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Zanella G, Beck C, Valle-Casuso JC, Anthony M, Cruz M, Vélez A, Vinueza RL, Gonzalez G. Undetection of vector-borne viruses in equids of Galapagos Islands. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1411624. [PMID: 38911677 PMCID: PMC11191701 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1411624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic species, including equids, were introduced in the Galapagos Islands in the XIX century. Equine vector-borne diseases are circulating in South America but their occurrence in the Galapagos Island was unknown. The objective of this study was to detect the occurrence of West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in the four Galapagos Islands raising equids if they were present at a prevalence >1%. Serum samples were collected from 411 equids belonging to 124 owners from April to July 2019. All the results were negative to the ELISA tests used suggesting that WNV, USUV and EIAV are not circulating in the equine population of the Galapagos Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Zanella
- Epidemiology Unit (EPIMIM), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - José-Carlos Valle-Casuso
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
- Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), Normandie, France
| | - Madeline Anthony
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
- Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), Normandie, France
| | - Marilyn Cruz
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos (ABG), Puerto Ayora, Ecuador
| | - Alberto Vélez
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos (ABG), Puerto Ayora, Ecuador
| | - Rommel Lenin Vinueza
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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2
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Ostuni A, Iovane V, Monné M, Crudele MA, Scicluna MT, Nardini R, Raimondi P, Frontoso R, Boni R, Bavoso A. A double-strain TM (gp45) polypeptide antigen and its application in the serodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114704. [PMID: 36842487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), are considered viral quasispecies because of their intrinsic genetic, structural and phenotypic variability. Immunoenzymatic tests (ELISA) for EIAV reported in the literature were obtained mainly by using the capsid protein p26, which is derived almost exclusively from a single strain (Wyoming), and do not reflect the great potential epitopic variability of the EIAV quasispecies. In this investigation, the GenBank database was exploited in a systematic approach to design a set of representative protein antigens useful for EIAV serodiagnosis. The main bioinformatic tools used were clustering, molecular modelling, epitope predictions and aggregative/ solubility predictions. This approach led to the design of two antigenic proteins, i.e. a full sequence p26 capsid protein and a doublestrain polypeptide derived from the gp45 transmembrane protein fused to Maltose Binding Protein (MBP) that were expressed by recombinant DNA technology starting from synthetic genes, and analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Both proteins were used in an indirect ELISA test that can address some of the high variability of EIAV. The novel addition of the gp45 double-strain antigen contributed to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and could be also useful for immunoblotting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Dipartimento di Agraria - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II -Via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Frontoso
- OneHEco APS, 84047 Capaccio Paestum, SA, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno Via Salute, 2 - 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Boni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bavoso
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Horalskyi LP, Sokulskyi IM, Gutyj BV, Goralskaya IY, Kolesnik NL. Pathogenetic aspects of retroviral infections. UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.32718/ujvas5-1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia and equine infectious anemia are registered in most regions of Ukraine and in many countries worldwide. This is accompanied by economic losses and reduced quality of livestock products, which determines the relevance of the study of retroviral infections, their diagnosis, and pathogenesis. The goal of our research was to find and improve the methodological foundations of the development of the pathological process for a more in-depth study of the etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of retroviral infections. The object of the study was blood, lymph nodes, spleen, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys for bovine leukemia and equine infectious anemia. Hematological, anatomical, histological, histochemical, morphometric, and statistical research methods were used for their study. The research group included 304 cattle aged 4–9 years and 42 horses, of which 25 were infected with the virus, and 17 were in the control group. It has been established that bovine leukemia and infectious anemia of horses is an irreversible pathological process characterized by slow progression, the presence of a latent or persistent form, with damage to cells, organs, and systems of the body, which leads to death. Infectious anemia of horses differs from leukemia of cattle by the hidden course of the pathological process. The pathogenesis of leukemia occurs in six stages, which we have identified and conventionally named.
