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Puente H, Arguello H, Cortey M, Gómez-García M, Mencía-Ares O, Pérez-Perez L, Díaz I, Carvajal A. Detection and genetic characterization of enteric viruses in diarrhoea outbreaks from swine farms in Spain. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 37349807 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and distribution of Porcine astrovirus (PAstV), Porcine kobuvirus (PKoV), Porcine torovirus (PToV), Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) and Porcine mastadenovirus (PAdV) as well as their association with widely recognized virus that cause diarrhoea in swine such as coronavirus (CoVs) and rotavirus (RVs) in diarrhoea outbreaks from Spanish swine farms. Furthermore, a selection of the viral strains was genetically characterized. RESULTS PAstV, PKoV, PToV, MRV and PAdV were frequently detected. Particularly, PAstV and PKoV were detected in almost 50% and 30% of the investigated farms, respectively, with an age-dependent distribution; PAstV was mainly detected in postweaning and fattening pigs, while PKoV was more frequent in sucking piglets. Viral co-infections were detected in almost half of the outbreaks, combining CoVs, RVs and the viruses studied, with a maximum of 5 different viral species reported in three investigated farms. Using a next generation sequencing approach, we obtained a total of 24 ARN viral genomes (> 90% genome sequence), characterizing for first time the full genome of circulating strains of PAstV2, PAstV4, PAstV5 and PToV on Spanish farms. Phylogenetic analyses showed that PAstV, PKoV and PToV from Spanish swine farms clustered together with isolates of the same viral species from neighboring pig producing countries. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies to evaluate the role of these enteric viruses in diarrhoea outbreaks are required, their wide distribution and frequent association in co-infections cannot be disregard. Hence, their inclusion into routine diagnostic panels for diarrhoea in swine should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Puente
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - Héctor Arguello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-García
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Oscar Mencía-Ares
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Lucía Pérez-Perez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Abstract
Historically part of the coronavirus (CoV) family, torovirus (ToV) was recently classified into the new family Tobaniviridae. While reverse genetics systems have been established for various CoVs, none exist for ToVs. Herein, we developed a reverse genetics system using an infectious full-length cDNA clone of bovine ToV (BToV) in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Recombinant BToV harboring genetic markers had the same phenotype as wild-type (wt) BToV. To generate two types of recombinant virus, the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene was edited, as cell-adapted wtBToV generally loses full-length HE (HEf), resulting in soluble HE (HEs). First, recombinant viruses with HEf and HA-tagged HEf or HEs genes were rescued. These exhibited no significant differences in their effect on virus growth in HRT18 cells, suggesting that HE is not essential for viral replication in these cells. Thereafter, we generated recombinant virus (rEGFP), wherein HE was replaced by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. The rEGFP expressed EGFP in infected cells, but showed significantly lower viral growth compared to wtBToV. Moreover, the rEGFP readily deleted the EGFP gene after one passage. Interestingly, rEGFP variants with two mutations (C1442F and I3562T) in non-structural proteins (NSPs) that emerged during passages exhibited improved EGFP expression, EGFP gene retention, and viral replication. An rEGFP into which both mutations were introduced displayed a similar phenotype to these variants, suggesting that the mutations contributed to EGFP gene acceptance. The current findings provide new insights into BToV, and reverse genetics will help advance the current understanding of this neglected pathogen. Importance ToVs are diarrhea-causing pathogens detected in various species, including humans. Through the development of a BAC-based BToV, we introduced the first reverse genetics system for Tobaniviridae. Utilizing this system, recombinant BToVs with a full-length HE gene were generated. Remarkably, although clinical BToVs generally lose the HE gene after a few passages, some recombinant viruses generated in the current study retained the HE gene for up to 20 passages while accumulating mutations in NSPs, which suggested that these mutations may be involved in HE gene retention. The EGFP gene of recombinant viruses was unstable, but rEGFP into which two NSP mutations were introduced exhibited improved EGFP expression, gene retention, and viral replication. These data suggested the existence of an NSP-based acceptance or retention mechanism for exogenous RNA or HE genes. Recombinant BToVs and reverse genetics are powerful tools for understanding fundamental viral processes, infection pathogenesis, and BToV vaccine development.
