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Salinas-de-León P, Vaudo J, Logan R, Suarez-Moncada J, Shivji M. Longest recorded migration of a silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) reveals extensive use of international waters of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. J Fish Biol 2024. [PMID: 38757771 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite being a heavily fished species, little is known about the movements of silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis). In this study, we report the longest (in duration and distance traveled) and most spatially extensive recorded migration for a silky shark. This shark, tagged with a fin-mount satellite transmitter at the Galapagos Islands, traveled >27,666 km over 546 days, making two westerly migrations into international waters as far as 4755 km from the tagging location. These extensive movements in an area with high international fishing effort highlights the importance of understanding silky shark migrations to inform management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Guy Harvey Research Institute and Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Jeremy Vaudo
- Guy Harvey Research Institute and Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan Logan
- Guy Harvey Research Institute and Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
| | | | - Mahmood Shivji
- Guy Harvey Research Institute and Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
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2
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Altamirano-Ponce L, Dávila-Játiva M, Pozo G, Pozo MJ, Terán-Velástegui M, Cadena CD, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Torres MDL. First genetic insights of Gonatodescaudiscutatus (Reptilia, Gekkota) in the Galapagos Islands and mainland Ecuador. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e113396. [PMID: 38028240 PMCID: PMC10680088 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on genetic variability amongst native and introduced species contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of species along their autochthonous distribution and identify possible routes of introduction. Gonatodescaudiscutatus is a gecko native to western Ecuador and introduced to the Galapagos Islands. Despite being a successful species in human-modified habitats along its native and non-native ranges, neither the colonisation process nor the genetic diversity of this gecko is known. In this study, we analysed 55 individuals from 14 localities in western Ecuador and six localities in San Cristobal Island, Galapagos - the only island with a large, self-sustaining population. We amplified and analysed the genetic variability of two nuclear genes (Cmos and Rag2) and one mitochondrial gene (16S). Cmos and Rag2 sequences presented little to none genetic variability, while 16S allowed us to build a haplotype network. We identified nine haplotypes across mainland Ecuador, two of which are also present in Galapagos. Low genetic diversity between insular and continental populations suggests that the introduction of G.caudiscutatus on the Islands is relatively recent. Due to the widespread geographical distribution of mainland haplotypes, it was not possible to determine the source population of the introduction. This study represents the first exploration of the genetic diversity of Gonatodescaudiscutatus, utilising genetic tools to gain insights into its invasion history in the Galapagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lía Altamirano-Ponce
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología TerrestreQuitoEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalQuitoEcuador
| | - Mateo Dávila-Játiva
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología TerrestreQuitoEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, extensión Galápagos GAIAS, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San Cristóbal, Galápagos, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, extensión Galápagos GAIAS, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San CristóbalGalápagosEcuador
- Universidad de los Andes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Bogotá, ColombiaUniversidad de los Andes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de VertebradosBogotáColombia
- Galápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNC, Galápagos, EcuadorGalápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNCGalápagosEcuador
| | - Gabriela Pozo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalQuitoEcuador
| | - María José Pozo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalQuitoEcuador
| | - Martín Terán-Velástegui
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalQuitoEcuador
| | - Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Universidad de los Andes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Bogotá, ColombiaUniversidad de los Andes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de VertebradosBogotáColombia
| | - Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología TerrestreQuitoEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, extensión Galápagos GAIAS, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San Cristóbal, Galápagos, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, extensión Galápagos GAIAS, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San CristóbalGalápagosEcuador
- Galápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNC, Galápagos, EcuadorGalápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNCGalápagosEcuador
| | - Maria de Lourdes Torres
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalQuitoEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, extensión Galápagos GAIAS, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San Cristóbal, Galápagos, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, extensión Galápagos GAIAS, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San CristóbalGalápagosEcuador
- Galápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNC, Galápagos, EcuadorGalápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNCGalápagosEcuador
