross-reaction with other aquatic viruses. The combined isothermal RPA and lateral flow assay (RPA-LFD) provides a simple, rapid, reliable method that could improve field diagnosis of CyHV-2 when resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Sun
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Podok
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Phuket Rajabhat University, Phuket, Thailand
| | - J Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ys Jiang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lq Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Fan Y, Zhou Y, Zeng L, Jiang N, Liu W, Zhao J, Zhong Q. Identification, structural characterization, and expression analysis of toll-like receptors 2 and 3 from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 72:629-638. [PMID: 29183810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immunity. TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate downstream signaling pathways in response. In present study, we report the identification of two TLRs from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), TLR2 and TLR3 (designated CagTLR2 and CagTLR3, respectively). We report on the genomic structures and mRNA expression patterns of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3. Five exons and four introns were identified from the genomic DNA sequence of CagTLR3 (4749 bp in total length); this genomic organization is similar to that of TLR3 in zebrafish and human. However, only one intron was identified from the CagTLR2 genomic locus (3166 bp in total length); this unique genomic organization of CagTLR2 is different from that of TLR2 in fish and humans. The cDNAs of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 encoded 791 and 904 amino acid residues, respectively. CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 contained two distinct structural/functional motifs of the TLR family: a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain in the extracellular portion and a toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain in the intracellular portion. The positions of critical amino acid residues involed in PAMP recognition and signaling pathway transduction in mammalian TLRs were conserved in CagTLR2 and CagTLR3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer clustering of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 with TLRs from freshwater fish than with marine fish species. In healthy gibel carp, transcripts of these genes were detected in all examined tissues, and high expression levels of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 were observed in liver and brain, respectively. Following injection with CyHV-2, expression levels of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 were significantly upregulated in the spleens of gibel carp after three days, and CagTLR3 transcript levels were rapidly increased in head kidney after 12 h. These results suggest that CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 are functionally involved in the induction of antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Qiwang Zhong
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Zhou Y, Jiang N, Ma J, Fan Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Zeng L. Protective immunity in gibel carp, Carassius gibelio of the truncated proteins of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 expressed in Pichia pastoris. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 47:1024-1031. [PMID: 26564473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection is a newly emerged infectious disease of farmed gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) in China and causes huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. In this study, the three membrane proteins encoded by genes ORF25, ORF25C, and ORF25D of CyHV-2 were truncated and expressed in yeast, Pichia pastoris. Screening of the recombinant yeasts was done by detecting the truncated proteins using Western blot. Through immunogold labeling, it was shown that proteins binding the colloidal gold were presented on the surface of cells. In the experiment of inhibition of virus binding by the recombinant truncated proteins, the TCID50 of the tORF25 group (10(4.1)/ml) was lower than that of tORF25C (10(4.6)/ml) or tORF25D groups (10(5)/ml). These results suggested that the proteins may be involved in attachment of the virus to the cell surface. Healthy gibel carp were immunized with 20 μg of tORF25, tORF25C, and tORF25D proteins, and the control group received PBS. Interleukin 11 (IL-11) expression in the spleens of the immunized fish peaked at day 4 and the complement component C3 (C3) genes were significantly up-regulated at day 7 post-immunization. Specific antibodies were measured in the three immunized groups and the titer detected in the tORF25 group reached 327, that was significantly higher than the tORF25C (247) or tORF25D (228) groups. When the immunized fish were challenged with live CyHV-2 by intraperitoneal injection the relative percent survival (RPS) of the tORF25, tORF25C, and tORF25D immunized groups was 75%, 63%, and 54%, respectively. The feasibility of the P. pastoris yeast expression system for the production of the recombinant truncated proteins and their apparent bioactivity suggests that tORF25, tORF25C, and tORF25D are potential candidate vaccines against Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection in gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
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30
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He J, Shi X, Yu L, Zheng X, Lan W, Jia P, Wang J, Liu H. Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:206-10. [PMID: 24012968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish Haematopoietic Necrosis caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a severe fish disease with high level of mortality. This is the first study on detection of this disease by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). A set of six primers targeting terminase gene (accession no. EU349285.1) was determined after a serial of tests. Detection limit was 1.09 × 10(-4)μg/μL, which was superior to conventional PCR and real-time PCR. No cross reaction with 28 other viruses or bacteria commonly found in fish was observed. The application of commercial kit and instrument for the LAMP assay could reduce the risk of cross contamination, which is suitable for detection of infection under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang He
- Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, China
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