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Ujike M, Taguchi F. Recent Progress in Torovirus Molecular Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33800523 PMCID: PMC7998386 DOI: 10.3390/v13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
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Qin P, Yang YL, Hu ZM, Zhang YQ, Mei XQ, Liang QZ, Lu Z, Wang B, Chen R, Huang YW. A novel spike subunit 1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reveals widespread porcine torovirus infection in eastern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:598-608. [PMID: 33555108 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toroviruses (ToVs), closely related but genetically distinct from coronaviruses, are known to infect horses, cows, pigs, goats and humans, mainly causing enteritic disorders. However, due to the lack of an adaptive culture system, porcine ToV (PToV) has received less attention. In this study, we developed a novel serological detection method based on the PToV envelope spike subunit 1 (S1) protein for the first time, and compared it to an existing indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the nucleocapsid protein. By using the S1-based ELISA, we carried out the first seroepidemiological survey of PToV in China, assaying both specific IgG and IgA responses in 1,037 serum samples collected from diarrheic pigs in eastern China. There was a relatively high incidence of seropositivity in pigs of different ages, especially one-week-old piglets and sows (78% and 43%), the former probably reflecting maternal antibodies. Furthermore, 3/20 (15%) of faecal samples collected from one PToV-seropositive swine herd in Zhejiang province tested positive by RT-PCR. The complete PToV genome was sequenced from one of these samples, and its phylogenetic relationship with other full-length PToV sequences available in GenBank was determined. Our data provide the first serological evidence for PToV infection in pigs from China, which will help elucidate the potential pathogenicity of PToV in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Min Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Mei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Zhang Liang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongji Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
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Ujike M, Kawachi Y, Matsunaga Y, Etho Y, Asanuma H, Kamitani W, Taguchi F. Characterization of Localization and Export Signals of Bovine Torovirus Nucleocapsid Protein Responsible for Extensive Nuclear and Nucleolar Accumulation and Their Importance for Virus Growth. J Virol 2021; 95:e02111-20. [PMID: 33177195 PMCID: PMC7925113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02111-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although historically, it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family. The nucleocapsid (N) proteins of CoVs are predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, where the viruses replicate, but in some cases the proteins are partially located in the nucleolus. Many studies have investigated the subcellular localization and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals of the CoV N proteins, but little is known about ToV N proteins. Here, we studied the subcellular localization of the bovine ToV (BToV) N protein (BToN) and characterized its nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals. Unlike other CoVs, BToN in infected cells was transported mainly to the nucleolus during early infection but was distributed predominantly in the nucleoplasm rather than in the nucleolus during late infection. Interestingly, a small quantity of BToN was detected in the cytoplasm during infection. Examination of a comprehensive set of substitution or deletion mutants of BToN fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) revealed that clusters of arginine (R) residues comprise nuclear/nucleolar localization signals (NLS/NoLS), and the C-terminal region served as a chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1)-independent nuclear export signal (NES). Moreover, recombinant viruses with mutations in the NLS/NoLS, but retaining nuclear accumulation, were successfully rescued and showed slightly reduced growth ability, while the virus that lost the NLS/NoLS-mediated nuclear accumulation of BToN was not rescued. These results indicate that BToN uniquely accumulates mainly in nuclear compartments during infection, regulated by an R-rich NLS/NoLS and a CRM1-independent NES, and that the BToN accumulation in the nuclear compartment driven by NLS/NoLS is important for virus growth.IMPORTANCE ToVs are diarrhea-causing pathogens detected in many species, including humans. BToV has spread worldwide, leading to economic loss, and there is currently no treatment or vaccine available. Positive-stranded RNA viruses, including ToVs, replicate in the cytoplasm, and their structural proteins generally accumulate