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Gregory TM, Livingston I, Hawkins EC, Loyola A, Cave A, Vaden SL, Deresienski D, Breen M, Riofrío-Lazo M, Lewbart GA, Páez-Rosas D. Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:487-494. [PMID: 37179487 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Gregory
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
- Fort Worth Zoo, 1989 Colonial Parkway, Fort Worth, Texas 76110, USA
| | - Isabella Livingston
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Eleanor C Hawkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Andrea Loyola
- Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, Departamento de Ecosistemas, Isla Santa Cruz EC200350, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Ashley Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Shelly L Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Diane Deresienski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
- Galapagos Science Center, USFQ & UNC-Chapel Hill, Av. Alsacio Northia, Isla San Cristóbal EC200150, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Marjorie Riofrío-Lazo
- Galapagos Science Center, USFQ & UNC-Chapel Hill, Av. Alsacio Northia, Isla San Cristóbal EC200150, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Isla San Cristóbal EC200150, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Gregory A Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
- Galapagos Science Center, USFQ & UNC-Chapel Hill, Av. Alsacio Northia, Isla San Cristóbal EC200150, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Diego Páez-Rosas
- Galapagos Science Center, USFQ & UNC-Chapel Hill, Av. Alsacio Northia, Isla San Cristóbal EC200150, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Isla San Cristóbal EC200150, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
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Vega-Mariño P, Olson J, Howitt B, Criollo R, Figueroa L, Orlando SA, Cruz M, Garcia-Bereguiain MA. A recent distemper virus outbreak in the growing canine populations of Galapagos Islands: a persistent threat for the endangered Galapagos Sea Lion. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154625. [PMID: 37228838 PMCID: PMC10203394 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus that can cross mammalian species barriers and has widespread impacts on both domestic animals and wildlife populations. This study describes a recent outbreak of CDV in the Galapagos Islands in 2019. A total number of 125 dogs with clinical signs compatible with CDV were included in this study. Nasal swabs were taken and analyzed by RT-qPCR for the detection of CDV, resulting in a positivity rate of 74.4% (IC95%, 66-81%). Among the CDV positive dogs, 82.2% presented with respiratory signs, 48.8% neurological signs, and 28.9% gastrointestinal signs. CDV has been previously reported in the domestic canine population of the Galapagos Islands in 2001 and 2004. The current study shows how CDV is still a threat for the endemic and endangered Galapagos sea lion, despite recent policies for dog population control and CDV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Vega-Mariño
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado de Salud Pública Humana y Animal, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jessie Olson
- Pan Animalia Galapagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Ben Howitt
- Pan Animalia Galapagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
- Worldwide Veterinary Service (WVS), Cranborne, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Criollo
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Lissette Figueroa
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Solon Alberto Orlando
- Universidad Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública e Investigación, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Marilyn Cruz
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
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Mateus C, Flor D, Guerrero CA, Córdova X, Benitez FL, Parra R, Ochoa-Herrera V. Anthropogenic emission inventory and spatial analysis of greenhouse gases and primary pollutants for the Galapagos Islands. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:68900-68918. [PMID: 37129811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and air pollution are critical challenges that humanity is currently facing. Understanding the sources of emissions released into the atmosphere is of great importance to evaluate the local footprint, the impacts of human activities, and the opportunities to develop and implement solutions to mitigate emissions and adapt to climate change particularly in vulnerable places like the Galapagos Islands. In this study, we present an anthropogenic emissions inventory for Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, and Isabela Islands in which emissions were spatially mapped for greenhouse gasses (GHGs) and primary pollutants (PP). Emissions were estimated for the energy stationary sources, energy mobile sources, waste, and other sectors, and emissions for 2019 were spatially distributed along with an uncertainty assessment. Results demonstrated that energy mobile sources which are aerial, terrestrial, and maritime transportation generated the most significant emissions in the Galapagos Islands in terms of PP and GHGs. In fact, maritime transportation was the highest one in 2019, at 41% of total CO2 emissions for Galapagos, with the most predominant PP being NOx and CO. The aerial transportation made up 36% of emissions, and the electricity generation contributed 15%. Emissions from waste and other sectors comprise a smaller percentage relative to the rest of the emission sectors. These results highlight the strong dependency of the islands on fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation. Alternatives to mitigate and reduce emissions from the islands are discussed. This spatially mapped emissions inventory for the Galapagos Islands represents a powerful tool to make informed decisions to contribute to the long-term sustainability of the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mateus
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador.
