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Wang X, Chen Y, Qi C, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wu H, Zhang T, Qi A, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Pang D. Mechanism, structural and functional insights into nidovirus-induced double-membrane vesicles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340332. [PMID: 38919631 PMCID: PMC11196420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During infection, positive-stranded RNA causes a rearrangement of the host cell membrane, resulting in specialized membrane structure formation aiding viral genome replication. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), typical structures produced by virus-induced membrane rearrangements, are platforms for viral replication. Nidoviruses, one of the most complex positive-strand RNA viruses, have the ability to infect not only mammals and a few birds but also invertebrates. Nidoviruses possess a distinctive replication mechanism, wherein their nonstructural proteins (nsps) play a crucial role in DMV biogenesis. With the participation of host factors related to autophagy and lipid synthesis pathways, several viral nsps hijack the membrane rearrangement process of host endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and other organelles to induce DMV formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of DMV formation and its structure and function in the infectious cycle of nidovirus may be essential for the development of new and effective antiviral strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
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Ujike M, Suzuki T. Progress of research on coronaviruses and toroviruses in large domestic animals using reverse genetics systems. Vet J 2024; 305:106122. [PMID: 38641200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The generation of genetically engineered recombinant viruses from modified DNA/RNA is commonly referred to as reverse genetics, which allows the introduction of desired mutations into the viral genome. Reverse genetics systems (RGSs) are powerful tools for studying fundamental viral processes, mechanisms of infection, pathogenesis and vaccine development. However, establishing RGS for coronaviruses (CoVs) and toroviruses (ToVs), which have the largest genomes among vertebrate RNA viruses, is laborious and hampered by technical constraints. Hence, little research has focused on animal CoVs and ToVs using RGSs, especially in large domestic animals such as pigs and cattle. In the last decade, however, studies of porcine CoVs and bovine ToVs using RGSs have been reported. In addition, the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic has prompted the development of new and simple CoV RGSs, which will accelerate RGS-based research on animal CoVs and ToVs. In this review, we summarise the general characteristics of CoVs and ToVs, the RGSs available for CoVs and ToVs and the progress made in the last decade in RGS-based research on porcine CoVs and bovine ToVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Zoonosis Research, Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Castells M, Benítez-Galeano MJ, Marandino A, Caffarena RD, Casaux ML, Pérez R, Giannitti F, Colina R. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Torovirus in Uruguay. Viruses 2024; 16:835. [PMID: 38932127 PMCID: PMC11209243 DOI: 10.3390/v16060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is an enteric pathogen that may cause diarrhea in calves and adult cattle, which could result in economic losses due to weight loss and decreased milk production. This study aimed to report the presence, the genetic characterization and the evolution of BToV in calves in Uruguay. BToV was detected in 7.9% (22/278) of fecal samples, being identified in dairy (9.2%, 22/239) but not beef (0.0%, 0/39) calves. BToV was detected in both diarrheic (14%, 6/43) and non-diarrheic (13.2%, 5/38) dairy calves. In addition, BToV was detected in the intestinal contents of 14.9% (7/47) of naturally deceased dairy calves. A complete genome (28,446 nucleotides) was obtained, which was the second outside Asia and the first in Latin America. In addition, partial S gene sequences were obtained to perform evolutionary analyses. Nucleotide and amino acid substitutions within and between outbreaks/farms were observed, alerting the continuous evolution of the virus. Through Bayesian analysis using BEAST, a recent origin (mid-60s) of BToV, possibly in Asia, was estimated, with two introductions into Uruguay from Asia and Europe in 2004 and 2013, respectively. The estimated evolutionary rate was 1.80 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and genetic characterization for the effective management and understanding of BToV's global epidemiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - María José Benítez-Galeano
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Rubén Darío Caffarena
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia 70006, Uruguay
- Unidad Académica Salud de Rumiantes, Departamento de Producción y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia 70006, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia 70006, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto 50000, Uruguay
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4
