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Chen QY, Sun ZH, Che YL, Chen RJ, Wu XM, Wu RJ, Wang LB, Zhou LJ. High Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Recombination of Porcine Sapelovirus in Pig Farms in Fujian, Southern China. Viruses 2023; 15:1751. [PMID: 37632093 PMCID: PMC10458035 DOI: 10.3390/v15081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a ubiquitous virus in farmed pigs that is associated with SMEDI syndrome, polioencephalomyelitis, and diarrhea. However, there are few reports on the prevalence and molecular characterization of PSV in Fujian Province, Southern China. In this study, the prevalence of PSV and a poetical combinative strain PSV2020 were characterized using real-time PCR, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. As a result, an overall sample prevalence of 30.8% was detected in 260 fecal samples, and a farm prevalence of 76.7% was observed in 30 Fujian pig farms, from 2020 to 2022. Noteably, a high rate of PSV was found in sucking pigs. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the full-length genome of PSV2020 was 7550 bp, and the genetic evolution of its ORF region was closest to the G1 subgroup, which was isolated from Asia and America; the similarity of nucleotides and amino acids to other PSVs was 59.5~88.7% and 51.7~97.0%, respectively. However, VP1 genetic evolution analysis showed a distinct phylogenetic topology from the ORF region; PSV2020 VP1 was closer to the DIAPD5469-10 strain isolated from Italy than strains isolated from Asia and America, which comprise the G1 subgroup based on the ORF region. Amino acid discrepancy analysis illustrated that the PSV2020 VP1 gene inserted twelve additional nucleotides, corresponding to four additional amino acids (STAE) at positions 898-902 AAs. Moreover, a potential recombination signal was observed in the 2A coding region, near the 3' end of VP1, owing to recombination analysis. Additionally, 3D genetic evolutionary analysis showed that all reference strains demonstrated, to some degree, regional conservation. These results suggested that PSV was highly prevalent in Fujian pig farms, and PSV2020, a PSV-1 genotype strain, showed gene diversity and recombination in evolutionary progress. This study also laid a scientific foundation for the investigation of PSV epidemiology, molecular genetic characteristics, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Zhi-Hua Sun
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yong-Liang Che
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Ru-Jing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Xue-Min Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Ren-Jie Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Long-Bai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Lun-Jiang Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
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Hao C, Ren H, Wu X, Shu X, Li Z, Hu Y, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Zu S, Yuan J, Zhang H, Hu H. Preparation of monoclonal antibody and identification of two novel B cell epitopes to VP1 protein of porcine sapelovirus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Virome Analysis for Identification of a Novel Porcine Sapelovirus Isolated in Western China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0180122. [PMID: 35938790 PMCID: PMC9430179 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01801-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the most important problems associated with the production of piglets, which have a wide range of possible pathogens. This study identified a strain of porcine sapelovirus (PSV) by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies as the pathogen among fecal samples in a pig herd. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PSV isolates shared a unique polyprotein and clustered with Chinese isolates identified before 2013. The PSV strain was then isolated and named GS01. The in vitro and in vivo biological characteristics of this virus were then described. Our pathogenicity investigation showed that GS01 could cause an inflammatory reaction and induce serious diarrhea in neonatal piglets. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation and characterization of PSV in western China. Our results demonstrate that the PSV GS01 strain is destructive to neonatal piglets and might show an expanded role for sapeloviruses. IMPORTANCE Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) infection leads to severe polioencephalomyelitis with high morbidity and mortality, resulting in significant economic losses. In previous studies, PSV infections were always subclinical or only involved a series of mild symptoms, including spinal cord damage, inappetence, diarrhea, and breathless. However, in our study, we isolated a novel PSV by virome analysis. We also determined the biological characteristics of this virus in vitro and in vivo. Our study showed that this novel PSV could cause an inflammatory response and induce serious diarrhea in neonatal piglets. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation and characterization of PSV in western China. These findings highlight the importance of prevention for the potential threats of PSV.
