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Machado RS, Tavares FN, Sousa IP. Global landscape of coxsackieviruses in human health. Virus Res 2024; 344:199367. [PMID: 38561065 PMCID: PMC11002681 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses-induced infections, particularly in infants and young children, are one of the most important public health issues in low- and middle-income countries, where the surveillance system varies substantially, and these manifestations have been disregarded. They are widespread throughout the world and are responsible for a broad spectrum of human diseases, from mildly symptomatic conditions to severe acute and chronic disorders. Coxsackieviruses (CV) have been found to have 27 identified genotypes, with overlaps in clinical phenotypes between genotypes. In this review, we present a concise overview of the most recent studies and findings of coxsackieviruses-associated disorders, along with epidemiological data that provides comprehensive details on the distribution, variability, and clinical manifestations of different CV types. We also highlight the significant roles that CV infections play in the emergence of neurodegenerative illnesses and their effects on neurocognition. The current role of CVs in oncolytic virotherapy is also mentioned. This review provides readers with a better understanding of coxsackieviruses-associated disorders and pointing the impact that CV infections can have on different organs with variable pathogenicity. A deeper knowledge of these infections could have implications in designing current surveillance and prevention strategies related to severe CVs-caused infections, as well as encourage studies to identify the emergence of more pathogenic types and the etiology of the most common and most severe disorders associated with coxsackievirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiana S Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brasil; Laboratório de Referência Regional em Enteroviroses, Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR 316‑ KM 07, S/N Bairro Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA 67030000, Brasil
| | - Fernando N Tavares
- Laboratório de Referência Regional em Enteroviroses, Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR 316‑ KM 07, S/N Bairro Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA 67030000, Brasil
| | - Ivanildo P Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brasil.
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Chamcha V, He L, Jenny Xu, Swartz AR, Green-Trexler E, Gurney K, McNeely T. Development of a robust cell-based potency assay for a coxsackievirus A21 oncolytic virotherapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28414. [PMID: 38560158 PMCID: PMC10979221 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are part of a burgeoning field of investigational oncolytic therapy (OT), in which lytic viruses dissolve advanced tumors productively and specifically. One such OT is a Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) based OV that is currently under clinical evaluation. A tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay was used for CVA21 potency release and stability testing in early clinical development. The titer measured in this method was an extrapolated value from cytopathic effect (CPE) observed during the serial dilution but doesn't represent direct viral killing of cells. Moreover, the assay was not deemed to be optimal to carry into late phase clinical development due to limitations in assay precision, turn-around time, and sample throughput. To address these points, we developed a plaque assay to measure viral plaque forming units to measure the potency value for drug substance (DS), drug product (DP) and virus seed (master and working) stocks. In this manuscript, we describe the steps taken to develop this plaque assay for the late-stage clinical development, which include the assay qualification, validation, and robustness protocols, and describe statistical methods for data analysis. Moreover, the method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Furthermore, the plaque assay quantifies OV infectivity with better precision (32% vs 58%), with higher sample throughput (22 samples/week vs 3 samples/week) and shorter assay turnaround time (4 days vs 7 days) than the TCID50 method. This assay development strategy can provide guidance for the development of robust cell-based potency methods for OVs and other infectious viral products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li He
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Xu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew R. Swartz
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kevin Gurney
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Tessie McNeely
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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3
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Lutzky J, Sullivan RJ, Cohen JV, Ren Y, Li A, Haq R. Phase 1b study of intravenous coxsackievirus A21 (V937) and ipilimumab for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:6059-6066. [PMID: 36651961 PMCID: PMC10356892 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE No standard of care therapy exists for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma who are not HLA-A2:01 positive. The phase 1b, open-label CLEVER study (NCT03408587) evaluated V937 in combination with ipilimumab in patients with uveal melanoma. METHODS Adults with advanced uveal melanoma and liver metastases received up to 8 cycles of intravenous V937 (1 × 109 TCID50 per infusion; infusions on days 1, 3, 5, and 8 [cycle 1], then every 3 weeks [Q3W] thereafter [cycles 2-8]) and 4 cycles of intravenous ipilimumab 3 mg/kg Q3W (beginning at cycle 1 day 8). The primary endpoint was safety. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) per immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (irRECIST). RESULTS Eleven patients were enrolled (median age, 65.0 years) and received a median of 6 injections of V937 and 3.5 infusions of ipilimumab. The best overall response was stable disease in 3 patients and progressive disease in 8 patients. All patients exhibited progression per irRECIST, with a 9% irPFS rate at week 26. Ten patients had treatment-related AEs, the most frequent of which were diarrhea (55%), fatigue (45%), and myalgia (36%). Two grade 3 AEs (diarrhea, n = 2) were considered related to ipilimumab; neither was related to V937. CONCLUSION Although the combination of V937 with ipilimumab had a manageable safety profile, meaningful clinical benefit was not observed in patients with uveal melanoma and liver metastases. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03408587 (January 24, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Lutzky
