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Jiao S, Zhang J, Wang J, Ma X, Li G, Li J, Cui Z, Li D, Li P, Zeng Q, Liu Z, Lu Z, Sun P. Whole-genome analysis of the recombination and evolution of newly identified NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains circulated in Gansu province of China in 2023. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372032. [PMID: 38681852 PMCID: PMC11047440 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains one of the major threats to swine industry, resulting in huge economic losses worldwide. Currently, PRRSV has diversified into multiple lineages with characteristics of extensive recombination in China. In this research, three virus strains were isolated and four virus whole genome sequences were generated and analyzed from clinical samples collected in Gansu province of China in 2023. The four virus strains were designated GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023, GSFEI2-2023 and GSBY4-2023. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF5 sequences showed that GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023, GSFEI2-2023 and GSBY4-2023 shared 91.7, 91.2, 93.2 and 92.9% homology with NADC30 strain respectively, and belonged to lineage 1 of PRRSV-2. In addition, one amino acid deletion was observed at position 33 in ORF5 of GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023 and GSFEI2-2023. Moreover, amino acid alignment of the four strains showed a typical discontinuous 131-amino acid (aa) deletion in NSP2 for NADC30-like virus strains. Recombination analysis revealed that all four strains originated from NADC30 (lineage 1), with their minor parents coming from JXA1-like strains (lineage 8), VR-2332-like strains (lineage5) and QYYZ-like strains (lineage3). Finally, the three isolated virus strains, GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023 and GSFEI2-2023 showed relatively low levels of replication in cell culture. Our findings provide important implications for the field epidemiology of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoude Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanding Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Zhang H, Luo Q, He Y, Zheng Y, Sha H, Li G, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research Progress on the Development of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Vaccines. Vet Sci 2023; 10:491. [PMID: 37624278 PMCID: PMC10459618 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease in the pig industry, but its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which primarily infects porcine alveolar macrophages and disrupts the immune system. Unfortunately, there is no specific drug to cure PRRS, so vaccination is crucial for controlling the disease. There are various types of single and combined vaccines available, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines. Among them, live vaccines provide better protection, but cross-protection is weak. Inactivated vaccines are safe but have poor immune efficacy. Subunit vaccines can be used in the third trimester of pregnancy, and DNA vaccines can enhance the protective effect of live vaccines. However, vector vaccines only confer partial protection and have not been widely used in practice. A PRRS vaccine that meets new-generation international standards is still needed. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, live vector, DNA, gene-deletion, synthetic peptide, virus-like particle, and other types of vaccines for the prevention and control of PRRS. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Yingxin He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.S.); (G.L.)
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3
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Comparison of virus detection, productivity, and economic performance between lots of growing pigs vaccinated with two doses or one dose of PRRS MLV vaccine, under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Fang K, Liu S, Li X, Chen H, Qian P. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in South China Between 2017 and 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:853044. [PMID: 35464348 PMCID: PMC9024240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.853044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major threat to the swine industry in China and has caused enormous losses every year. To monitor the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of PRRSV in South China, 6,795 clinical samples from diseased pigs were collected between 2017 and 2021, and 1,279 (18.82%) of them were positive for PRRSV by RT-PCR detecting the ORF5 gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on 479 ORF5 sequences revealed that a large proportion of them were highly-pathogenic PRRSVs (409, 85.39%) and PRRSV NADC30-like strains (66, 13.78%). Furthermore, 93.15% of these highly-pathogenic strains were found to be MLV-derived. We next recovered 11 PRRSV isolates from the positive samples and generated the whole genome sequences of them. Bioinformatic analysis showed that seven isolates were MLV-derived. Besides, six isolates were found to be recombinant strains. These eleven isolates contained different types of amino acid mutations in their GP5 and Nsp2 proteins compared to those of the PRRSVs with genome sequences publicly available in GenBank. Taken together, our findings contribute to understanding the prevalent status of PRRSV in South China and provide useful information for PRRS control especially the use of PRRSV MLV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shudan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Qian
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5