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Liao Y, Wang H, Liao H, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. Classification, replication, and transcription of Nidovirales. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1291761. [PMID: 38328580 PMCID: PMC10847374 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nidovirales is one order of RNA virus, with the largest single-stranded positive sense RNA genome enwrapped with membrane envelope. It comprises four families (Arterividae, Mesoniviridae, Roniviridae, and Coronaviridae) and has been circulating in humans and animals for almost one century, posing great threat to livestock and poultry,as well as to public health. Nidovirales shares similar life cycle: attachment to cell surface, entry, primary translation of replicases, viral RNA replication in cytoplasm, translation of viral proteins, virion assembly, budding, and release. The viral RNA synthesis is the critical step during infection, including genomic RNA (gRNA) replication and subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs) transcription. gRNA replication requires the synthesis of a negative sense full-length RNA intermediate, while the sg mRNAs transcription involves the synthesis of a nested set of negative sense subgenomic intermediates by a discontinuous strategy. This RNA synthesis process is mediated by the viral replication/transcription complex (RTC), which consists of several enzymatic replicases derived from the polyprotein 1a and polyprotein 1ab and several cellular proteins. These replicases and host factors represent the optimal potential therapeutic targets. Hereby, we summarize the Nidovirales classification, associated diseases, "replication organelle," replication and transcription mechanisms, as well as related regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyu Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Delling C, Daugschies A. Literature Review: Coinfection in Young Ruminant Livestock- Cryptosporidium spp. and Its Companions. Pathogens 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 35056051 PMCID: PMC8777864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal welfare. Besides C. parvum, there are many other non-infectious and infectious factors, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Giardia duodenalis, which may lead to diarrhoeic disease in young livestock. Often, more than one infectious agent is detected in affected animals. Little is known about the interactions bet-ween simultaneously occurring pathogens and their potential effects on the course of disease. In this review, a brief overview about pathogens associated with diarrhoea in young ruminants is presented. Furthermore, information about coinfections involving Cryptosporidium is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Ávila-Pérez G, Rejas MT, Chichón FJ, Guerra M, Fernández JJ, Rodríguez D. Architecture of torovirus replicative organelles. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:837-850. [PMID: 34967475 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plus-stranded RNA viruses replicate in the cytosol of infected cells, in membrane-bound replication complexes. We previously identified double membrane vesicles (DMVs) in the cytoplasm of cells infected with Berne virus (BEV), the prototype member of Torovirus genus (Nidovirales Order). Our previous analysis by transmission electron microscopy suggested that the DMVs form a reticulovesicular network (RVN) analogous those described for the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1). Here, we used serial sectioning and electron tomography to characterize the architecture of torovirus replication organelles, and to learn about their biogenesis and dynamics during the infection. The formation of a RVN in BEV infected cells was confirmed, where the outer membranes of the DMVs are interconnected with each other and with the ER. Paired or zippered ER membranes connected with the DMVs were also observed, and likely represent early structures that evolve to give rise to DMVs. Also, paired membranes forming small spherule-like invaginations were observed at late time post-infection. Although resembling in size, the tomographic analysis show that these structures are clearly different from the true spherules described previously for coronaviruses. Hence, BEV shows important similarities, but also some differences, in the architecture of the replication organelles with other nidoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Rejas
- Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Chichón
- Servicio de Criomicroscopía Electrónica (cryoEM-CSIC) and Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Guerra
- Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jesús Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), CINN-CSIC, Av Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Abstract