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Yin M, Wen W, Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhu H, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Porcine Sapelovirus 3Cpro Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:852473. [PMID: 35782136 PMCID: PMC9240219 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.852473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is the causative pathogen of reproductive obstacles, acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, or severe polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Nevertheless, the pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism of PSV infection are not fully understood, which hinders disease prevention and control. In this study, we found that PSV was sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-β). However, PSV could not activate the IFN-β promoter and induce IFN-β mRNA expression, indicating that PSV has evolved an effective mechanism to block IFN-β production. Further study showed that PSV inhibited the production of IFN-β by cleaving mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and degrading melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) through viral 3Cpro. In addition, our study demonstrated that PSV 3Cpro degrades MDA5 and TBK1 through its protease activity and cleaves MAVS through the caspase pathway. Collectively, our results revealed that PSV inhibits the production of type I interferon to escape host antiviral immunity through cleaving and degrading the adaptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hechao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
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Ibrahim YM, Zhang W, Werid GM, Zhang H, Feng Y, Pan Y, Zhang L, Li C, Lin H, Chen H, Wang Y. Isolation, Characterization, and Molecular Detection of Porcine Sapelovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020349. [PMID: 35215935 PMCID: PMC8877214 DOI: 10.3390/v14020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is an important emerging pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases in swine, including acute diarrhoea, respiratory distress, skin lesions, severe neurological disorders, and reproductive failure. Although PSV is widespread, serological assays for field-based epidemiological studies are not yet available. Here, four PSV strains were recovered from diarrheic piglets, and electron microscopy revealed virus particles with a diameter of ~32 nm. Analysis of the entire genome sequence revealed that the genomes of PSV isolates ranged 7569–7572 nucleotides in length. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated viruses were classified together with strains from China. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies for the recombinant PSV-VP1 protein were developed to specifically detect PSV infection in cells, and we demonstrated that isolated PSVs could only replicate in cells of porcine origin. Using recombinant PSV-VP1 protein as the coating antigen, we developed an indirect ELISA for the first time for the detection of PSV antibodies in serum. A total of 516 swine serum samples were tested, and PSV positive rate was 79.3%. The virus isolates, monoclonal antibodies and indirect ELISA developed would be useful for further understanding the pathophysiology of PSV, developing new diagnostic assays, and investigating the epidemiology of the PSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassein M. Ibrahim
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - He Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yawen Feng
- Laboratory of Inspection and Testing, Hebei Provincial Station of Veterinary Drug and Feed, Shijiazhuang 050000, China;
| | - Yu Pan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Changwen Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Huan Lin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Detection and Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Italian Pig Farms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060966. [PMID: 32498384 PMCID: PMC7341194 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sapelovirus (PSV) is known to infect pigs asymptomatically but, sporadically, can cause reproductive failure and severe neurologic, enteric, or respiratory signs. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. However, information about PSV circulation in Italy is unavailable and rarely investigated across Europe. In this study, we reported the circulation of PSV in three Italian pig farms and added novel information about evolutionary heterogeneity of PSV strains showing a low genetic correlation with the other strains detected worldwide. The present study gives information about PSV circulation in intensive pig farms and highlights the need for further investigation. Abstract Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) belongs to the genus Sapelovirus of the family Picornaviridae. PSV infects pigs asymptomatically, but it can also cause severe neurologic, enteric, and respiratory symptoms or reproductive failure. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and the prevalence of PSV in Italian swine farms in animals of different ages to clarify the occurrence of the infection and the genetic characteristics of circulating strains. In the present study, 92 pools of fecal samples, collected from pigs across three farms, were analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase-polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR (RT-PCR). Fecal pools from young growers (63/64) were found positive for Sapelovirus in all farms while detection in sows (4/28) was observed in only one farm. Phylogenetic analyses of the 19 partial capsid protein nucleotide sequences (VP1) (6–7 each farm) enable the classification of the virus sequences into three distinct clades and highlighted the high heterogeneity within one farm. The whole genome sequence obtained from one strain showed the highest correlation with the Italian strain detected in 2015. The study adds novel information about the circulation and heterogeneity of PSV strains in Italy and considering the movement of pigs across Europe would also be informative for other countries.
