1
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Canty SWJ, Nowakowski AJ, Cox CE, Valdivia A, Holstein DM, Limer B, Lefcheck JS, Craig N, Drysdale I, Giro A, Soto M, McField M. Interplay of management and environmental drivers shifts size structure of reef fish communities. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17257. [PMID: 38572701 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Countries are expanding marine protected area (MPA) networks to mitigate fisheries declines and support marine biodiversity. However, MPA impact evaluations typically assess total fish biomass. Here, we examine how fish biomass disaggregated by adult and juvenile life stages responds to environmental drivers, including sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and human footprint, and multiple management types at 139 reef sites in the Mesoamerican Reef (MAR) region. We found that total fish biomass generally appears stable across the region from 2006 to 2018, with limited rebuilding of fish stocks in MPAs. However, the metric of total fish biomass masked changes in fish community structure, with lower adult than juvenile fish biomass at northern sites, and adult:juvenile ratios closer to 1:1 at southern sites. These shifts were associated with different responses of juvenile and adult fish to environmental drivers and management. Juvenile fish biomass increased at sites with high larval connectivity and coral cover, whereas adult fish biomass decreased at sites with greater human footprint and SST anomalies. Adult fish biomass decreased primarily in Honduran general use zones, which suggests insufficient protection for adult fish in the southern MAR. There was a north-south gradient in management and environmental drivers, with lower coverage of fully protected areas and higher SST anomalies and coastal development in the south that together may undermine the maintenance of adult fish biomass in the southern MAR. Accounting for the interplay between environmental drivers and management in the design of MPAs is critical for increasing fish biomass across life history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W J Canty
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - A Justin Nowakowski
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Abel Valdivia
- World Wildlife Fund, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daniel M Holstein
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Benjamin Limer
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole Craig
- Healthy Reefs Initiative, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Ian Drysdale
- Healthy Reefs Initiative, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Ana Giro
- Healthy Reefs Initiative, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Mélina Soto
- Healthy Reefs Initiative, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie McField
- Healthy Reefs Initiative, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
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2
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Coelho JFR, Mendes LDF, Di Dario F, Carvalho PH, Dias RM, Lima SMQ, Verba JT, Pereira RJ. Integration of genomic and ecological methods inform management of an undescribed, yet highly exploited, sardine species. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232746. [PMID: 38444338 PMCID: PMC10915539 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessing genetic diversity within species is key for conservation strategies in the context of human-induced biotic changes. This is important in marine systems, where many species remain undescribed while being overfished, and conflicts between resource-users and conservation agencies are common. Combining niche modelling with population genomics can contribute to resolving those conflicts by identifying management units and understanding how past climatic cycles resulted in current patterns of genetic diversity. We addressed these issues on an undescribed but already overexploited species of sardine of the genus Harengula. We find that the species distribution is determined by salinity and depth, with a continuous distribution along the Brazilian mainland and two disconnected oceanic archipelagos. Genomic data indicate that such biogeographic barriers are associated with two divergent intraspecific lineages. Changes in habitat availability during the last glacial cycle led to different demographic histories among stocks. One coastal population experienced a 3.6-fold expansion, whereas an island-associated population contracted 3-fold, relative to the size of the ancestral population. Our results indicate that the island population should be managed separately from the coastal population, and that a Marine Protected Area covering part of the island population distribution can support the viability of this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fernanda Ramos Coelho
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Universitário, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Liana de Figueiredo Mendes
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Universitário, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Fabio Di Dario
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida São José do Barreto, 764, 27965-045, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Hollanda Carvalho
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida São José do Barreto, 764, 27965-045, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Marques Dias
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista - São Cristóvão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Maia Queiroz Lima
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Universitário, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Julia Tovar Verba
- Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ricardo J. Pereira
- Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1–3, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Gill DA, Lester SE, Free CM, Pfaff A, Iversen E, Reich BJ, Yang S, Ahmadia G, Andradi-Brown DA, Darling ES, Edgar GJ, Fox HE, Geldmann J, Trung Le D, Mascia MB, Mesa-Gutiérrez R, Mumby PJ, Veverka L, Warmuth LM. A diverse portfolio of marine protected areas can better advance global conservation and equity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313205121. [PMID: 38408235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313205121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely used for ocean conservation, yet the relative impacts of various types of MPAs are poorly understood. We estimated impacts on fish biomass from no-take and multiple-use (fished) MPAs, employing a rigorous matched counterfactual design with a global dataset of >14,000 surveys in and around 216 MPAs. Both no-take and multiple-use MPAs generated positive conservation outcomes relative to no protection (58.2% and 12.6% fish biomass increases, respectively), with smaller estimated differences between the two MPA types when controlling for additional confounding factors (8.3% increase). Relative performance depended on context and management: no-take MPAs performed better in areas of high human pressure but similar to multiple-use in remote locations. Multiple-use MPA performance was low in high-pressure areas but improved significantly with better management, producing similar outcomes to no-take MPAs when adequately staffed and appropriate use regulations were applied. For priority conservation areas where no-take restrictions are not possible or ethical, our findings show that a portfolio of well-designed and well-managed multiple-use MPAs represents a viable and potentially equitable pathway to advance local and global conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gill