Historically part of the coronavirus (CoV) family, torovirus (ToV) was recently classified into the new family Tobaniviridae. While reverse genetics systems have been established for various CoVs, none exist for ToVs. Herein, we developed a reverse genetics system using an infectious full-length cDNA clone of bovine ToV (BToV) in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Recombinant BToV harboring genetic markers had the same phenotype as wild-type (wt) BToV. To generate two types of recombinant virus, the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene was edited, as cell-adapted wtBToV generally loses full-length HE (HEf), resulting in soluble HE (HEs). First, recombinant viruses with HEf and HA-tagged HEf or HEs genes were rescued. These exhibited no significant differences in their effect on virus growth in HRT18 cells, suggesting that HE is not essential for viral replication in these cells. Thereafter, we generated recombinant virus (rEGFP), wherein HE was replaced by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. The rEGFP expressed EGFP in infected cells, but showed significantly lower viral growth compared to wtBToV. Moreover, the rEGFP readily deleted the EGFP gene after one passage. Interestingly, rEGFP variants with two mutations (C1442F and I3562T) in non-structural proteins (NSPs) that emerged during passages exhibited improved EGFP expression, EGFP gene retention, and viral replication. An rEGFP into which both mutations were introduced displayed a similar phenotype to these variants, suggesting that the mutations contributed to EGFP gene acceptance. The current findings provide new insights into BToV, and reverse genetics will help advance the current understanding of this neglected pathogen. Importance ToVs are diarrhea-causing pathogens detected in various species, including humans. Through the development of a BAC-based BToV, we introduced the first reverse genetics system for Tobaniviridae. Utilizing this system, recombinant BToVs with a full-length HE gene were generated. Remarkably, although clinical BToVs generally lose the HE gene after a few passages, some recombinant viruses generated in the current study retained the HE gene for up to 20 passages while accumulating mutations in NSPs, which suggested that these mutations may be involved in HE gene retention. The EGFP gene of recombinant viruses was unstable, but rEGFP into which two NSP mutations were introduced exhibited improved EGFP expression, gene retention, and viral replication. These data suggested the existence of an NSP-based acceptance or retention mechanism for exogenous RNA or HE genes. Recombinant BToVs and reverse genetics are powerful tools for understanding fundamental viral processes, infection pathogenesis, and BToV vaccine development.
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Abstract
Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy calves in their first month of life and also affecting adult cattle, resulting in large economic losses and a negative impact on animal welfare. Despite the usual multifactorial origin, viruses are generally involved, being among the most important causes of diarrhea. There are several viruses that have been confirmed as etiological agents (i.e., rotavirus and coronavirus), and some viruses that are not yet confirmed as etiological agents. This review summarizes the viruses that have been detected in the enteric tract of cattle and tries to deepen and gather knowledge about them.
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Zhao L, Shao G, Tang C, Yue H. Development and use of a reverse transcription insulated isothermal PCR assay for detection and characterization of bovine torovirus in yaks. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2017-2025. [PMID: 33881617 PMCID: PMC8058584 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is an important diarrhea-causing pathogen affecting bovines. To facilitate BToV detection, a reverse transcription insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) assay was developed that targets the BToV M gene with high specificity and reproducibility. The assay has a limit of detection of 23 copies/μL. Out of 69 diarrheic fecal samples from yaks collected on six farms in Tibet and Sichuan provinces in China, 11.59% (8/69) tested positive for BToV using this assay. The full-length spike (S) and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes of three positive samples were subsequently sequenced. Notably, an identical recombination event was identified in the S1 subunit of the S protein of three isolates. All of the HE genes were found to belong to genotype III and shared the same unique aa variation (P44S) in the esterase domain. This study is the first confirmation of BToV in yaks and the first report of an S gene recombination event in BToV. Our findings will enhance the current understanding of the molecular characteristics and genetic evolution of BToV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ujike M, Taguchi F. Recent Progress in Torovirus Molecular Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33800523 PMCID: PMC7998386 DOI: 10.3390/v13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