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador.
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador.
- Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador.
| | - Daniela Flor
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christian A Guerrero
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Córdova
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
| | - Fátima L Benitez
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - René Parra
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
| | - Valeria Ochoa-Herrera
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
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Franco-Fuentes E, Moity N, Ramírez-González J, Andrade-Vera S, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Paz S, González-Weller D, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Analysis of metals and metalloid in commercial fish species from the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Toxicological and nutritional assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 189:114739. [PMID: 36842281 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pollution derived from metal presence in the Galapagos Islands could affect biodiversity and human health. This research provide a baseline on food safety in commercial fish species of the Galapagos Islands. We sampled muscle tissue of pelagic (Acanthocybium solandri) and demersal (Caulolatilus affinis, Pontinus clemensi, Hyporthodus mystacinus, and Paralabrax albomaculatus) species. Metal and metalloid concentrations per species were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Spectrometry (ICP-OES). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) regulation none of the studied species should be ingested; and according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulation, all the studied species were above the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) for Cd. According to EFSA, C. affinis should not be commercialized. Finally, A. solandri, P. clemensi and H. mystacinus do not represent a human health risk since its Margen of Safety (MoS) < 1 for people of up to 100 kg of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Franco-Fuentes
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Nicolas Moity
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Gálapagos, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Ramírez-González
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Gálapagos, Ecuador
| | - Solange Andrade-Vera
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Gálapagos, Ecuador
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Rubio
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain.
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Pike CL, Kofler B, Richner H, Tebbich S. Parental food provisioning and nestling growth under Philornis downsi parasitism in the Galapagos Green Warbler-Finch, classified as 'vulnerable' by the IUCN. J Ornithol 2023; 164:669-676. [PMID: 37205902 PMCID: PMC10188583 DOI: 10.1007/s10336-023-02049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the Galapagos Islands, many endemic landbird populations are declining due to habitat degradation, food availability, introduced species and other factors. Given nestlings typically lack efficient defense mechanisms against parasites, hematophagous ectoparasites such as the larvae of the introduced Avian Vampire Fly, Philornis downsi, can impose high brood mortality and cause threatening population declines in Darwin finches and other landbirds. Here, we assess whether the food compensation hypothesis (i.e., the parents' potential to compensate for deleterious parasite effects via increased food provisioning) applies to the Green Warbler-Finch. We differentiated nests with low or high infestation levels by P. downsi and quantified food provisioning rates of male and female parents, time females spent brooding nestlings, and nestling growth. Male provisioning rates, total provisioning rates and female brooding time did not significantly vary in relation to infestation levels, nor by the number of nestlings. Opposed to the predictions of the food compensation hypothesis, females showed significantly reduced provisioning rates at high infestation levels. Nestling body mass was significantly lower and there was a reduction of skeletal growth, although not significantly, in highly infested nests. The females' response to high infestation may be due to parasites directly attacking and weakening brooding females, or else that females actively reduce current reproductive effort in favor of future reproduction. This life-history trade-off may be typical for Darwin finches and many tropical birds with long lifespans and therefore high residual reproductive value. Conservation strategies may not build on the potential for parental food compensation by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Pike
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Heinz Richner
- Department of Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Bern Switzerland
| | - Sabine Tebbich
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Vienna Austria
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Urquía D, Gutierrez B, Pozo G, Pozo MJ, Torres MDL. Origin and dispersion pathways of guava in the Galapagos Islands inferred through genetics and historical records. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15111-15131. [PMID: 34765164 PMCID: PMC8571588 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava) is an aggressive invasive plant in the Galapagos Islands. Determining its provenance and genetic diversity could explain its adaptability and spread, and how this relates to past human activities. With this purpose, we analyzed 11 SSR markers in guava individuals from Isabela, Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, and Floreana islands in the Galapagos, as well as from mainland Ecuador. The mainland guava population appeared genetically differentiated from the Galapagos populations, with higher genetic diversity levels found in the former. We consistently found that the Central Highlands region of mainland Ecuador is one of the most likely origins of the Galapagos populations. Moreover, the guavas from Isabela and Floreana show a potential genetic input from southern mainland Ecuador, while the population from San Cristobal would be linked to the coastal mainland regions. Interestingly, the proposed origins for the Galapagos guava coincide with