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Zhao T, Cui L, Yu X, Zhang Z, Shen X, Hua X. Entry of sapelovirus into IPEC-J2 cells is dependent on caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Virol J 2019; 16:37. [PMID: 30909932 PMCID: PMC6434631 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine sapelovirus (PSV), a species of the genus Sapelovirus within the family Picornaviridae, are a significant cause of enteritis, pneumonia, polioencephalomyelitis and reproductive disorders in pigs. However, the life cycle of PSV on the molecular level is largely unknown. METHODS Here, we used chemical inhibitors, RNA interference, and overexpression of dominant negative (DN) mutant plasmids to verify the roles of distinct endocytic pathways involved in PSV entry into porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). RESULTS Our experiments indicated that PSV infection was inhibited when cells were pre-treated with NH4Cl or chloroquine. Inhibitors nystatin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, dynasore and wortmannin dramatically reduced PSV entry efficiency, whereas the inhibitors chlorpromazine and EIPA had no effect. Furthermore, overexpression caveolin DN mutant and siRNA against caveolin also decreased virus titers and VP1 protein synthesis, whereas overexpression EPS15 DN mutant and siRNA against EPS15 did not reduce virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PSV entry into IPEC-J2 cells depends on caveolae/lipid raft mediated-endocytosis, that is pH-dependent and requires dynamin and PI3K but is independent of clathrin and macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqian Yu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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Sunaga F, Masuda T, Ito M, Akagami M, Naoi Y, Sano K, Katayama Y, Omatsu T, Oba M, Sakaguchi S, Furuya T, Yamasato H, Ouchi Y, Shirai J, Mizutani T, Nagai M. Complete genomic analysis and molecular characterization of Japanese porcine sapeloviruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:198-208. [PMID: 30712153 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Porcine Sapelovirus (PSV) is an enteric virus of pigs that can cause various disorders. However, there are few reports that describe the molecular characteristics of the PSV genome. In this study, almost the entire genomes of 23 PSVs detected in Japanese pigs were analyzed using bioinformatics. Analysis of the cis-active RNA elements showed that the predicted secondary structures of the internal ribosome entry site in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and a cis-replication element in the 2C coding region were conserved among PSVs. In contrast, those at the 3' UTR were different for different PSVs; however, tertiary structures between domains were conserved across all PSVs. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the complete VP1 region showed that PSVs exhibited sequence diversity; however, they could not be grouped into genotypes due to the low bootstrap support of clusters. The insertion and/or deletion patterns in the C-terminal VP1 region were not related to the topology of the VP1 tree. The 3CD phylogenetic tree was topologically different from the VP1 tree, and PSVs from the same country were clustered independently. Recombination analysis revealed that recombination events were found upstream of the P2 region and some recombination breakpoints involved insertions and/or deletions in the C-terminal VP1 region. These findings demonstrate that PSVs show genetic diversity and frequent recombination events, particularly in the region upstream of the P2 region; however, PSVs could currently not be classified into genotypes and conserved genetic structural features of the cis-active RNA elements are observed across all PSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori, 683-0017, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-3101, Japan
| | - Masataka Akagami
- Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasato
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori, 683-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Ouchi
- Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan. .,Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Zhao T, Cui L, Yu X, Zhang Z, Shen X, Hua X. Porcine sapelovirus enters PK-15 cells via caveolae-dependent endocytosis and requires Rab7 and Rab11. Virology 2019; 529:160-168. [PMID: 30710800 PMCID: PMC7125664 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To comprehensively understand the endocytosis of Sapelovirus A (PSV) entry into PK-15 cells, we studied PSV infection in the context of cell perturbations through drug inhibition, siRNA silencing and overexpression of dominant negative (DN) mutants. We showed here that PSV infection of PK-15 cells was unaffected by pretreated with chlorpromazine, EIPA, knockdown of the clathrin heavy chain or overexpression of Eps15 DN mutant. Conversely, PSV infection was sensitive to NH4Cl, chloroquine, dynasore, nystatin, MβCD and wortmannin with reduced PSV VP1 expression levels and virus titer. Additionally, PSV invasion leaded to rapid actin rearrangement and disruption of the cellular actin network enhanced PSV infection. After internalization the virus was transported to late endosomes and/or cycling endosomes that requires the participation of Rab7 and Rab11. Our findings demonstrate that PSV uses caveolae-dependent endocytosis as the predominant entry portal into PK-15 cells which requires low pH, dynamin, Rab7 and Rab11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqian Yu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Yang T, Li R, Yao Q, Zhou X, Liao H, Ge M, Yu X. Prevalence of Porcine teschovirus genotypes in Hunan, China: identification of novel viral species and genotypes. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1261-1267. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Yang