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Ujike M, Kawachi Y, Matsunaga Y, Etho Y, Asanuma H, Kamitani W, Taguchi F. Characterization of Localization and Export Signals of Bovine Torovirus Nucleocapsid Protein Responsible for Extensive Nuclear and Nucleolar Accumulation and Their Importance for Virus Growth. J Virol 2021; 95:e02111-20. [PMID: 33177195 PMCID: PMC7925113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02111-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although historically, it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family. The nucleocapsid (N) proteins of CoVs are predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, where the viruses replicate, but in some cases the proteins are partially located in the nucleolus. Many studies have investigated the subcellular localization and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals of the CoV N proteins, but little is known about ToV N proteins. Here, we studied the subcellular localization of the bovine ToV (BToV) N protein (BToN) and characterized its nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals. Unlike other CoVs, BToN in infected cells was transported mainly to the nucleolus during early infection but was distributed predominantly in the nucleoplasm rather than in the nucleolus during late infection. Interestingly, a small quantity of BToN was detected in the cytoplasm during infection. Examination of a comprehensive set of substitution or deletion mutants of BToN fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) revealed that clusters of arginine (R) residues comprise nuclear/nucleolar localization signals (NLS/NoLS), and the C-terminal region served as a chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1)-independent nuclear export signal (NES). Moreover, recombinant viruses with mutations in the NLS/NoLS, but retaining nuclear accumulation, were successfully rescued and showed slightly reduced growth ability, while the virus that lost the NLS/NoLS-mediated nuclear accumulation of BToN was not rescued. These results indicate that BToN uniquely accumulates mainly in nuclear compartments during infection, regulated by an R-rich NLS/NoLS and a CRM1-independent NES, and that the BToN accumulation in the nuclear compartment driven by NLS/NoLS is important for virus growth.IMPORTANCE ToVs are diarrhea-causing pathogens detected in many species, including humans. BToV has spread worldwide, leading to economic loss, and there is currently no treatment or vaccine available. Positive-stranded RNA viruses, including ToVs, replicate in the cytoplasm, and their structural proteins generally accumulate in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, BToN accumulated predominantly in the nucleus/nucleolus during all infectious processes, with only a small fraction accumulating in the cytoplasm despite being a major structural protein. Furthermore, we identified unique nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals and demonstrated the importance of NLS/NoLS for virus growth. This study is the first to undertake an in-depth investigation of the subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking signals of BToN. Our findings additionally suggest that the NLS/NoLS-mediated nuclear accumulation of BToN is important for virus replication. An understanding of the unique features of BToV may provide novel insights into the assembly mechanisms of not only ToVs but also other positive-stranded RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Kawachi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Etho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Shi Z, Wang W, Chen C, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu Z, Lan Y. First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:272. [PMID: 32758221 PMCID: PMC7404080 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses are notorious pathogens that cause diarrheic and respiratory diseases in humans and animals. Although the epidemiology and pathogenicity of coronaviruses have gained substantial attention, little is known about bovine coronavirus in cattle, which possesses a close relationship with human coronavirus. Bovine torovirus (BToV) is a newly identified relevant pathogen associated with cattle diarrhoea and respiratory diseases, and its epidemiology in the Chinese cattle industry remains unknown. Results In this study, a total of 461 diarrhoeic faecal samples were collected from 38 different farms in three intensive cattle farming regions and analysed. Our results demonstrated that BToV is present in China, with a low prevalence rate of 1.74% (8/461). The full-length spike genes were further cloned from eight clinical samples (five farms in Henan Province). Phylogenetic analysis showed that two different subclades of BToV strains are circulating in China. Meanwhile, the three BToV strains identified from dairy calves, 18,307, 2YY and 5YY, all contained the amino acid variants R614Q, I801T, N841S and Q885E. Conclusions This is the first report to confirm the presence of BToV in beef and dairy calves in China with diarrhea, which extend our understanding of the epidemiology of BToVs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chaoxi Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoxue Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yali Lan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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Li H, Zhang B, Yue H, Tang C. First detection and genomic characteristics of bovine torovirus in dairy calves in China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1577-1583. [PMID: 32388597 PMCID: PMC7210800 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is a diarrhea-causing pathogen. In this study, 92 diarrheic fecal samples from five farms in four