in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, BToN accumulated predominantly in the nucleus/nucleolus during all infectious processes, with only a small fraction accumulating in the cytoplasm despite being a major structural protein. Furthermore, we identified unique nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals and demonstrated the importance of NLS/NoLS for virus growth. This study is the first to undertake an in-depth investigation of the subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking signals of BToN. Our findings additionally suggest that the NLS/NoLS-mediated nuclear accumulation of BToN is important for virus replication. An understanding of the unique features of BToV may provide novel insights into the assembly mechanisms of not only ToVs but also other positive-stranded RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Kawachi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Etho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Characterization of Self-Processing Activities and Substrate Specificities of Porcine Torovirus 3C-Like Protease. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01282-20. [PMID: 32727876 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01282-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of nidovirus plays an important role in viral replication and manipulation of host antiviral innate immunity, which makes it an ideal antiviral target. Here, we characterized that porcine torovirus (PToV; family Tobaniviridae, order Nidovirales) 3CLpro autocatalytically releases itself from the viral precursor protein by self-cleavage. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that PToV 3CLpro, as a serine protease, employed His53 and Ser160 as the active-site residues. Interestingly, unlike most nidovirus 3CLpro, the P1 residue plays a less essential role in N-terminal self-cleavage of PToV 3CLpro Substituting either P1 or P4 residue of substrate alone has little discernible effect on N-terminal cleavage. Notably, replacement of the two residues together completely blocks N-terminal cleavage, suggesting that N-terminal self-cleavage of PToV 3CLpro is synergistically affected by both P1 and P4 residues. Using a cyclized luciferase-based biosensor, we systematically scanned the polyproteins for cleavage sites and identified (FXXQ↓A/S) as the main consensus sequences. Subsequent homology modeling and biochemical experiments suggested that the protease formed putative pockets S1 and S4 between the substrate. Indeed, mutants of both predicted S1 (D159A, H174A) and S4 (P62G/L185G) pockets completely lost the ability of cleavage activity of PToV 3CLpro In conclusion, the characterization of self-processing activities and substrate specificities of PToV 3CLpro will offer helpful information for the mechanism of nidovirus 3C-like proteinase's substrate specificities and the rational development of the antinidovirus drugs.IMPORTANCE Currently, the active-site residues and substrate specificities of 3C-like protease (3CLpro) differ among nidoviruses, and the detailed catalytic mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, porcine torovirus (PToV) 3CLpro cleaves 12 sites in the polyproteins, including its N- and C-terminal self-processing sites. Unlike coronaviruses and arteriviruses, PToV 3CLpro employed His53 and Ser160 as the active-site residues that recognize a glutamine (Gln) at the P1 position. Surprisingly, mutations of P1-Gln impaired the C-terminal self-processing but did not affect N-terminal self-processing. The "noncanonical" substrate specificity for its N-terminal self-processing was attributed to the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the P4 position in the N-terminal site. Furthermore, a double glycine (neutral) substitution at the putative P4-Phe-binding residues (P62G/L185G) abolished the cleavage activity of PToV 3CLpro suggested the potential hydrophobic force between the PToV 3CLpro and P4-Phe side chains.
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Fujii Y, Kashima Y, Sunaga F, Aoki H, Imai R, Sano K, Katayama Y, Omatsu T, Oba M, Furuya T, Tsuzuku S, Ouchi Y, Shirai J, Mizutani T, Oka T, Nagai M. Complete genome sequencing and genetic analysis of a Japanese porcine torovirus strain detected in swine feces. Arch Virol 2019; 165:471-477. [PMID: 31863265 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We sequenced the complete genome of a porcine torovirus (PToV) strain from Japan for the first time. Whole-genome analysis revealed that this strain (Iba/2018) has a mosaic sequence composed of at least three genome backgrounds, related to US, Chinese and German PToV strains. Clear recombination breakpoints were detected in the M and HE coding regions. A similarity plot and structural analysis demonstrated that the HE coding region exhibits the highest diversity, and the most sequence variation was found in the lectin domain. PToVs were divided into two lineages in the HE region, whereas clear lineages were not found in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yuki Kashima
- Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Fujiko Sunaga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Imai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0052, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoko Tsuzuku
- Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Ouchi
- Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Hu ZM, Yang YL, Xu LD, Wang B, Qin P, Huang YW. Porcine Torovirus (PToV)-A Brief Review of Etiology, Diagnostic Assays and Current Epidemiology. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:120. [PMID: 31058174 PMCID: PMC6482245 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine torovirus (PToV) is a potential enteric swine pathogen, found at especially high rates in piglets with diarrhea. It was first reported in the Netherlands in 1998 and has emerged in many countries around the world. Infections are generally asymptomatic and have not directly caused large economic losses, though co-infections with other swine pathogens and intertype recombination may lead to unpredictable outcomes. This review introduces progress in PToV research regarding its discovery, relationship with other Toroviruses, virion morphological characteristics, genetic structure and variation, recent epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and possibilities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ito M, Tsuchiaka S, Naoi Y, Otomaru K, Sato M, Masuda T, Haga K, Oka T, Yamasato H, Omatsu T, Sugimura S, Aoki H, Furuya T, Katayama Y, Oba M, Shirai J, Katayama K, Mizutani T, Nagai M. Whole genome analysis of Japanese bovine toroviruses reveals natural recombination between porcine and bovine toroviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:90-95. [PMID: 26708248 PMCID: PMC7185535 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine toroviruses (BToVs), belong to the subfamily Toroviridae within the family Coronaviridae, and are pathogens, causing enteric disease in cattle. In Japan, BToVs are distributed throughout the country and cause gastrointestinal infection of calves and cows. In the present study, complete genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and partial genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and one porcine torovirus (PToV) from distant regions in Japan were determined and genetic analyses were performed. Pairwise nucleotide comparison and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Japanese BToVs shared high identity with each other and showed high similarities with BToV Breda1 strain in S, M, and HE coding regions. Japanese BToVs showed high similarities with porcine toroviruses in ORF1a, ORF1b, and N coding regions and the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, suggestive of a natural recombination event. Recombination analyses mapped the putative recombinant breakpoints to the 3′ ends of the ORF1b and HE regions. These findings suggest that the interspecies recombinant nature of Japanese BToVs resulted in a closer relationship between BToV Breda1 and PToVs. Recombination events between porcine and bovine torovirus were identified. Recombinant breakpoints were mapped at ORF1b and HE coding regions. These recombinant viruses are prevalent throughout Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Saida, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central District Animal Hygiene Service Center, Hiraidekougyoudanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasato
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugimura
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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11
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Rapid and sensitive detection of porcine torovirus by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP). J Virol Methods 2015; 228:103-7. [PMID: 26611229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine torovirus (PToV) is associated with swine gastroenteritis, but its pathogenesis is uncertain because there is limited information regarding PToV due to its difficulty to adapt in vitro. This study has developed a rapid one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for the detection of PToV. A set of four primers specific to six regions within the PToV's highly conserved fragment of the M gene was designed for use with the RT-LAMP assay. The RT-LAMP assay was sensitive with a detection limit of 1 × 10(1)copies/μL, which was 100-fold higher than reverse-transcription PCR. No cross-reaction was observed with other similar viruses. A total of 175 clinical specimens were collected from the Sichuan province, and PToV was detected by the established RT-LAMP assay with a positive rate of 39.2% (69/175). This study developed the first rapid, sensitive, simple, cost-effective and accurate method for the detection of PToV. The results show that the RT-LAMP assay is highly feasible in clinical settings.