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
- 2College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, PR China
| | - Runcheng Li
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Huayuan Liao
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Meng Ge
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
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11
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Yang T, Yu X, Yan M, Luo B, Li R, Qu T, Luo Z, Ge M, Zhao D. Molecular characterization of Porcine sapelovirus in Hunan, China. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2738-2747. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Meijun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Binyu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Runcheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Tailong Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Zhang Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Dun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
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12
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Yang T, Li R, Peng W, Ge M, Luo B, Qu T, Yu X. First isolation and genetic characteristics of porcine sapeloviruses in Hunan, China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1589-1597. [PMID: 28213873 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of diarrhea in piglets cause serious economic consequences in China. Diarrhetic fecal samples from 20 Hunan farm piglets were tested and found to be positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) by RT-PCR, although incubation with porcine kidney (PK-15) cells failed to produce infectious PEDV. Four porcine sapelovirus (PSV) strains (designated as PSV-HuNs) were isolated from four of the samples. Genomic sequence analysis revealed open reading frames encoding polyproteins of 2,331 (HuN1, 2 and 3) and 2,332 (HuN4) amino acids. Homology comparisons of the VP1 gene of the four Hunan strains with previously reported PSV strains revealed nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 74.2 to 98.6%, and deduced amino acid sequence identities from 79.5 to 98%. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length and partial VP1 gene sequences showed that 3 of the PSV-HuN strains (HuN2, 3 and 4) clustered within a clade distinct from HuN1 as well as from all PSVs previously isolated in China, thereby showing that genetic diversity exists within Chinese PSVs. In addition, recombination analysis among PSVs indicates that a recombinant (HuN2 strain) exist in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Runcheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Binyu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Tailong Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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13
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Bak GY, Kang MI, Son KY, Park JG, Kim DS, Seo JY, Kim JY, Alfajaro MM, Soliman M, Baek YB, Cho EH, Kwon J, Choi JS, Park SI, Cho KO. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Sapelovirus A in diarrhea and non-diarrhea feces of different age group pigs in one Korean pig farm. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1911-1914. [PMID: 27616554 PMCID: PMC5240775 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of Sapelovirus A (SV-A) in diarrhea and non-diarrhea feces of Korean pigs, 110 specimens from different age groups of pigs in the same farm were analyzed by RT-nested PCR. SV-As were detected in 60% of both diarrhea and non-diarrhea specimens regardless of age groups with primer pairs for 2C region, in which all diarrhea samples were co-infected by other enteric pathogens. Phylogenetical analysis of partial VP1 region showed that our strains and several other Korean strains belonged to cluster I, distinct from some strains reported in Korea and other countries. These data indicate that genetically distinct SV-As are frequently detected in Korean pigs irrespective of diarrhea and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Yong Bak
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim DS, Kang MI, Son KY, Bak GY, Park JG, Hosmillo M, Seo JY, Kim JY, Alfajaro MM, Soliman M, Baek YB, Cho EH, Lee JH, Kwon J, Choi JS, Goodfellow I, Cho KO. Pathogenesis of Korean SapelovirusA in piglets and chicks. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2566-2574. [PMID: 27487773 PMCID: PMC5078829 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapelovirus A (SV-A), formerly known as porcine sapelovirus as a member of a new genus Sapelovirus, is known to cause enteritis, pneumonia, polioencephalomyelitis and reproductive disorders in pigs. We have recently identified α2,3-linked sialic acid on GD1a ganglioside as a functional SV-A receptor rich in the cells of pigs and chickens. However, the role of GD1a in viral pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that a Korean SV-A strain could induce diarrhoea and intestinal pathology in piglets but not in chicks. Moreover, this Korean SV-A strain had mild extra-intestinal tropisms appearing as mild, non-suppurative myelitis, encephalitis and pneumonia in piglets, but not in chicks. By real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR, higher viral RNA levels were detected in faecal samples than in sera or extra-intestinal organs from virus-inoculated piglets. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that high viral antigens were detected in the epithelial cells of intestines from virus-inoculated piglets but not from chicks. This Korean SV-A strain could bind the cultured cell lines originated from various species, but replication occurred only in cells of porcine origin. These data indicated that this Korean SV-A strain could replicate and induce pathology in piglets but not in chicks, suggesting that additional porcine-specific factors are required for virus entry and replication. In addition, this Korean SV-A strain is enteropathogenic, but could spread to the bloodstream from the gut and disseminate to extra-intestinal organs and tissues. These results will contribute to our understanding of SV-A pathogenesis so that efficient anti-sapelovirus drugs and vaccines could be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Song Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeol Son