provinces in China were collected and tested for BToV using a RT-PCR assay, and 21.73% samples were found to be BToV positive. Moreover, two complete BToV genome sequences (MN073058 and MN073059) were obtained from the clinical samples, which were 28,297 and 28,301 nucleotides in length, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the two isolates shared 10 identical amino acid mutations in the S protein compared to the complete S sequences of BToV available in the GenBank database. In addition, seven consecutive amino acid mutations were found from aa 1,486 to 1,492 in the S protein of isolate MN073058. Moreover, the two isolates shared one identical amino acid mutation in the receptor binding sites of the HE protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the epidemic and genomic characterization of BToV in China, which is helpful for further understanding the genetic evolution of BToV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Innovation Team of Beef Cattle, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Innovation Team of Beef Cattle, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Fukunari K, Suzuki T. Design of a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR system to simultaneously detect 16 pathogens associated with bovine respiratory and enteric diseases. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:832-847. [PMID: 32357286 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and bovine enteric disease (BED) are two major diseases in cattle, resulting in severe economic losses in the dairy and beef industries. The two major diseases are associated with several factors such as viruses, bacteria, the health condition of the host and environmental factors. We aimed to design a new efficient diagnostic method, which rapidly detect causative pathogens, minimizing economic loss due to BRD and BED. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) system for the simultaneous diagnosis of 16 pathogens, including 12 viruses and 4 bacteria related to BRD and BED, based on single qRT-PCR assays in previous studies. The designed multiplex qRT-PCR was highly sensitive and has minimal detection levels which will be no different from those of single qRT-PCR. Moreover, the multiplex qRT-PCR could more efficiently detect the causative pathogens than conventional RT-PCR in test using a part of BRD and BED clinical samples. Furthermore, our data revealed that the multiplex qRT-PCR had high performance in its specificity and reproducibility tests. CONCLUSIONS Our system can effectively detect multiple BRD or BED related pathogens from each animal while testing several clinical samples via the multiplex qRT-PCR. It is more time-, cost- and labour-efficient than other diagnostic methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rapid detection of infected animals from the herd using our system will greatly contribute to infection control and prompt treatment in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - G Yaegashi
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - K Fukunari
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ryu JH, Shin SU, Choi KS. Molecular surveillance of viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned Korean native calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1811-1820. [PMID: 31927690 PMCID: PMC7089501 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Ávila-Pérez G, Diaz-Beneitez E, Cubas-Gaona LL, Nieves-Molina G, Rodríguez JR, Rodríguez JF, Rodríguez D. Activation of the autophagy pathway by Torovirus infection is irrelevant for virus replication. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219428. [PMID: 31306441 PMCID: PMC6629058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic process that mediates lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and damaged organelles, also exerting an important role in the elimination of intracellular pathogens. Despite the antiviral role of autophagy, many studies suggest that some positive-stranded RNA viruses exploit this pathway to facilitate their own replication. In this study, we demonstrate that the equine torovirus Berne virus (BEV), the prototype member of the Torovirus genus (Coronaviridae Family, Nidovirales Order), induces autophagy at late times post-infection. Conversion of microtubule associated protein 1B light chain 3 (LC3) from cytosolic (LC3 I) to the membrane associated form (LC3 II), a canonical marker of autophagosome formation, is enhanced in BEV infected cells. However, neither autophagy induction, via starvation, nor pharmacological blockade significantly affect BEV replication. Similarly, BEV infection is not altered in autophagy deficient cells lacking either Beclin 1 or LC3B protein expression. Unexpectedly, the cargo receptor p62, a selective autophagy receptor, aggregates within the region where the BEV main protease (Mpro) localizes. This finding, coupled with observation that BEV replication also induces ER stress at the time when selective autophagy is taking place, suggests that the autophagy pathway is activated in response to the hefty accumulation of virus-encoded polypeptides during the late phase of BEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Diaz-Beneitez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana L. Cubas-Gaona