the first human settlings of the archipelago. Through approximate Bayesian computation, we propose a model where San Cristobal was the first island to be colonized by guava from the mainland, and then, it would have spread to Floreana and finally to Santa Cruz; Isabela would have been seeded from Floreana. An independent trajectory could also have contributed to the invasion of Floreana and Isabela. The pathway shown in our model agrees with the human colonization history of the different islands in the Galapagos. Our model, in conjunction with the clustering patterns of the individuals (based on genetic distances), suggests that guava introduction history in the Galapagos archipelago was driven by either a single event or a series of introduction events in rapid succession. We thus show that genetic analyses supported by historical sources can be used to track the arrival and spread of invasive species in novel habitats and the potential role of human activities in such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Urquía
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gabriela Pozo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
| | - Maria Jose Pozo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
| | - Maria de Lourdes Torres
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
- Galapagos Science CenterUniversidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillGalapagosEcuador
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9
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Blakeway JA, Arnould JPY, Hoskins AJ, Martin-Cabrera P, Sutton GJ, Huckstadt LA, Costa DP, Páez-Rosas D, Villegas-Amtmann S. Influence of hunting strategy on foraging efficiency in Galapagos sea lions. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11206. [PMID: 33954042 PMCID: PMC8051337 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered Galapagos sea lion (GSL, Zalophus wollebaeki) exhibits a range of foraging strategies utilising various dive types including benthic, epipelagic and mesopelagic dives. In the present study, potential prey captures (PPC), prey energy consumption and energy expenditure in lactating adult female GSLs (n = 9) were examined to determine their foraging efficiency relative to the foraging strategy used. Individuals displayed four dive types: (a) epipelagic (<100 m; EP); or (b) mesopelagic (>100 m; MP) with a characteristic V-shape or U-shape diving profile; and (c) shallow benthic (<100 m; SB) or (d) deep benthic (>100 m; DB) with square or flat-bottom dive profiles. These dive types varied in the number of PPC, assumed prey types, and the energy expended. Prey items and their energetic value were assumed from previous GSL diet studies in combination with common habitat and depth ranges of the prey. In comparison to pelagic dives occurring at similar depths, when diving benthically, GSLs had both higher prey energy consumption and foraging energy expenditure whereas PPC rate was lower. Foraging efficiency varied across dive types, with benthic dives being more profitable than pelagic dives. Three foraging trip strategies were identified and varied relative to prey energy consumed, energy expended, and dive behaviour. Foraging efficiency did not significantly vary among the foraging trip strategies suggesting that, while individuals may diverge into different foraging habitats, they are optimal within them. These findings indicate that these three strategies will have different sensitivities to habitat-specific fluctuations due to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica-Anne Blakeway
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - John P Y Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Grace J Sutton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Luis A Huckstadt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States of America
| | - Diego Páez-Rosas
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito and Galapagos Science Center, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador.,Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, Oficina Técnica Operativa San Cristóbal, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Stella Villegas-Amtmann
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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10
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Páez-Rosas D, Salinas-de-León P, Proaño A, Vaca-Pita L, Suarez-Moncada J. Multi-tissue stable isotope analyses reveal temporal changes in the feeding patterns of green turtles in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2021; 335:319-328. [PMID: 33481356 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of feeding patterns of highly migratory species is critical for understanding their habitat use and informing the management of their populations. The Galapagos Islands are one of the most important nesting and feeding areas for green turtles (Chelonia mydas) across the tropical eastern Pacific, yet little is known about the feeding patterns of this species. The isotopic composition of different tissues has been used to gain insight into the trophic dynamics of mobile aquatic consumers whose trophic behavior is difficult to directly measure. To elucidate the temporal feeding patterns and isotopic niche sizes of Galapagos green turtles, stable isotope analyses were performed on multiple tissues (skin and carapace) collected at the two most important nesting areas in the archipelago: Bachas and Quinta Playa. The δ13 C and δ15 N signatures on the skin and carapace samples from 56 adult females revealed significant differences between tissues (p = .001 and p = .021, respectively) and nesting areas (p = .011 and p = .003, respectively). These differences suggest a shift from oceanic feeding grounds to neritic habitats before nesting. The carapace isotope values indicated an offshore feeding strategy and a greater isotopic niche (SEAc = 1.91‰2 ), whereas the skin isotope values represented an inshore feeding strategy with a narrower niche (SEAc = 1.37‰2 ), likely related to the consumption of specific coastal prey. Our results suggest that Galapagos green turtles feed across different habitats, and this information can be applied to improve the management of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Páez-Rosas
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Isla San Cristóbal, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Fundación Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin Research Station, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador.,Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alberto Proaño