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Wang Y, Ma G, Wang XF, Na L, Guo X, Zhang J, Liu C, Du C, Qi T, Lin Y, Wang X. Keap1 recognizes EIAV early accessory protein Rev to promote antiviral defense. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009986. [PMID: 35139135 PMCID: PMC8863222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2/Keap1 axis plays a complex role in viral susceptibility, virus-associated inflammation and immune regulation in host cells. However, whether or how the Nrf2/Keap1 axis is involved in the interactions between equine lentiviruses and their hosts remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the Nrf2/Keap1 axis was activated during EIAV infection. Mechanistically, EIAV-Rev competitively binds to Keap1 and releases Nrf2 from Keap1-mediated repression, leading to the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus and promoting Nrf2 responsive genes transcription. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the Nrf2/Keap1 axis represses EIAV replication via two independent molecular mechanisms: directly increasing antioxidant enzymes to promote effective cellular resistance against EIAV infection, and repression of Rev-mediated RNA transport through direct interaction between Keap1 and Rev. Together, these data suggest that activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 axis mediates a passive defensive response to combat EIAV infection. The Nrf2/Keap1 axis could be a potential target for developing strategies for combating EIAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuezhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Costa VMD, Cursino AE, Franco Luiz APM, Braz GF, Cavalcante PH, Souza CDA, Simplício KMDMG, Drumond BP, Lima MT, Teixeira BM, Kroon EG. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): Evidence of Circulation in Donkeys from the Brazilian Northeast Region. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 108:103795. [PMID: 34800799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as one of the equine diseases that must be notified. No effective treatment or vaccine is available. EIA control is based on segregation and euthanasia of positive equids. The disease is caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a member of the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. Despite the importance of this disease in equids, EIA has been poorly studied in donkeys (Equus asinus). We evaluate the sanitary conditions related to EIAV in donkeys from a shelter of abandoned animals captured on the roads of the Ceará. A total of 124 donkeys were randomly selected, and three horses lived at the same shelter. The animals were clinically evaluated, and a group of the 20 animals was submitted to hematological tests. Three diagnostic tests for EIA were used, agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using EIAV recombinant protein gp90 (rgp90) and recombinant protein p26 (rp26) ELISA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the EIAV tat-gag gene. From the donkeys, only 1 animal was positive using AGID 0.81% (1/124), compared to 21.8% (27/124) in the rgp90 and 10.5% (13/124) in the rp26 ELISA. Proviral DNA was detected by PCR tat-gag in 8.8% (11/124), and phylogenetic analysis confirms that the EIAV sequences of donkeys from the Brazilian Northeast grouped with Pantanal Brazilian sequences. Thus, in light of the results, we conclude that donkeys are carriers of EIAV and could be sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Maria Dias Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Elisa Cursino
- Laboratório de Vírus - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira Franco Luiz
- Laboratório de Vírus - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Betania Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Teixeira Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas
| | | | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072150. [PMID: 34359278 PMCID: PMC8300645 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine viral diseases remain a prominent concern for human and equine health globally. Many of these viruses are of primary biosecurity concern to countries that import equines where these viruses are not present. In addition, several equine viruses are zoonotic, which can have a significant impact on human health. Current diagnostic techniques are both time consuming and laboratory-based. The ability to accurately detect diseases will lead to better management, treatment strategies, and health outcomes. This review outlines the current modern isothermal techniques for diagnostics, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction, and their application as point-of-care diagnostics for the equine industry. Abstract The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, producing approximately USD $300 billion annually. However, with the continuous national and international movement and importation of horses, there is an ongoing threat of a viral outbreak causing large epidemics and subsequent significant economic losses. Additionally, horses serve as a host for several zoonotic diseases that could cause significant human health problems. The ability to rapidly diagnose equine viral diseases early could lead to better management, treatment, and biosecurity strategies. Current serological and molecular methods cannot be field-deployable and are not suitable for resource-poor laboratories due to the requirement of expensive equipment and trained personnel. Recently, isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR), have been developed to be utilized in-field, and provide rapid results within an hour. We will review current isothermal diagnostic techniques available to diagnose equine viruses of biosecurity and zoonotic concern and provide insight into their potential for in-field deployment.