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Rizwan Haq
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Antanasijevic A, Schulze AJ, Reddy VS, Ward AB. High-resolution structural analysis of enterovirus-reactive polyclonal antibodies in complex with whole virions. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac253. [PMID: 36712368 PMCID: PMC9802058 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) cause serious illnesses in young children and neonates, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and inflammatory muscle disease, among others. While over 100 serotypes have been described to date, vaccine only exists for EV-A71. Efforts toward rationally designed pan-NPEV vaccines would greatly benefit from structural biology methods for rapid and comprehensive evaluation of vaccine candidates and elicited antibody responses. Toward this goal, we introduced a cryo-electron-microscopy-based approach for structural analysis of virus- or vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) in complex with whole NPEV virions. We demonstrated the feasibility using coxsackievirus A21 and reconstructed five structurally distinct pAbs bound to the virus. The pAbs targeted two immunodominant epitopes, one overlapping with the receptor binding site. These results demonstrate that our method can be applied to map broad-spectrum polyclonal immune responses against intact virions and define potentially cross-reactive epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Autumn J Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tanaka W, Komabayashi K, Ikeda Y, Aoki Y, Itagaki T, Mizuta K. Seroprevalence of coxsackievirus A21 neutralizing antibodies in Yamagata, Japan, between 1976 and 2019; coxsackievirus A21 has rarely affected young children. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2877-2881. [PMID: 34811773 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although coxsackievirus A21 (CV-A21) has been associated with an acute respiratory infection (ARI) as well as poliomyelitis-like paralysis, reports of CV-A21 detection have been quite limited both globally and in Japan. CV-A21 strains were isolated from five sporadic pediatric cases with ARI in 2019 in Yamagata, Japan. Neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were then measured against CV-A21 using sera collected in 1976, 1985, 1999, 2009, and 2019 in Yamagata, to clarify the longitudinal epidemiology of CV-A21. The total Ab-positive rate in each year was 15.2% (35/233), 10.7% (30/281), 14.3% (28/196), 3.1% (7/236), and 1.3% (3/226), respectively. Ab-positive rates generally increased with age, especially between 1976 and 1999. Among the total Ab-positive cases, the Ab titers were relatively low; 50 cases belonged to the 1:8-1:16, 40 to 1:32-1:64, 12 to 1:128-1:256, and 1 to 1:1024< groups, respectively. No Ab-positive cases under the age of 10 were observed in any of the years analyzed. In conclusion, this study and previous works suggested that CV-A21 is a unique enterovirus, which is not transmitted readily among young children but causes sporadic ARI cases mainly among those ≥15 years of age in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Komabayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
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Lizasoain A, Mir D, Victoria M, Barrios ME, Blanco-Fernández MD, Rodríguez-Osorio N, Nates S, Cisterna D, Mbayed VA, Colina R. Human Enterovirus Diversity by Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis in Urban Sewage Samples From Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, Argentina: A Retrospective Study. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:259-269. [PMID: 33675515 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human Enteroviruses (hEVs) are responsible for a wide variety of human diseases. During hEVs infection, virions are excreted in human feces and the fecal-oral route is the primary pathway for person-to-person transmission. Sewage surveillance could help in monitoring hEVs circulation and describing their diversity in a specific population. In this study, sewage samples collected in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (Argentina) were retrospectively studied through an amplicon-deep sequencing approach and phylogenetic analyses to characterize hEVs spread. We identified 17 different hEVs types belonging to A, B, and C species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Buenos Aires for 7 identified hEV-C types. Phylogenetic analyses suggest several introductions of coxsackievirus B4, echovirus 1, and echovirus 9 in the country, along with the national spread reached by some variants. Besides, well-supported monophyletic groups of Argentine, Uruguayan, and Brazilian strains unveiled regional circulation patterns for some variants. These results extend our knowledge about hEVs circulation in Buenos Aires and might exhort authorities to implement more active sewage surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, 1350 Gral. Rivera St. Salto, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - D Mir
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, 1350 Gral. Rivera St. Salto, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - M E Barrios
- Cátedra de Virología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular. Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M D Blanco-Fernández
- Cátedra de Virología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular. Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Rodríguez-Osorio
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - S Nates
- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales y Sarampión. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Cisterna
- Servicio de Neurovirosis, Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Mbayed
- Cátedra de Virología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular. Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, 1350 Gral. Rivera St. Salto, 50000, Salto, Uruguay.