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Marinos, Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Leandro Vaca-Pita
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Isla San Cristóbal, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Jenifer Suarez-Moncada
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Marinos, Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
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11
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Nieto-Claudin A, Esperón F, Blake S, Deem SL. Antimicrobial resistance genes present in the faecal microbiota of free-living Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri). Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:900-908. [PMID: 31444864 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), encoded by plasmid-mediated AMR genes (ARGs), is an increasing global public health threat. Wildlife play a fundamental role as sentinels, reservoirs and potential vectors of ARGs. For the first time in Galapagos, we have identified and quantified the presence of ARGs in free-living giant tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri). We performed ARG analyses by quantitative PCR of faeces collected from the cloaca of 30 tortoises widely distributed across Santa Cruz Island. Validated samples (n = 28) were analysed by a panel of up to 21 different ARGs and all 28 tortoise samples were positive to one or more genes encoding resistance. Thirteen of 21 tested ARGs were present in at least one sample, and 10 tortoises (35.7%) had a multi-resistant pattern. We recommend additional research so we may more fully understand resistance patterns across taxa and geographical locations throughout the Galapagos archipelago, and the implications of ARGs for the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. In this study, we found 100% of sampled giant tortoises had ARGs present in their faeces, suggesting a large-scale distribution of these genes within the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoa Nieto-Claudin
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Ecuador.,Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Stephen Blake
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Ecuador.,Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,University of Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Ecuador.,Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Kleindorfer S, Custance G, Peters KJ, Sulloway FJ. Introduced parasite changes host phenotype, mating signal and hybridization risk: Philornis downsi effects on Darwin's finch song. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190461. [PMID: 31185871 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced parasites that alter their host's mating signal can change the evolutionary trajectory of a species through sexual selection. Darwin's Camarhynchus finches are threatened by the introduced fly Philornis downsi that is thought to have accidentally arrived on the Galapagos Islands during the 1960s. The P. downsi larvae feed on the blood and tissue of developing finches, causing on average approximately 55% in-nest mortality and enlarged naris size in survivors. Here we test if enlarged naris size is associated with song characteristics and vocal deviation in the small tree finch ( Camarhynchus parvulus), the critically endangered medium tree finch ( C. pauper) and the recently observed hybrid tree finch group ( Camarhynchus hybrids). Male C. parvulus and C. pauper with enlarged naris size produced song with lower maximum frequency and greater vocal deviation, but there was no significant association in hybrids. Less vocal deviation predicted faster pairing success in both parental species. Finally, C. pauper males with normal naris size produced species-specific song, but male C. pauper with enlarged naris size had song that was indistinguishable from other tree finches. When parasites disrupt host mating signal, they may also facilitate hybridization. Here we show how parasite-induced naris enlargement affects vocal quality, resulting in blurred species mating signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kleindorfer
- 1 College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University , Adelaide 5001 , Australia.,2 Konrad Lorenz Research Station and Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Georgina Custance
- 1 College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University , Adelaide 5001 , Australia
| | - Katharina J Peters
- 1 College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University , Adelaide 5001 , Australia
| | - Frank J Sulloway
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of California , 2121 Berkeley Way, Room 3302, 4125 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
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13
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Gioia G, Vinueza RL, Cruz M, Jay M, Corde Y, Marsot M, Zanella G. Estimating the probability of freedom from bovine brucellosis in the Galapagos Islands. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e9. [PMID: 30229717 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268818002534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that still burdens several countries in the Mediterranean, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although the disease is present in Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands seem to be free from the disease based on a survey conducted in 1997 where all tested animals showed negative results. This study aimed at estimating the probability of freedom from brucellosis in this Ecuadorian province in 2014. A survey was implemented on the three main cattle-producing islands of the province: Santa Cruz, Isabela and San Cristóbal. Thirty-three cattle farms and 410 cattle were tested for brucellosis using the Rose Bengal test and indirect ELISA. All animals showed negative results for both tests. Probability of freedom was estimated at 98%, 91% and 88% for Santa Cruz, Isabela and San Cristóbal, respectively, considering a herd-level design seroprevalence of 20% and animal-level design seroprevalence of 15%, and assuming a perfect specificity of the survey. The negative results found in 1997 and present surveys suggest that the Galapagos Islands are free from bovine brucellosis.