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Zhao J, Zhu L, Xu L, Li F, Deng H, Huang Y, Gu S, Sun X, Zhou Y, Xu Z. The Construction and Immunogenicity Analyses of Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus With NADC30-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Like Particles Co-expression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846079. [PMID: 35308386 PMCID: PMC8924499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and pseudorabies (PR) are highly infectious swine diseases and cause significant financial loss in China. The respiratory system and reproductive system are the main target systems. Previous studies showed that the existing PR virus (PRV) and PRRS virus (PRRSV) commercial vaccines could not provide complete protection against PRV variant strains and NADC30-like PRRSV strains in China. In this study, the PRV variant strain XJ and NADC30-like PRRSV strain CHSCDJY-2019 are used as the parent for constructing a recombinant pseudorabies virus (rPRV)-NC56 with gE/gI/TK gene deletion and co-expressing NADC30-like PRRSV GP5 and M protein. The rPRV-NC56 proliferated stably in BHK-21 cells, and it could stably express GP5 and M protein. Due to the introduction of the self-cleaving 2A peptide, GP5 and M protein were able to express independently and form virus-like particles (VLPs) of PRRSV in rPRV-NC56-infected BHK-21 cells. The rPRV-NC56 is safe for use in mice; it can colonize and express the target protein in mouse lungs for a long time. Vaccination with rPRV-NC56 induces PRV and NADC30-like PRRSV specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and protects 100% of mice from virulent PRV XJ strain. Furthermore, the virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) elicited by rPRV-NC56 showed significantly lower titer against SCNJ-2016 (HP-PRRSV) than that against CHSCDJY-2019 (NADC30-like PRRSV). Thus, rPRV-NC56 appears to be a promising candidate vaccine against NADC30-like PRRSV and PRV for the control and eradication of the variant PRV and NADC30-like PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sirui Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianggang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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6
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Xu W, Du S, Li T, Wu S, Jin N, Ren L, Li C. Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Baculovirus Coexpressing GP5 and M Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:697-707. [PMID: 34935524 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the pathogen of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, which is one of the most economically devastating diseases of the swine industry. However, whether the inactivated vaccine and modified live attenuated vaccines are effective in disease control is still controversial. Although several groups developed PRRSV virus-like particles (VLPs) as a vaccine against PRRSV, all these VLP-based vaccines targeted PRRSV-2, but not PRRSV-1 or both. Therefore, it is urgent to produce VLPs against PRRSV-1. In this study, we rescued recombinant baculovirus expressing GP5 and M proteins of PRRSV-1 through the Bac-to-Bac® baculovirus expression system. Thereafter, PRRSV VLP was obtained efficiently in the recombinant baculovirus-infected High Five insect cells. Moreover, the PRRSV VLP and PRRSV VLP+A5 could efficiently trigger specific humoral immune responses and B cellular immune responses through intranasal immunization. The combination of PRRSV VLP and A5 adjuvant could improve the level of the immune response. The PRRSV-1 VLPs generated in this study have greater potential for vaccine development to control PRRSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
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7
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050480. [PMID: 34068505 PMCID: PMC8150910 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.
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8
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Adjuvants for swine vaccines: Mechanisms of actions and adjuvant effects. Vaccine 2020; 38:6659-6681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ. Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs. Vet Res 2019; 50:90. [PMID: 31694705 PMCID: PMC6833244 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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10
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Kye YC, Park SM, Shim BS, Firdous J, Kim G, Kim HW, Ju YJ, Kim CG, Cho CS, Kim DW, Cho JH, Song MK, Han SH, Yun CH. Intranasal immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A in the presence of nanoparticle forming polysorbitol transporter adjuvant induces protective immunity against the Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:362-372. [PMID: 30922953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective mucosal subunit vaccine for the Streptococcus pneumoniae has been unsuccessful mainly because of their poor immunogenicity with insufficient memory T and B cell responses. We thus address whether such limitation can be overcome by introducing effective adjuvants that can enhance immunity and show here that polysorbitol transporter (PST) serves as a mucosal adjuvant for a subunit vaccine against the Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) with PST adjuvant induced protective immunity against S. pneumoniae challenge, especially long-term T and B cell immune responses. Moreover, we found that the PST preferentially induced T helper (Th) responses toward Th2 or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and, importantly, that the responses were mediated through antigen-presenting cells via activating a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathway. Thus, these data indicate that PST can be used as an effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvant against S. pneumoniae infection. STATE OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we suggested the nanoparticle forming adjuvant, PST works as an effective adjuvant for the pneumococcal vaccine, PspA. The PspA subunit vaccine together with PST adjuvant efficiently induced protective immunity, even in the long-term memory responses, against Streptococcus pneumoniae lethal challenge. We found that PspA with PST adjuvant induced dendritic cell activation followed by follicular helper T cell responses through PPAR-γ pathway resulting long-term memory antibody-producing cells. Consequently, in this paper, we suggest the mechanism for safe nanoparticle forming subunit vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection.