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Lupulovic D, Savić S, Gaudaire D, Berthet N, Grgić Ž, Matović K, Deshiere A, Hans A. Identification and genetic characterization of equine infectious anemia virus in Western Balkans. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:168. [PMID: 33858420 PMCID: PMC8051041 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a viral disease, caused by the Equine Infectious Anemia virus (EIAV) belonging to the Retroviridae family, genus Lentivirus. Horses (or equids) infected with EIAV are lifelong carriers and they remain contagious for other horses even in the absence of clinical signs. So far, EIAV infection has been reported among horses in North and South America, France, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Romania, with no publication regarding the presence of EIAV in horses in Serbia. To determine the circulation of EIAV among, approximately, the 5000 horses of the Vojvodina region, northern part of Serbia, 316 serum undergone serological testing for EIA. Then, identification and full genome sequencing using next generation sequencing was performed from one EIA positive horse. RESULTS the 316 sera were tested with 3 different commercial agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests and two different commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the three AGID kits, 311 (98.4%) among the 316 tested sera were negative and only five (1.6%) sera were positive for EIA. Some discrepancies were seen for the two ELISA kits tested since one exhibited the same results as AGID test and the second gave 295 sera with negative results, five with a positive result and 16 with doubtful outcome. Phylogenetic analysis performed using the full genome sequence showed that EIAV characterized from a horse in Serbia is different from those identify so fare around the world and form a distinct and separate group together with another EIAV strain. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrate for the first time that EIAV is circulating at a low level in the horse population from the Northern part of Serbia. Interestingly, phylogenetic data indicates that this EIAV from the western Balkan region of Europe belongs to a new cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lupulovic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenacki put 20, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Sara Savić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenacki put 20, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Delphine Gaudaire
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, China.,Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Živoslav Grgić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenacki put 20, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Kazimir Matović
- Specialist veterinary institute Kraljevo, Zicka 34, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Alexandre Deshiere
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
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Romo-Sáenz CI, Tamez-Guerra P, Olivas-Holguin A, Ramos-Zayas Y, Obregón-Macías N, González-Ochoa G, Zavala-Díaz de la Serna FJ, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Tamez-Guerra R, Gomez-Flores R. Molecular detection of equine infectious anemia virus in clinically normal, seronegative horses in an endemic area of Mexico. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:758-761. [PMID: 33797316 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211006195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a highly infectious disease in members of the Equidae family, caused by equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The disease severity ranges from subclinical to acute or chronic, and causes significant economic losses in the equine industry worldwide. Serologic tests for detection of EIAV infection have some concerns given the prolonged seroconversion time. Therefore, molecular methods are needed to improve surveillance programs for this disease. We attempted detection of EIAV in 6 clinical and 42 non-clinical horses in Nuevo Leon State, Mexico, using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for antibody detection, and nested and hemi-nested PCR for detection of proviral DNA. We found that 6 of 6, 5 of 6, and 6 of 6 clinical horses were positive by AGID, nested PCR, and hemi-nested PCR, respectively, whereas 0 of 42, 1 of 42, and 9 of 42 non-clinical horses were positive by these tests, respectively. BLAST analysis of the 203-bp 5'-LTR/tat segment of PCR product revealed 83-93% identity with EIAV isolates in GenBank and reference strains from other countries. By phylogenetic analysis, our Mexican samples were grouped in a different clade than other sequences reported worldwide, indicating that the LRT/tat region represents an important target for the detection of non-clinical horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- César I Romo-Sáenz
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Aymee Olivas-Holguin
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yareellys Ramos-Zayas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Nelson Obregón-Macías
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Guadalupe González-Ochoa
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Zavala-Díaz de la Serna
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Reyes Tamez-Guerra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