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gliselle Nieves-Molina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José F. Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
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Ávila-Pérez G, Rejas MT, Rodríguez D. Ultrastructural characterization of membranous torovirus replication factories. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1691-1708. [PMID: 27218226 PMCID: PMC7162420 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plus‐stranded RNA viruses replicate in the cytosol of infected cells, in membrane‐bound replication complexes containing the replicase proteins, the viral RNA and host proteins. The formation of the replication and transcription complexes (RTCs) through the rearrangement of cellular membranes is currently being actively studied for viruses belonging to different viral families. In this work, we identified double‐membrane vesicles (DMVs) in the cytoplasm of cells infected with the equine torovirus Berne virus (BEV), the prototype member of the Torovirus genus (Coronaviridae family, Nidovirales order). Using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we observed a close relationship between the RTCs and the DMVs of BEV. The examination of BEV‐infected cells revealed that the replicase proteins colocalize with each other and with newly synthesized RNA and are associated to the membrane rearrangement induced by BEV. However, the double‐stranded RNA, an intermediate of viral replication, is exclusively limited to the interior of DMVs. Our results with BEV resemble those obtained with other related viruses in the Nidovirales order, thus providing new evidence to support the idea that nidoviruses share a common replicative structure based on the DMV arranged clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Rejas
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Ito M, Tsuchiaka S, Naoi Y, Otomaru K, Sato M, Masuda T, Haga K, Oka T, Yamasato H, Omatsu T, Sugimura S, Aoki H, Furuya T, Katayama Y, Oba M, Shirai J, Katayama K, Mizutani T, Nagai M. Whole genome analysis of Japanese bovine toroviruses reveals natural recombination between porcine and bovine toroviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:90-95. [PMID: 26708248 PMCID: PMC7185535 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine toroviruses (BToVs), belong to the subfamily Toroviridae within the family Coronaviridae, and are pathogens, causing enteric disease in cattle. In Japan, BToVs are distributed throughout the country and cause gastrointestinal infection of calves and cows. In the present study, complete genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and partial genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and one porcine torovirus (PToV) from distant regions in Japan were determined and genetic analyses were performed. Pairwise nucleotide comparison and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Japanese BToVs shared high identity with each other and showed high similarities with BToV Breda1 strain in S, M, and HE coding regions. Japanese BToVs showed high similarities with porcine toroviruses in ORF1a, ORF1b, and N coding regions and the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, suggestive of a natural recombination event. Recombination analyses mapped the putative recombinant breakpoints to the 3′ ends of the ORF1b and HE regions. These findings suggest that the interspecies recombinant nature of Japanese BToVs resulted in a closer relationship between BToV Breda1 and PToVs. Recombination events between porcine and bovine torovirus were identified. Recombinant breakpoints were mapped at ORF1b and HE coding regions. These recombinant viruses are prevalent throughout Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Saida, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central District Animal Hygiene Service Center, Hiraidekougyoudanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasato
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugimura
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Rapid and sensitive detection of porcine torovirus by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP). J Virol Methods 2015; 228:103-7. [PMID: 26611229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine torovirus (PToV) is associated with swine gastroenteritis, but its pathogenesis is uncertain because there is limited information regarding PToV due to its difficulty to adapt in vitro. This study has developed a rapid one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for the detection of PToV. A set of four primers specific to six regions within the PToV's highly conserved fragment of the M gene was designed for use with the RT-LAMP assay. The RT-LAMP assay was sensitive with a detection limit of 1 × 10(1)copies/μL, which was 100-fold higher than reverse-transcription PCR. No cross-reaction was observed with other similar viruses. A total of 175 clinical specimens were collected from the Sichuan province, and PToV was detected by the established RT-LAMP assay with a positive rate of 39.2% (69/175). This study developed the first rapid, sensitive, simple, cost-effective and accurate method for the detection of PToV. The results show that the RT-LAMP assay is highly feasible in clinical settings.