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11
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Montaner-Tarbes S, Del Portillo HA, Montoya M, Fraile L. Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:38. [PMID: 30842948 PMCID: PMC6391865 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine diseases in the world. It is causing an enormous economic burden due to reproductive failure in sows and a complex respiratory syndrome in pigs of all ages, with mortality varying from 2 to 100% in the most extreme cases of emergent highly pathogenic strains. PRRSV displays complex interactions with the immune system and a high mutation rate, making the development, and implementation of control strategies a major challenge. In this review, the biology of the virus will be addressed focusing on newly discovered functions of non-structural proteins and novel dissemination mechanisms. Secondly, the role of different cell types and viral proteins will be reviewed in natural and vaccine-induced immune response together with the role of different immune evasion mechanisms focusing on those gaps of knowledge that are critical to generate more efficacious vaccines. Finally, novel strategies for antigen discovery and vaccine development will be discussed, in particular the use of exosomes (extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin). As nanocarriers of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, exosomes have potential effects on cell activation, modulation of immune responses and antigen presentation. Thus, representing a novel vaccination approach against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Montaner-Tarbes
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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12
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Virus-Like Particles-Based Mucosal Nanovaccines. NANOVACCINES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31668-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are protein complexes that resemble a virus and constitute highly immunogenic entities as they mimic the pathogen at an important degree. Among nanovaccines, those based on VLPs are the most successful thus far with some formulations already commercialized (e.g., those against hepatitis B and E viruses and human papillomavirus). This chapter highlights the advantages of VLPs-based vaccines, describing approaches for their design and transmittance of the state of the art for mucosal VLPs-based vaccines development. Several candidates have been produced in insect cells, plants, and E. coli and mammalian cells; they have been mainly evaluated in i.n. and oral immunization schemes. i.n. vaccines against the influenza virus and the Norwalk virus are the most advanced applications. For the latter, i.n. formulations are under clinical evaluation. Perspectives for the field comprise the expansion of the use of low-cost platforms such as plants and bacteria, the development of multiepitopic/multivalent vaccines, and computationally designed VLPs. Mucosal VLPs-based vaccines stand as a major promising approach in vaccinology and the initiation of more clinical trials is envisaged in a short time.
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Liu P, Bai Y, Jiang X, Zhou L, Yuan S, Yao H, Yang H, Sun Z. High reversion potential of a cell-adapted vaccine candidate against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:133-142. [PMID: 30473344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccine (MLV) based on highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is prone to quick reversion of virulence upon circulating in host animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the virulence reversion potential of HP-PRRSV MLV and to identify elements within the HP-PRRSV genome contributing to this phenomenon. A blind passage, cell-adaptation strategy was attempted to attenuate a HP-PRRSV strain JX143, which was isolated during the atypical PRRS outbreak in 2006. Two attenuated candidates passage 87 (JXM87) and passage 105 (JXM105) used as MLVs showed the best balance of safety and efficacy in 4 week-old piglets (unpublished data). Two studies were performed during which the candidates were assessed for reversion to virulence through five back passages in susceptible piglets (21 ± 3 days of age). Both study results showed increase in clinical signs, pyrexia and lung lesions as well as decreased average daily weight gain as of passage 3 in susceptible pigs clearly, and it indicated that both candidates regained virulence, irrespective of the passage level. Increase in respective parameters was accompanied by increase in viremia in piglets: JXM87 virus titer increased from Passage 1 (P1) 4.40 Lg TCID50/mL to P4 5.75 Lg TCID50/mL, and JXM105 virus titer increased from P1 3.78 Lg TCID50/mL to P4 6.42 Lg TCID50/mL. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on clinical samples (serum, lung tissue) from P4 animals. Sequence analysis comparing P4 materials with their parental strains revealed 10 amino acid mutations in 4 proteins for JXM87 and 14 amino acid mutations in 9 proteins for JXM105, respectively. Interestingly, five amino acid mutations were identical for the two candidates, which were located in nsp1β, GP5a and nsp10 coding regions, suggesting nsp1β, GP5a and nsp10 could contribute to virulence in HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210095, China; Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shishan Yuan
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhi Sun
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Sulczewski FB, Liszbinski RB, Romão PRT, Rodrigues Junior LC. Nanoparticle vaccines against viral infections. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2313-2325. [PMID: 29728911 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts, we still do not have prophylactic vaccines for many clinically relevant viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, Zika virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Several factors have contributed to the current lack of effective vaccines, including the high rate of viral mutation, low immunogenicity of recombinant viral antigens, instability of viral antigenic proteins administered in vivo, sophisticated mechanisms of viral immune evasion, and inefficient induction of mucosal immunity by vaccine models studied to date. Some of these obstacles could be partially overcome by the use of vaccine adjuvants. Nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as vaccine adjuvants because they possess chemical and structural properties that improve immunogenicity. The use of nanotechnology in the construction of immunization systems has developed into the field of viral nanovaccinology. The purpose of this paper is to review and correlate recent discoveries concerning nanoparticles and specific properties that contribute to the immunogenicity of viral nanoparticle vaccines, bio-nano interaction, design of nanoparticle vaccines for clinically relevant viruses, and future prospects for viral nanoparticle vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando B Sulczewski