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14
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Gioia GV, Vinueza RL, Marsot M, Devillers E, Cruz M, Petit E, Boulouis HJ, Moutailler S, Monroy F, Coello MA, Gondard M, Bournez L, Haddad N, Zanella G. Bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne pathogens in cattle of the Galapagos Islands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1262-1271. [PMID: 29566306 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the species of Anaplasma spp. and estimate its prevalence in cattle of the three main cattle-producing Galapagos Islands (Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal and Isabela) using indirect PCR assays, genetic sequencing and ELISA. Ticks were also collected from cattle and scanned for 47 tick-borne pathogens in a 48 × 48 real-time PCR chip. A mixed effects logistic regression was performed to identify potential risk factors explaining Anaplasma infection in cattle. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of the tested animals. Genetic sequencing allowed detection of A. platys-like strains in 11 (36.7%) of the 30 Anaplasma spp.-positive samples analysed. A. marginale was widespread in the three islands with a global between-herd prevalence of 100% [89; 100]95% CI and a median within-herd prevalence of 93%. A significant association was found between A. marginale infection and age with higher odds of being positive for adults (OR = 3.3 [1.2; 9.9]95% Bootstrap CI ). All collected ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus. A. marginale, Babesia bigemina, Borrelia theileri and Francisella-like endosymbiont were detected in tick pools. These results show that the Galapagos Islands are endemic for A. marginale.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Gioia
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - R L Vinueza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Marsot
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Cruz
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos (ABG), Puerto Ayora, Ecuador
| | - E Petit
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H J Boulouis
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - F Monroy
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M A Coello
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Bournez
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Nancy, France
| | - N Haddad
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Zanella
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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15
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Moya W, Jacome G, Yoo C. Past, current, and future trends of red spiny lobster based on PCA with MaxEnt model in Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4881-4890. [PMID: 28690816 PMCID: PMC5496532 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance in terms of accuracy and predict the modeling of the potential distribution of species, the integration of using principal components of environmental variables as input of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) has been proposed in this study. Principal components selected previously from the principal component analysis results performed in ArcGIS in the environmental variables was used as an input data of MaxEnt instead of raw data to model the potential distribution of red spiny lobster from the year 1997 to 2015 and for three different future scenarios 2020, 2050, and 2070. One set of six original environmental variables pertaining to the years 1997–2015 and one set of four variables for future scenarios were transformed independently into a single multiband raster in ArcGIS in order to select the variables whose eigenvalues explains more than 5% of the total variance with the purpose to use in the modeling prediction in MaxEnt. The years 1997 and 1998 were chosen to compare the accuracy of the model, showing better results using principal components instead of raw data in terms of area under the curve and partial receiver operating characteristic as well as better predictions of suitable areas. Using principal components as input of MaxEnt enhances the prediction of good habitat suitability for red spiny lobster; however, future scenarios suggest an adequate management by researches to elaborate appropriate guidelines for the conservation of the habitat for this valuable specie with face to the climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Moya
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering College of Engineering Center for Environmental Studies Kyung Hee University Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Gabriel Jacome
