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de Oliveira EG, Filho CADC, Rodrigues RAL. An overview of viral chitinases: General properties and biotechnological potential. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2053-2061. [PMID: 38057942 PMCID: PMC10800131 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a biopolymer profusely present in nature and of pivotal importance as a structural component in cells. It is degraded by chitinases, enzymes naturally produced by different organisms. Chitinases are proteins enrolled in many cellular mechanisms, including the remodeling process of the fungal cell wall, the cell growth process, the autolysis of filamentous fungi, and cell separation of yeasts, among others. These enzymes also have properties with different biotechnological applications. They are used to produce polymers, for biological control, biofilm formation, and as antitumor and anti-inflammatory target molecules. Chitinases are classified into different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families and are widespread in microorganisms, including viruses. Among them, the GH18 family is highly predominant in the viral genomes, being present and active enzymes in baculoviruses and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), especially chloroviruses from the Phycodnaviridae family. These viral enzymes contain one or more GH domains and seem to be involved during the viral replication cycle. Curiously, only a few DNA viruses have these enzymes, and studying their properties could be a key feature for biological and biotechnological novelties. Here, we provide an overview of viral chitinases and their probable function in viral infection, showing evidence of at least two distinct origins for these enzymes. Finally, we discuss how these enzymes can be applied as biotechnological tools and what one can expect for the coming years on these GHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Clécio Alonso da Costa Filho
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Chitinases as key virulence factors in microbial pathogens: Understanding their role and potential as therapeutic targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126021. [PMID: 37506799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are crucial for the survival of bacterial and fungal pathogens both during host infection and outside the host in the environment. Chitinases facilitate adhesion onto host cells, act as virulence factors during infection, and provide protection from the host immune system, making them crucial factors in the survival of microbial pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms behind chitinase action is beneficial to design novel therapeutics to control microbial infections. This review explores the role of chitinases in the pathogenesis of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The mechanisms underlying the action of chitinases of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in host cells are thoroughly reviewed. The evolutionary relationships between chitinases of various bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens are discussed to determine their involvement in processes, such as adhesion and host immune system modulation. Gaining a better understanding of the distribution and activity of chitinases in these microbial pathogens can help elucidate their role in the invasion and infection of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Microbial and viral chitinases: Attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:818-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kariithi HM, Meki IK, Boucias DG, Abd-Alla AM. Hytrosaviruses: current status and perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:71-78. [PMID: 28805642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland hytrosaviruses (SGHVs) are entomopathogenic dsDNA, enveloped viruses that replicate in the salivary glands (SGs) of the adult dipterans, Glossina spp (GpSGHV) and Musca domestica (MdSGHV). Although belonging to the same virus family (Hytrosaviridae), SGHVs have distinct morphologies and pathobiologies. Two GpSGHV strains potentially account for the differential pathologies in lab-bred tsetse. New data suggest incorporation of host-derived cellular proteins and lipids into mature SGHVs. In addition to within the SGs, MdSGHV undergoes limited replication in the corpora allata, potentially disrupting hormone biosynthesis, and GpSGHV replicates in the milk glands providing a transmission conduit to progeny tsetse. Whereas MdSGHV is a potential biocontrol agent, the vertically transmitted GpSGHV is unsuitable for tsetse vector control but does jeopardize tsetse mass rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, P.O. Box 100, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, P.O. Box 100, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 970 Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Adly Mm Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, P.O. Box 100, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
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Han G, Xu J, Liu Q, Li C, Xu H, Lu Z. Genome of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Granulovirus, the First Crambidae-Infecting Betabaculovirus Isolated from Rice Leaffolder to Sequenced. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147882. [PMID: 26848752 PMCID: PMC4746121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a major pest of rice in South and South-East Asia. Insecticides are the major means farmers use for management. A naturally occurring baculovirus, C. medinalis granulovirus (CnmeGV), has been isolated from the larvae and this has the potential for use as microbial agent. Here, we described the complete genome sequence of CnmeGV and compared it to other baculovirus genomes. The genome of CnmeGV is 112,060 base pairs in length, has a G+C content of 35.2%. It contains 133 putative open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 150 nucleotides. A hundred and one (101) of these ORFs are homologous to other baculovirus genes including 37 baculovirus core genes. Thirty-two (32) ORFs are unique to CnmeGV with no homologues detected in the GeneBank and 53 tandem repeats (TRs) with sequence length from 25 to 551 nt intersperse throughout the genome of CnmeGV. Six (6) homologous regions (hrs) were identified interspersed throughout the genome. Hr2 contains 11 imperfect palindromes and a high content of AT sequence (about 73%). The unique ORF28 contains a coiled-coil region and a zinc finger-like domain of 4–50 residues specialized by two C2C2 zinc finger motifs that putatively bound two atoms of zinc. ORF21 encoding a chit-1 protein suggesting a horizontal gene transfer from alphabaculovirus. The putative protein presents two carbohydrate-binding module family 14 (CBM_14) domains rather than other homologues detected from betabaculovirus that only contains one chit-binding region. Gene synteny maps showed the colinearity of sequenced betabaculovirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CnmeGV grouped in the betabaculovirus, with a close relation to AdorGV. The cladogram obtained in this work grouped the 17 complete GV genomes in one monophyletic clade. CnmeGV represents a new crambidae host-isolated virus species from the genus Betabaculovirus and is most closely relative of AdorGV. The analyses and information derived from this study will provide a better understanding of the pathological symptoms caused by this virus and its potential use as a microbial pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Han