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Raquel B Liszbinski
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Pedro R T Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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Hu P, Chen X, Huang L, Liu S, Zang F, Xing J, Zhang Y, Liang J, Zhang G, Liao M, Qi W. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus candidate vaccine based on Japanese encephalitis virus replicon system. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3514. [PMID: 28740748 PMCID: PMC5522605 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the swine industry, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease which causes heavy economic losses worldwide. Effective prevention and disease control is an important issue. In this study, we described the construction of a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) DNA-based replicon with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter based on the genome of Japanese encephalitis live vaccine virus SA14-14-2, which is capable of offering a potentially novel way to develop and produce vaccines against a major pathogen of global health. This JEV DNA-based replicon contains a large deletion in the structural genes (C-prM-E). A PRRSV GP5/M was inserted into the deletion position of JEV DNA-based replicons to develop a chimeric replicon vaccine candidate for PRRSV. The results showed that BALB/c mice models with the replicon vaccines pJEV-REP-G-2A-M-IRES and pJEV-REP-G-2A-M stimulated antibody responses and induced a cellular immune response. Analysis of ELSA data showed that vaccination with the replicon vaccine expressing GP5/M induced a better antibodies response than traditional DNA vaccines. Therefore, the results suggested that this ectopic expression system based on JEV DNA-based replicons may represent a useful molecular platform for various biological applications, and the JEV DNA-based replicons expressing GP5/M can be further developed into a novel, safe vaccine candidate for PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsheng Hu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shukai Liu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuyu Zang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinchao Xing
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youyue Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Van Noort A, Nelsen A, Pillatzki AE, Diel DG, Li F, Nelson E, Wang X. Intranasal immunization of pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-like particles plus 2', 3'-cGAMP VacciGrade™ adjuvant exacerbates viremia after virus challenge. Virol J 2017; 14:76. [PMID: 28403874 PMCID: PMC5389191 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes reproductive failure in pregnant sows and acute respiratory disease in young pigs. It is a leading infectious agent of swine respiratory complex, which has significant negative economic impact on the swine industry. Commercial markets currently offer both live attenuated and killed vaccines; however, increasing controversy exists about their efficacy providing complete protection. Virus-like particles (VLPs) possess many desirable features of a potent vaccine candidate and have been proven to be highly immunogenic and protective against virus infections. Here we explored the efficacy of PRRSV VLPs together with the use of a novel 2′, 3′-cGAMP VacciGrade™ adjuvant. Methods Animals were immunized twice intranasally with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PRRSV VLPs, or PRRSV VLPs plus 2′, 3′-cGAMP VacciGrade™ at 2 weeks apart. Animals were challenged with PRRSV-23983 at 2 weeks post the second immunization. PRRSV specific antibody response and cytokines were measured. Viremia, clinical signs, and histological lesions were evaluated. Results PRRSV N protein specific antibody was detected in all animals at day 10 after challenge, but no significant difference was observed among the vaccinated and control groups. Surprisingly, a significantly higher viremia was observed in the VLPs and VLPs plus the adjuvant groups compared to the control group. The increased viremia is correlated with a higher interferon-α induction in the serum of the VLPs and the VLPs plus the adjuvant groups. Conclusions Intranasal immunizations of pigs with PRRSV VLPs and VLPs plus the 2′, 3′-cGAMP VacciGrade™ adjuvant exacerbates viremia. A higher level of interferon-α production, but not interferon-γ and IL-10, is correlated with enhanced virus replication. Overall, PRRSV VLPs and PRRSV VLPs plus the adjuvant fail to provide protection against PRRSV challenge. Different dose of VLPs and alternative route of vaccination such as intramuscular injection should be explored in the future studies to fully assess the feasibility of such a vaccine platform for PRRSV control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Van Noort
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - April Nelsen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Angela E Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Rahe MC, Murtaugh MP. Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 186:15-18. [PMID: 28413045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to afflict swine nearly 30 years after it was first discovered as the causative agent of "mystery swine disease". Immunological tools of vaccination and exposure to virulent viruses have not succeeded in achieving control and prevention of PRRSV. Humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies, is a hallmark of anti-viral immunity, but little is known about the effector mechanisms of humoral immunity against PRRSV. It is essential to understand the immunological significance of antibody functions, including recently described broadly neutralizing antibodies and potential non-neutralizing activities, in the immune response to PRRSV. Here, we review recent research from PRRSV and other host-pathogen interactions to inform novel routes of exploration into PRRSV humoral immunity which may be important for identifying the immunological correlates of protection against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA
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