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12
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Anbalagan S, Peterson J, Wassman B, Elston J, Schwartz K. Genome sequence of torovirus identified from a pig with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from the United States. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:e01291-14. [PMID: 25523767 PMCID: PMC4271157 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01291-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine torovirus (PToV) strain PToV-NPL/2013 was identified from a pig that tested positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The spike protein-encoding gene from PToV-NPL/2013 had 92% identity with PToV-SH1, suggesting that PToV circulating in the United States is slightly different from the isolates circulating in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PToV in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brent Wassman
- Newport Laboratories, Inc., Worthington, Minnesota, USA
| | - Josh Elston
- Newport Laboratories, Inc., Worthington, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Sun H, Lan D, Lu L, Chen M, Wang C, Hua X. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the genome of porcine torovirus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:773-8. [PMID: 24122107 PMCID: PMC7086580 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we amplified and sequenced the first genome of porcine torovirus (PToV SH1 strain). The genome was found to be 28,301 bp in length, sharing 79 % identity with Breda virus. It mainly consists of replicase (20,906 bp) and structural genes: spike (4,722 bp), membrane (702 bp), hemagglutinin-esterase (1,284 bp), and nucleocapsid (492 bp). Sequence alignments and structure prediction suggest genetic differences among toroviruses, mainly in NSP1 (papain-like cysteine proteinase domain). Rooted phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the 3C-like proteinase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes. PToV, Berne virus and Breda virus were clustered together, forming a separate branch from white bream virus that was distant from that of the coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Daoliang Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- Tibetan Plateau Base, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Lifang Lu
- Fast Track Center, GE (China) Research and Development Center, Shanghai, 210203 China
| | - Molin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Changsong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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14
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Zhou L, Wei H, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Zhu L, Horne J. Molecular epidemiology of Porcine torovirus (PToV) in Sichuan Province, China: 2011-2013. Virol J 2014; 11:106. [PMID: 24903213 PMCID: PMC4064267 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine torovirus (PToV) is a member of the genus Torovirus which is responsible for gastrointestinal disease in both human beings and animals with particular prevalence in youth. Torovirus infections are generally asymptomatic, however, their presence may worsen disease consequences in concurrent infections with other enteric pathogens. METHODS A total of 872 diarrheic fecal samples from pigs of different ages were collected from 12 districts of Sichuan Province in the southwest of China. RT-PCR was done with PToV S gene specific primers to detect the presence of PToV positive samples. M gene specific primers were used with the PToV positive samples and the genes were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the M gene nucleotide sequences from the 19 selected novel Sichuan strains and 21 PToV and BToV M gene sequences from GenBank. RESULTS A total of 331 (37.96%, 331/872) samples were found to be positive for PToV and the highest prevalence was observed in piglets aged from 1 to 3 weeks old. Through phylogenetic inference the 40 PToV M gene containing sequences were placed into two genotypes (I & II). The 19 novel Sichuan strains of genotype I showed strong correlations to two Korean gene sequences (GU-07-56-11 and GU-07-56-22). Amino-acid sequence analysis of the 40 PToV M gene strains revealed that the M gene protein was highly conserved. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovered the presence of PToV in Sichuan Province, and demonstrated the need for continuous surveillance PToV of epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ya’an, China
| | - Haoche Wei
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ya’an, China
- Faculty of Bio and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath spa, England
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ya’an, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ya’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ya’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Jim Horne
- Faculty of Bio and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath spa, England
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15
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Dhama K, Pawaiya R, Chakrabort S, Tiwari R, Verma A. Toroviruses Affecting Animals and Humans: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.190.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Toroviruses (Coronaviridae). REFERENCE MODULE IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7157456 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toroviruses are single-stranded RNA peplomer-bearing enveloped viruses producing enteric disease in animals and humans. They have a unique extracellular C-shape or open torus morphology. There are four species in the genus Torovirus (family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales): Equine torovirus (EToV), Bovine torovirus (BToV), Human torovirus (HToV), and Porcine torovirus (PToV), which have been reported worldwide. Their genome contains six ORFs, which are transcribed as a 3’-coterminal nested set of four mRNAs. ORF1a and 1b encode the replicase, and ORFs 2–5 encode the spike (S), membrane (M), hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, respectively. Only EToVs and BToV Aichi/2004 propagate in cell culture.
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17
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Lineage specific antigenic differences in porcine torovirus hemagglutinin-esterase (PToV-HE) protein. Vet Res 2013; 44:126. [PMID: 24364900 PMCID: PMC3878402 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin-esterases (HE) are viral envelope proteins present in some members from the toro-, corona- and orthomyxovirus families, all related with enteric and/or respiratory tract infections. HE proteins mediate reversible binding to sialic acid receptor determinants, very abundant glycan residues in the enteric and respiratory tracts. The role of the HE protein during the torovirus infection cycle remains unknown, although it is believed to be important in the natural infection process. The phylogenetic analysis of HE coding sequences from porcine torovirus (PToV) field strains revealed the existence of two distinct HE lineages. In a previous study, PToV virus strains with HE proteins from the two lineages were found coexisting in a pig herd, and they were even obtained from the same animal at two consecutive sampling time points. In this work, we report antigenic differences between the two HE lineages, and discuss the possible implications that the coexistence of viruses belonging to both lineages might have on the spread and sustainment of PToV infection in the farms.