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering College of Engineering Center for Environmental Studies Kyung Hee University Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - ChangKyoo Yoo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering College of Engineering Center for Environmental Studies Kyung Hee University Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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16
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Pailles Y, Ho S, Pires IS, Tester M, Negrão S, Schmöckel SM. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Tomato Species from the Galapagos Islands. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:138. [PMID: 28261227 PMCID: PMC5309213 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Endemic flora of the Galapagos Islands has adapted to thrive in harsh environmental conditions. The wild tomato species from the Galapagos Islands, Solanum cheesmaniae and S. galapagense, are tolerant to various stresses, and can be crossed with cultivated tomato. However, information about genetic diversity and relationships within and between populations is necessary to use these resources efficiently in plant breeding. In this study, we analyzed 3,974 polymorphic SNP markers, obtained through the genotyping-by-sequencing technique, DArTseq, to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of 67 accessions of Galapagos tomatoes (compared to two S. lycopersicum varieties and one S. pimpinellifolium accession). Two clustering methods, Principal Component Analysis and STRUCTURE, showed clear distinction between the two species and a subdivision in the S. cheesmaniae group corresponding to geographical origin and age of the islands. High genetic variation among the accessions within each species was suggested by the AMOVA. High diversity in the S. cheesmaniae group and its correlation with the islands of origin were also suggested. This indicates a possible influence of the movement of the islands, from west to east, on the gene flow. Additionally, the absence of S. galapagense populations in the eastern islands points to the species divergence occurring after the eastern islands became isolated. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the population structure of the Galapagos tomatoes collection partially explains the evolutionary history of both species, knowledge that facilitates exploitation of their genetic potential for the identification of novel alleles contributing to stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yveline Pailles
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shwen Ho
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inês S. Pires
- Genomics of Plants Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeiras, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Tester
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mark Tester,
| | - Sónia Negrão
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandra M. Schmöckel
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Walsh SJ, Mena CF. Interactions of social, terrestrial, and marine sub-systems in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14536-43. [PMID: 27791072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604990113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galapagos is often cited as an example of the conflicts that are emerging between resource conservation and economic development in island ecosystems, as the pressures associated with tourism threaten nature, including the iconic and emblematic species, unique terrestrial landscapes, and special marine environments. In this paper, two projects are described that rely upon dynamic systems models and agent-based models to examine human-environment interactions. We use a theoretical context rooted in complexity theory to guide the development of our models that are linked to social-ecological dynamics. The goal of this paper is to describe key elements, relationships, and processes to inform and enhance our understanding of human-environment interactions in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador. By formalizing our knowledge of how systems operate and the manner in which key elements are linked in coupled human-natural systems, we specify rules, relationships, and rates of exchange between social and ecological features derived through statistical functions and/or functions specified in theory or practice. The processes described in our models also have practical applications in that they emphasize how political policies generate different human responses and model outcomes, many detrimental to the social-ecological sustainability of the Galapagos Islands.