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20
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Lojkić I, Krešić N, Šimić I, Bedeković T. Detection and molecular characterisation of bovine corona and toroviruses from Croatian cattle. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:202. [PMID: 26268320 PMCID: PMC4535285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) together with bovine torovirus (BToV), both members of the Coronaviridae family, order Nidovirales are the most common viral enteric pathogens. Although studied separately, their joint occurrence and the molecular diversity in cattle in Croatia have not been investigated. METHODS A survey is carried out on 101 fecal samples from diarrheic young and adult cattle during the 3-year period from i) one large dairy herd, ii) four small herds and iii) three nasal and paired fecal samples from calves with symptoms of respiratory disease. Samples were submitted to RT-PCR and sequencing for BCoV Nucleocapsid gene, BCoV Spike gene and BToV Spike gene. RESULTS BCoV was detected in 78.8 % of fecal samples from symptomatic cattle and three nasal and paired fecal samples from calves with respiratory symptoms. BToV was detected in 43.2 % of fecal samples from symptomatic cattle and a fecal sample from calves with respiratory symptoms. Molecular characterisation of those viruses revealed some nucleotide and aminoacid differences in relation to reference strains. CONCLUSIONS BToV should be regarded as a relevant pathogen for cattle that plays a synergistic role in mixed enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lojkić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nina Krešić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Bedeković
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sun H, Lan D, Lu L, Chen M, Wang C, Hua X. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the genome of porcine torovirus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:773-8. [PMID: 24122107 PMCID: PMC7086580 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we amplified and sequenced the first genome of porcine torovirus (PToV SH1 strain). The genome was found to be 28,301 bp in length, sharing 79 % identity with Breda virus. It mainly consists of replicase (20,906 bp) and structural genes: spike (4,722 bp), membrane (702 bp), hemagglutinin-esterase (1,284 bp), and nucleocapsid (492 bp). Sequence alignments and structure prediction suggest genetic differences among toroviruses, mainly in NSP1 (papain-like cysteine proteinase domain). Rooted phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the 3C-like proteinase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes. PToV, Berne virus and Breda virus were clustered together, forming a separate branch from white bream virus that was distant from that of the coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Daoliang Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- Tibetan Plateau Base, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Lifang Lu
- Fast Track Center, GE (China) Research and Development Center, Shanghai, 210203 China
| | - Molin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Changsong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Dhama K, Pawaiya R, Chakrabort S, Tiwari R, Verma A. Toroviruses Affecting Animals and Humans: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.190.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Molecular detection of porcine torovirus in piglets with diarrhea in southwest China. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:984282. [PMID: 24459455 PMCID: PMC3891532 DOI: 10.1155/2013/984282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine torovirus (PToV) was detected from intestinal samples of piglets with diarrhea from 20 farms in southwest China. The total prevalence of PToV was 45% (9 out of 20 farms); it was the first detection of PToV in China, and also the study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships between the Chinese PToV and PToV reference strains as well as other representative toroviruses. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of genetic diversity among geographically separated PToV. Statistical analysis of the PToV positive rate as well as a survey for other enteric pathogens in diarrheic pigs suggests that PToV may play a role as a causative agent of severe diarrhea in piglets.
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Lineage specific antigenic differences in porcine torovirus hemagglutinin-esterase (PToV-HE) protein. Vet Res 2013; 44:126. [PMID: 24364900 PMCID: PMC3878402 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin-esterases (HE) are viral envelope proteins present in some members from the toro-, corona- and orthomyxovirus families, all related with enteric and/or respiratory tract infections. HE proteins mediate reversible binding to sialic acid receptor determinants, very abundant glycan residues in the enteric and respiratory tracts. The role of the HE protein during the torovirus infection cycle remains unknown, although it is believed to be important in the natural infection process. The phylogenetic analysis of HE coding sequences from porcine torovirus (PToV) field strains revealed the existence of two distinct HE lineages. In a previous study, PToV virus strains with HE proteins from the two lineages were found coexisting in a pig herd, and they were even obtained from the same animal at two consecutive sampling time points. In this work, we report antigenic differences between the two HE lineages, and discuss the possible implications that the coexistence of viruses belonging to both lineages might have on the spread and sustainment of PToV infection in the farms.