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Machado G, Corbellini LG, Frias-De-Diego A, Dieh GN, Dos Santos DV, Jara M, de Freitas Costa E. Impact of changes of horse movement regulations on the risks of equine infectious anemia: A risk assessment approach. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105319. [PMID: 33713963 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a transboundary disease affecting a large number of equines worldwide. In this study, we assessed the transmission risk of EIAV in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Serum samples from 1010 animals from 341 farms were initially analyzed using agar gel immunodiffusion to detect viral antibodies, and no antibody-positive animals were found. A risk assessment stochastic model was applied to generate the expected number of potential infections per month and to estimate the time to new infections. Our results estimated 6.5 months as the interval for new infections in the worst-case scenario. Among the variables evaluated, the number of transported animals and the test sensitivity influenced the model the most. These results were then used to revisit the impact of EIAV control regulations, which triggered a change in the diagnostic testing required for animal movement, in which the validity of a negative test for EIAV was extended from 60 to 180 days. Finally, revisiting the annual average of infected farms before and after the new regulation, the number of infected farms increased pre-implementation, and then, the number of culled animals increased, which should impact future EIAV incidence in this region. Our results demonstrated the importance of constant reviews of disease control programs and provided quantitative-based knowledge for decision-makers in official veterinary services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Luis Gustavo Corbellini
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology (Epilab), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo Nogueira Dieh
- Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock and Agribusiness of State of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPA-RS), Av. Getúlio Vargas, 1384, CEP: 95150-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Viali Dos Santos
- Departamento de Saúde Animal, Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology (Epilab), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Cursino AE, Lima MT, Nogueira MF, de Aguiar DM, Franco Luiz APM, Alves PA, Araujo Junior JP, Kroon EG. Identification of large genetic variations in the equine infectious anemia virus tat-gag genomic region. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3424-3432. [PMID: 33283463 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aetiological agent of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is the retrovirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) that infects all members of the Equidae family. The EIA is widely disseminated in the Brazilian territory with a high seroprevalence in the Brazilian Pantanal and is mainly diagnosed using agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). There are few complete EIAV genome sequences available in GenBank, which had an impact on molecular detection studies. In this study, we conducted molecular detection and sequencing of EIAV proviral DNA from Brazilian horses. We analysed the genomic region from exon 1 of tat to gag (tat-gag). Comparative serological tests, comprising AGID and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), were also conducted. Of the 133 samples, 58 were positive in the tat-gag PCR, and 49 nucleotide sequences of 272 bp were obtained. Using this developed tat-gag PCR EIAV proviral DNA was detected in 7% of the AGID-negative samples and 26% of the AGID-negative samples were positive in at least one of the ELISA tests used. Using phylogenetic analysis, the Brazilian Pantanal EIAV sequences grouped in a different clade of EIAV sequences from other countries. Thus, the EIAV sequences can contribute to the knowledge of the tat-gag genomic region in the circulating viruses in the Brazilian Pantanal, in addition to providing new information about the genetic diversity. In addition, the serological results demonstrate the greater sensitivity of the ELISAs used in this study compared to AGID for EIA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Elisa Cursino
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Maurício Teixeira Lima
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Daniel Moura de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Virologia e Rickettsioses, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Jara M, Frias-De-Diego A, Machado G. Phylogeography of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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High Genomic Variability in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Obtained from Naturally Infected Horses in Pantanal, Brazil: An Endemic Region Case. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020207. [PMID: 32059508 PMCID: PMC7077297 DOI: 10.3390/v12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a persistent lentivirus that causes equine infectious anemia (EIA). In Brazil, EIAV is endemic in the Pantanal region, and euthanasia is not mandatory in this area. All of the complete genomic sequences from field viruses are from North America, Asia, and Europe, and only proviral genomic sequences are available. Sequences from Brazilian EIAV are currently available only for gag and LTR regions. Thus, the present study aimed for the first time to sequence the entire EIAV genomic RNA in naturally infected horses from an endemic area in Brazil. RNA in plasma from naturally infected horses was used for next-generation sequencing (NGS), and gaps were filled using Sanger sequencing methodology. Complete viral genomes of EIAV from two horses were obtained and annotated (Access Number: MN560970 and MN560971). Putative genes were analyzed and compared with previously described genes, showing conservation in gag and pol genes and high variations in LTR and env sequences. Amino acid changes were identified in the p26 protein, one of the most common targets used for diagnosis, and p26 molecular modelling showed surface amino acid alterations in some epitopes. Brazilian genome sequences presented 88.6% nucleotide identity with one another and 75.8 to 77.3% with main field strains, such as EIAV Liaoning, Wyoming, Ireland, and Italy isolates. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggested that this Brazilian strain comprises a separate monophyletic group. These results may help to better characterize EIAV and to overcome the challenges of diagnosing and controlling EIA in endemic regions.
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