- Department of Biological Pesticides, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Pesticides, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007, PR China
- * E-mail: (JX); (ZXL)
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biological Pesticides, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007, PR China
| | - Chuanming Li
- Department of Biological Pesticides, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007, PR China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
- * E-mail: (JX); (ZXL)
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Han KI, Patnaik BB, Kim YH, Kwon HJ, Han YS, Han MD. Isolation and Characterization of Chitinase-ProducingBacillusandPaenibacillusStrains from Salted and Fermented Shrimp,Acetes japonicus. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M665-74. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kook-Il Han
- Dept. of Biology; Soonchunhyang Univ; Asan Chungnam 336-745 Republic of Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Div. of Plant Biotechnology; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam Natl. Univ; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Biology; Soonchunhyang Univ; Asan Chungnam 336-745 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kwon
- Dept. of Biology; Soonchunhyang Univ; Asan Chungnam 336-745 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Div. of Plant Biotechnology; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam Natl. Univ; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Han
- Dept. of Biology; Soonchunhyang Univ; Asan Chungnam 336-745 Republic of Korea
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Jo YH, Patnaik BB, Kang SW, Chae SH, Oh S, Kim DH, Noh MY, Seo GW, Jeong HC, Noh JY, Jeong JE, Hwang HJ, Ko K, Han YS, Lee YS. Analysis of the genome of a Korean isolate of the Pieris rapae granulovirus enabled by its separation from total host genomic DNA by pulse-field electrophoresis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84183. [PMID: 24391907 PMCID: PMC3877225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most traditional genome sequencing projects involving viruses include the culture and purification of the virus particles. However, purification of virions may yield insufficient material for traditional sequencing. The electrophoretic method described here provides a strategy whereby the genomic DNA of the Korean isolate of Pieris rapae granulovirus (PiraGV-K) could be recovered in sufficient amounts for sequencing by purifying it directly from total host DNA by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The total genomic DNA of infected P. rapae was embedded in agarose plugs, treated with restriction nuclease and methylase, and then PFGE was used to separate PiraGV-K DNA from the DNA of P. rapae, followed by mapping of fosmid clones of the purified viral DNA. The double-stranded circular genome of PiraGV-K was found to encode 120 open reading frames (ORFs), which covered 92% of the sequence. BLAST and ORF arrangement showed the presence of 78 homologs to other genes in the database. The mean overall amino acid identity of PiraGV-K ORFs was highest with the Chinese isolate of PiraGV (~99%), followed up with Choristoneura occidentalis ORFs at 58%. PiraGV-K ORFs were grouped, according to function, into 10 genes involved in transcription, 11 involved in replication, 25 structural protein genes, and 15 auxiliary genes. Genes for Chitinase (ORF 10) and cathepsin (ORF 11), involved in the liquefaction of the host, were found in the genome. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The recovery of PiraGV-K DNA genome by pulse-field electrophoretic separation from host genomic DNA had several advantages, compared with its isolation from particles harvested as virions or inclusions from the P. rapae host. We have sequenced and analyzed the 108,658 bp PiraGV-K genome purified by the electrophoretic method. The method appears to be generally applicable to the analysis of genomes of large viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Se Won Kang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | | | - Seunghan Oh
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Gi Won Seo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Heon Cheon Jeong
- Hampyeong County Insect Institute, Hampyeong County Agricultural Technology Center, Hampyeong, South Korea
| | - Ju Young Noh
- Hampyeong County Insect Institute, Hampyeong County Agricultural Technology Center, Hampyeong, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jeong
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Hee Ju Hwang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
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Salvador R, Ferrelli ML, Sciocco-Cap A, Romanowski V. Analysis of a chitinase from EpapGV, a fast killing betabaculovirus. Virus Genes 2013; 48:406-9. [PMID: 24297310 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main function of baculoviral chitinase protein (V-CHIA) is to promote the final liquefaction of infected host larvae, facilitating the dispersion of occlusion bodies (OBs) in the environment. In this study, a v-chiA from Epinotia aporema Granulovirus (EpapGV) was identified and characterized. The 1,713 base pairs long open reading frame encodes a protein of 570 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 63 kDa. EpapGV V-CHIA sequence alignment resulted 62 % identical to Pieris rapae GV and Blastp search revealed a high conservation among all baculovirus chitinases. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the C-terminal KDEL present in most alphabaculovirus chitinases is absent in EpapGV V-CHIA, as well as in the rest of the betabaculoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with bacterial, lepidopteran, and baculoviral chitinase sequences available in databases. Using an AcMNPV bacmid (bApGOZA) a recombinant Ac-chiAEpapGV was obtained in order to overexpress EpapGV V-CHIA in cell culture. The presence of chitinase was detected in purified AcMNPV-chiAEpapGV OBs. Peritrophic membranes of Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae fed with recombinant OBs showed an altered structure. The results presented in this study show that EpapGV chitinase overexpression in recombinant baculovirus can cause association of this protein with OBs, and suggest that this could be used to evaluate the protein role in early stages of baculoviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Salvador
- Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, IMYZA-CICVyA-INTA, CC 25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
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