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Nogueira JS, Asano KM, de Souza SP, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ. First detection and molecular diversity of Brazilian bovine torovirus (BToV) strains from young and adult cattle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:799-801. [PMID: 23648077 PMCID: PMC7111811 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is an established enteric pathogen of cattle, but its occurrence in Brazilian cattle had not been reported until now. This article describes a survey on BToV in Brazil carried out on 80 fecal samples from diarrheic young and adult cattle, using a nested-RT-PCR targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. BToV was detected in 6.25% (5/80) of stool samples from three different geographic regions. Sequences analysis showed that Brazilian BToVs have a high degree of identity with European and Japanese BToVs and a lower degree of identity with North American Breda 1 strain. These results show that, albeit its low frequency and the scarce number of research on the field, BToV is still present amongst cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Silva Nogueira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo. Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hemagglutination mediated by the spike protein of cell-adapted bovine torovirus. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1561-6. [PMID: 23420207 PMCID: PMC7086739 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV)-Aichi, recently isolated in cultured cells, showed hemagglutination (HA) activity, although the virus has a truncated hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein, judging from its gene structure, indicating the existence of another viral protein with HA activity. We examined whether the spike (S) protein possesses HA activity. A BToV antiserum used in this study, reactive to S but not to HE, inhibited HA activity. Furthermore, cells infected with BToV and those expressing S showed hemadsorption (HAD) activity, which was inhibited by the anti-BToV serum; however, HAD activity by expressed HE was not blocked. These data indicate that the S protein of BToV-Aichi is responsible for its HA activity.
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Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Burge LJ. Bovine coronaviruses from the respiratory tract: antigenic and genetic diversity. Vaccine 2012; 31:886-92. [PMID: 23246548 PMCID: PMC7115418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BoCV isolated from respiratory tract, nasal swab and broncho alveolar washing fluid samples were evaluated for genetic and antigenic differences. These BoCV from the respiratory tract of healthy and clinically ill cattle with BRD signs were compared to reference and vaccine strains based on Spike protein coding sequences and VNT using convalescent antisera. Based on this study, the BoCV isolates belong to one of two genomic clades (clade 1 and 2) which can be differentiated antigenically. The respiratory isolates from Oklahoma in this study were further divided by genetic differences into three subclades, 2a, 2b, and 2c. Reference enteric BoCV strains and a vaccine strain were in clade 1. Currently available vaccines designed to control enteric disease are based on viruses from one clade while viruses isolated from respiratory tracts, in this study, belong to the other clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Fulton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Alonso-Padilla J, Pignatelli J, Simon-Grifé M, Plazuelo S, Casal J, Rodríguez D. Seroprevalence of porcine torovirus (PToV) in Spanish farms. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:675. [PMID: 23217216 PMCID: PMC3556161 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torovirus infections have been associated with gastroenteritis and diarrhea in horses, cows, pigs and humans, especially in young animals and in children. Although asymptomatic in a large percentage of cases, however toroviruses may pose a potential threat to worsen disease outcome in concurrent infections with other enteric pathogens. Previous studies based on the analysis of limited numbers of samples indicated high seroprevalences against porcine torovirus (PToV) in various European countries. The aim of this work was to perform a seroepidemiological survey of PToV in Spanish farms in order to define the seroprevalence against this virus. RESULTS Serum samples (n = 2664) from pigs of different ages were collected from 100 Spanish farms coming from 10 regions that concentrate 96.1% of the 3392 farms with 80 or more sows censused in Spain. Samples were screened by means of an indirect enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) based on a recombinant PToV nucleocapsid protein as antigen. The analysis of the whole serum collection yielded a total of 95.7% (2550/2664) seropositive samples. The highest prevalence (99.6%, 1382/1388) and ELISA values (average O.D. ± standard deviation) were observed in the sows (1.03±0.36) and the lowest prevalence (59.4%, 98/165) and anti-PToV IgG levels (0.45±0.16) were found amongst 3-week-old piglets. Both ELISA reactivity values and seroprevalence percentages rose quickly with piglet's age from 3 to 11 weeks of age; the seroprevalence was 99.3% (2254/2270) when only the samples from sows and pigs over 11-weeks of age were considered. Antibodies against PToV were detected in all analyzed farms. CONCLUSIONS This report describes the results of the largest torovirus seroepidemiological survey in farmed swine performed so far. Overall, the seroprevalence against PToV in animals older than 11 weeks of age was >99%, indicating that this virus is endemic in pig herds from Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alonso-Padilla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Current address: Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th ST, New York, 10010, USA
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Av. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid, 28002, Spain
| | - Meritxell Simon-Grifé
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA and Department of Animal Health, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Susana Plazuelo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA and Department of Animal Health, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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