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Supian NI, Ng KT, Chook JB, Takebe Y, Chan KG, Tee KK. Genetic diversity of Coxsackievirus A21 associated with sporadic cases of acute respiratory infections in Malaysia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:446. [PMID: 34001016 PMCID: PMC8130276 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), a member of Enterovirus C from the Picornaviridae family, has been associated with respiratory illnesses in humans. Methods A molecular epidemiological investigation of CVA21 was conducted among patients presenting with acute upper respiratory illnesses in the ambulatory settings between 2012 and 2014 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Results Epidemiological surveillance of acute respiratory infections (n = 3935) showed low-level detection of CVA21 (0.08%, 1.4 cases/year) in Kuala Lumpur, with no clear seasonal distribution. Phylogenetic analysis of the new complete genomes showed close relationship with CVA21 strains from China and the United States. Spatio-temporal mapping of the VP1 gene determined 2 major clusters circulating worldwide, with inter-country lineage migration and strain replacement occurring over time. Conclusions The study highlights the emerging role of CVA21 in causing sporadic acute respiratory outbreaks. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06148-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Izzati Supian
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kim Tien Ng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack Bee Chook
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yutaka Takebe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kok Keng Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Geisler A, Hazini A, Heimann L, Kurreck J, Fechner H. Coxsackievirus B3-Its Potential as an Oncolytic Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050718. [PMID: 33919076 PMCID: PMC8143167 DOI: 10.3390/v13050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents one of the most advanced strategies to treat otherwise untreatable types of cancer. Despite encouraging developments in recent years, the limited fraction of patients responding to therapy has demonstrated the need to search for new suitable viruses. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a promising novel candidate with particularly valuable features. Its entry receptor, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and heparan sulfate, which is used for cellular entry by some CVB3 variants, are highly expressed on various cancer types. Consequently, CVB3 has broad anti-tumor activity, as shown in various xenograft and syngeneic mouse tumor models. In addition to direct tumor cell killing the virus induces a strong immune response against the tumor, which contributes to a substantial increase in the efficiency of the treatment. The toxicity of oncolytic CVB3 in healthy tissues is variable and depends on the virus strain. It can be abrogated by genetic engineering the virus with target sites of microRNAs. In this review, we present an overview of the current status of the development of CVB3 as an oncolytic virus and outline which steps still need to be accomplished to develop CVB3 as a therapeutic agent for clinical use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Geisler
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmet Hazini
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Lisanne Heimann
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-31-47-21-81
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Mohamadi A, Pagès G, Hashemzadeh MS. The Important Role of Oncolytic Viruses in Common Cancer Treatments. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200211120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are considered as promising tools in cancer treatment. In addition
to direct cytolysis, the stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses is the most
important mechanism in oncolytic virotherapy that finally leads to the long-standing tumor retardations
in the advanced melanoma clinical trials. The OVs have become a worthy method in cancer
treatment, due to their several biological advantages including (1) the selective replication in
cancer cells without affecting normal cells; (2) the lack of resistance to the treatment; (3) cancer
stem cell targeting; (4) the ability to be spread; and (5) the immune response induction against the
tumors. Numerous types of viruses; for example, Herpes simplex viruses, Adenoviruses, Reoviruses,
Poliovirus, and Newcastle disease virus have been studied as a possible cancer treatment
strategy. Although some viruses have a natural orientation or tropism to cancer cells, several others
need attenuation and genetic manipulation to increase the safety and tumor-specific replication activity.
Two important mechanisms are involved in OV antitumor responses, which include the tumor
cell death due to virus replication, and also induction of immunogenic cell death as a result of
the immune system responses against the tumor cells. Furthermore, the high efficiency of OV on
antitumor immune response stimulation can finally lead to a significant tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamadi
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Cote d’Azur, Nice, France
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Ikeda T, Aoki Y, Komabayashi K, Itagaki T, Mizuta K. Isolation of Coxsackievirus A21 from Patients with Acute Respiratory Infection in Yamagata, Japan in 2019. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:172-174. [PMID: 32999187 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Kenichi Komabayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
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