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18
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Abstract
Introduction Little specific information has been published about the health of people who live in the Galapagos Islands. As part of determining the status of the nutrition transition that may be occurring in the islands mothers of young children in the Galapagos perceptions of their child's body size and therefore health status was evaluated along with actual body size. Methods This paper presents data collected as part of a pilot study that used a mixed methods approach to identify and describe health and nutrition issues for mother-child pairs on Isla Isabela in Galapagos, Ecuador. It includes participant anthropometric assessment and self-perception of body size using silhouettes for themselves and one of their children along with open-ended questions to elicit further understanding of body size perceptions. Twenty mothers of children greater than 6 months of age but less than 6 years of age were interviewed. Results The women preferred a smaller body size for themselves but a larger body size for their children. Findings of different body size combinations between mothers and children in the same household demonstrated that the island is undergoing or may be post the nutrition transition. Discussion This dual burden of body weights (especially overweight or obese mothers) in the same household with underweight, normal and overweight or obese children and the potential nutrition related chronic disease burden in the future will require more educational resources and innovative health services than are currently available for the people of the Galapagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julee B Waldrop
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, CB# 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Rachel A Page
- The Center for International Understanding, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Margaret E Bentley
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, CB# 7400, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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19
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Levin II, Colborn RE, Kim D, Perlut NG, Renfrew RB, Parker PG. Local parasite lineage sharing in temperate grassland birds provides clues about potential origins of Galapagos avian Plasmodium. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:716-26. [PMID: 26865960 PMCID: PMC4739572 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceanic archipelagos are vulnerable to natural introduction of parasites via migratory birds. Our aim was to characterize the geographic origins of two Plasmodium parasite lineages detected in the Galapagos Islands and in North American breeding bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) that regularly stop in Galapagos during migration to their South American overwintering sites. We used samples from a grassland breeding bird assemblage in Nebraska, United States, and parasite DNA sequences from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, to compare to global data in a DNA sequence registry. Homologous DNA sequences from parasites detected in bobolinks and more sedentary birds (e.g., brown‐headed cowbirds Molothrus ater, and other co‐occurring bird species resident on the North American breeding grounds) were compared to those recovered in previous studies from global sites. One parasite lineage that matched between Galapagos birds and the migratory bobolink, Plasmodium lineage B, was the most common lineage detected in the global MalAvi database, matching 49 sequences from unique host/site combinations, 41 of which were of South American origin. We did not detect lineage B in brown‐headed cowbirds. The other Galapagos‐bobolink match, Plasmodium lineage C, was identical to two other sequences from birds sampled in California. We detected a close variant of lineage C in brown‐headed cowbirds. Taken together, this pattern suggests that bobolinks became infected with lineage B on the South American end of their migratory range, and with lineage C on the North American breeding grounds. Overall, we detected more parasite lineages in bobolinks than in cowbirds. Galapagos Plasmodium had similar host breadth compared to the non‐Galapagos haemosporidian lineages detected in bobolinks, brown‐headed cowbirds, and other grassland species. This study highlights the utility of global haemosporidian data in the context of migratory bird–parasite connectivity. It is possible that migratory bobolinks bring parasites to the Galapagos and that these parasites originate from different biogeographic regions representing both their breeding and overwintering sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris I Levin
- Department of Biology University of Missouri - St. Louis One University Blvd.St. Louis Missouri 63121; Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri - St. Louis One University Blvd.St. Louis Missouri 63121; Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute One Government Dr.St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Rachel E Colborn
- Department of Biology University of Missouri - St. Louis One University Blvd. St. Louis Missouri 63121
| | - Daniel Kim
- Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust 6611 W. Whooping Crane Dr. Wood River Nebraska 68883
| | - Noah G Perlut
- Department of Environmental Studies University of New England 11 Hills Beach Road Biddeford Maine 04005
| | | | - Patricia G Parker
- Department of Biology University of Missouri - St. Louis One University Blvd.St. Louis Missouri 63121; Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri - St. Louis One University Blvd.St. Louis Missouri 63121; Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute One Government Dr.St. Louis Missouri 63110
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Salinas-de-León P, Rastoin E, Acuña-Marrero D. First record of a spawning aggregation for the tropical eastern Pacific endemic grouper Mycteroperca olfax in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. J Fish Biol 2015; 87:179-186. [PMID: 25997940 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study provides direct and indirect evidence of temporally and spatially consistent spawning aggregations for the grouper Mycteroperca olfax. Recently reported declines in population numbers, probably related to the direct targeting of aggregations by artisanal fishermen, highlight the urgent need for species-specific management actions in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, such as minimum and maximum landing sizes, and the importance of protecting key aggregation sites with the declaration of no-take areas and the establishment of total fishing bans during the reproductive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salinas-de-León
- Department of Marine Sciences, Charles Darwin Research Station, Av Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - E Rastoin
- Department of Marine Sciences, Charles Darwin Research Station, Av Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - D Acuña-Marrero
- Department of Marine Sciences, Charles Darwin Research Station, Av Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
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