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Yong Bak
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ja-Young Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Bin Baek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Lee
- Chonnam National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence Ian Goodfellow
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Kyoung-Oh Cho
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15
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Porcine Sapelovirus Uses α2,3-Linked Sialic Acid on GD1a Ganglioside as a Receptor. J Virol 2016; 90:4067-4077. [PMID: 26865725 PMCID: PMC4810533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02449-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor(s) for porcine sapelovirus (PSV), which causes diarrhea, pneumonia, polioencephalomyelitis, and reproductive disorders in pigs, remains largely unknown. Given the precedent for other picornaviruses which use terminal sialic acids (SAs) as receptors, we examined the role of SAs in PSV binding and infection. Using a variety of approaches, including treating cells with a carbohydrate-destroying chemical (NaIO4), mono- or oligosaccharides (N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, and 6′-sialyllactose), linkage-specific sialidases (neuraminidase and sialidase S), lectins (Maakia amurensis lectin and Sambucus nigra lectin), proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin), and glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors (dl-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol and phospholipase C), we demonstrated that PSV could recognize α2,3-linked SA on glycolipids as a receptor. On the other hand, PSVs had no binding affinity for synthetic histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), suggesting that PSVs could not use HBGAs as receptors. Depletion of cell surface glycolipids followed by reconstitution studies indicated that GD1a ganglioside, but not other gangliosides, could restore PSV binding and infection, further confirming α2,3-linked SA on GD1a as a PSV receptor. Our results could provide significant information on the understanding of the life cycle of sapelovirus and other picornaviruses. For the broader community in the area of pathogens and pathogenesis, these findings and insights could contribute to the development of affordable, useful, and efficient drugs for anti-sapelovirus therapy. IMPORTANCE The porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is known to cause enteritis, pneumonia, polioencephalomyelitis, and reproductive disorders in pigs. However, the receptor(s) that the PSV utilizes to enter host cells remains largely unknown. Using a variety of approaches, we showed that α2,3-linked terminal sialic acid (SA) on the cell surface GD1a ganglioside could be used for PSV binding and infection as a receptor. On the other hand, histo-blood group antigens also present in the cell surface carbohydrates could not be utilized as PSV receptors for binding and infection. These findings should contribute to the understanding of the sapelovirus life cycle and to the development of affordable, useful and efficient drugs for anti-sapelovirus therapy.
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16
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Son KY, Kim DS, Kwon J, Choi JS, Kang MI, Belsham GJ, Cho KO. Full-length genomic analysis of Korean porcine Sapelovirus strains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107860. [PMID: 25229940 PMCID: PMC4168140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV), a species of the genus Sapelovirus within the family Picornaviridae, is associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, severe neurological disorders, and reproductive failure in pigs. However, the structural features of the complete PSV genome remain largely unknown. To analyze the structural features of PSV genomes, the full-length nucleotide sequences of three Korean PSV strains were determined and analyzed using bioinformatic techniques in comparison with other known PSV strains. The Korean PSV genomes ranged from 7,542 to 7,566 nucleotides excluding the 3′ poly(A) tail, and showed the typical picornavirus genome organization; 5′untranslated region (UTR)-L-VP4-VP2-VP3-VP1-2A-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3′UTR. Three distinct cis-active RNA elements, the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′UTR, a cis-replication element (CRE) in the 2C coding region and 3′UTR were identified and their structures were predicted. Interestingly, the structural features of the CRE and 3′UTR were different between PSV strains. The availability of these first complete genome sequences for PSV strains will facilitate future investigations of the molecular pathogenesis and evolutionary characteristics of PSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yeol Son
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Song Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kalvehave, Denmark
- * E-mail: (GJB); (KOC)
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (GJB); (KOC)
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