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18
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Cong Y, Zarlenga DS, Richt JA, Wang X, Wang Y, Suo S, Wang J, Ren Y, Ren X. Evolution and homologous recombination of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene sequences from porcine torovirus. Virus Genes 2013; 47:66-74. [PMID: 23749172 PMCID: PMC7088831 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to gain new insights into the evolution, homologous recombination, and selection pressures imposed on the porcine torovirus (PToV), by examining the changes in the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene. The most recent common ancestor of PToV was estimated to have emerged 62 years ago based upon HE gene sequence data obtained from PToV isolates originating from Spain, South Korea, Netherlands, Hungary, and Italy and using the HE gene of Bovine torovirus isolates Niigata1 (AB661456) and Niigata3 (AB661458) as outgroups. The HE gene sequence data segregated all the PToV isolates into two well-supported monophyletic groups; however, various isolates from Spain, Italy, and South Korea did not segregate geographically suggesting very recent translocation of the viruses to these localities. Evidence of recombination was observed between two South Korean isolates that partitioned into two distinct subclades. Data further suggest that most of the nucleotides in the HE gene are under negative selection; however, changes within codon 237 showed an evidence of positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Dante S. Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Siqingaowa Suo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- Centre for Animal Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Technical Services and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yudong Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
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19
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Abstract
In the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. Some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (TTV), now known as Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV), porcine bocavirus (PBoV) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (PToV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV), are mostly subclinical in swine herds. Although some emerging swine viruses such as swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) and porcine sapovirus (porcine SaV) may have a limited clinical implication in swine health, they do pose a potential public health concern in humans due to zoonotic (swine HEV) or potential zoonotic (porcine SaV) and xenozoonotic (PERV, PLHV) risks. Other emerging viruses such as Nipah virus, Bungowannah virus and Menangle virus not only cause diseases in pigs but some also pose important zoonotic threat to humans. This article focuses on emerging and re-emerging swine viruses that have a limited or uncertain clinical and economic impact on pig health. The transmission, epidemiology and pathogenic potential of these viruses are discussed. In addition, the two economically important emerging viruses, PRRSV and PCV2, are also briefly discussed to identify important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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20
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Park SJ, Kim HK, Moon HJ, Song DS, Rho SM, Han JY, Nguyen VG, Park BK. Molecular detection of porcine kobuviruses in pigs in Korea and their association with diarrhea. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1803-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Hosmillo MDT, Jeong YJ, Kim HJ, Collantes TM, Alfajaro MM, Park JG, Kim HH, Kwon HJ, Park SJ, Kang MI, Park SI, Cho KO. Development of universal SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR for the rapid detection and quantitation of bovine and porcine toroviruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:212-7. [PMID: 20558206 PMCID: PMC7112831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toroviruses (ToVs) are a group of emerging viruses that cause gastroenteritis in domestic animals and humans. Currently, methods such as real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) have not yet been developed for the rapid detection and quantitation of bovine (BToV) and porcine (PToV) toroviruses. Using BToV and PToV RNA standards generated by in vitro transcription, the detection limit of the SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay was 2.54 x 10(2) BToV and 2.17 x 10(3) PToV copies/reaction (correlation coefficiency=0.99 and 0.97, respectively), whereas those of RT-PCR and nested PCR were 2.54 x 10(5) and 2.54 x 10(4) (BToV) and 2.17 x 10(7) and 2.17 x 10(5) (PToV) cRNA viral copies/reaction, respectively. Archived diarrhea specimens of calves (n=121) and piglets (n=86) were subjected to RT-PCR, nested PCR and SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR. By conventional RT-PCR, 1 (0.8%) bovine and 7 (8.1%) porcine samples tested positive to BToV and PToV, respectively. With nested PCR, 13 (10.7%) bovine and 17 (19.8%) porcine samples tested positive. SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay detected BToV and PToV in 22 of 121 (18.2%) bovine and 31 of 86 (36.0%) porcine samples. These results indicate that SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR (P<0.05) is a more sensitive assay, which can be reproduced as a reliable, sensitive, and rapid tool for the detection and quantitation of toroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra D T Hosmillo
- Bio-therapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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