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516
| | - Sarah E Lester
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Christopher M Free
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Alexander Pfaff
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Edwin Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Brian J Reich
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Gabby Ahmadia
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037
| | | | - Emily S Darling
- Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Graham J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- Reef Life Survey Foundation, Battery Point, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Helen E Fox
- Coral Reef Alliance, San Francisco, CA 94104
| | - Jonas Geldmann
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Duong Trung Le
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516
- World Bank, Washington, DC 20006
| | - Michael B Mascia
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202
| | - Roosevelt Mesa-Gutiérrez
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516
- Integrated Statistics Inc. in support of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, Gloucester, MA 01930
| | - Peter J Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura Veverka
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Laura M Warmuth
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Ferreira‐Airaud B, Vieira S, Branco M, Pina A, Soares V, Tiwari M, Witt M, Castilho R, Teodósio A, Hawkes LA. Green and Hawksbill Sea turtles of Eastern Atlantic: New insights into a globally important rookery in the Gulf of Guinea. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11133. [PMID: 38505183 PMCID: PMC10948591 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea turtles are critical components of marine ecosystems, and their conservation is important for Ocean Governance and Global Planet Health. However, there is limited knowledge of their ecology in the Gulf of Guinea. To fill this knowledge gap, this study presents the first integrative assessment of green and hawksbill turtles in the region, combining nesting surveys over 9 years and telemetry data, to offer insights into these population dynamics, and behaviours, including nesting preferences, morphological and reproductive parameters, diving patterns and inter-nesting core-use areas. Both green and hawksbill turtles are likely making a recovery on São Tomé, potentially driven by sustained conservation efforts. There are preliminary indications of recovery, but we interpret this cautiously. Coupled with satellite tracking, this study estimated that 482 to 736 green turtles and 135 to 217 hawksbills nest on the beaches of São Tomé. Their movements overlap significantly with a proposed Marine Protected Area (MPA), which suggests they may be well placed for conservation if managed appropriately. However, the presence of artisanal fisheries and emerging threats, such as sand mining and unregulated tourism, highlight the urgent need for robust management strategies that align global conservation objectives with local socioeconomic realities. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the ecology and conservation needs of the green and hawksbill turtles in the Gulf of Guinea. The insights gleaned here can contribute to the development of tailored conservation strategies that benefit these populations and the ecosystem services upon which they depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betânia Ferreira‐Airaud
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Universidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
- Hatherly LaboratoriesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Programa TatôSão ToméSão Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Sara Vieira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Universidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
- Programa TatôSão ToméSão Tomé and Príncipe
| | | | | | | | - Manjula Tiwari
- Ocean Ecology NetworkResearch Affiliate of NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew Witt
- Hatherly LaboratoriesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Rita Castilho
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Universidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
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5
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Coleman MA. Algae in the Anthropocene: Managing, conserving, and utilizing algae in an era of rapid environmental change. J Phycol 2024; 60:1-3. [PMID: 38010276 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The Anthropocene is defined as the current period in which humans have had a large influence over the status and trajectory of earth's climate and environment. Human-induced climate change, pollution, and coastal development have caused major changes to algal persistence, distribution, diversity, and function. This has not only brought new challenges for managing and conserving algae, but also new opportunities. This series of perspective pieces will touch on some of these challenges, potential solutions, and knowledge gaps that we must consider in supporting and understanding algae in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Coleman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences & UWA Oceans Institute, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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6
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Trevail AM, Nicoll MAC, Freeman R, Le Corre M, Schwarz J, Jaeger A, Bretagnolle V, Calabrese L, Feare C, Lebarbenchon C, Norris K, Orlowski S, Pinet P, Plot V, Rocamora G, Shah N, Votier SC. Tracking seabird migration in the tropical Indian Ocean reveals basin-scale conservation need. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5247-5256.e4. [PMID: 37972589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding marine predator distributions is an essential component of arresting their catastrophic declines.1,2,3,4 In temperate, polar, and upwelling seas, predictable oceanographic features can aggregate migratory predators, which benefit from site-based protection.5,6,7,8 In more oligotrophic tropical waters, however, it is unclear whether environmental conditions create similar multi-species hotspots. We track the non-breeding movements and habitat preferences of a tropical seabird assemblage (n = 348 individuals, 9 species, and 10 colonies in the western Indian Ocean), which supports globally important biodiversity.9,10,11,12 We mapped species richness from tracked populations and then predicted the same diversity measure for all known Indian Ocean colonies. Most species had large non-breeding ranges, low or variable residency patterns, and specific habitat preferences. This in turn revealed that maximum species richness covered >3.9 million km2, with no focused aggregations, in stark contrast to large-scale tracking studies in all other ocean basins.5,6,7,13,14 High species richness was captured by existing marine protected areas (MPAs) in the region; however, most occurred in the unprotected high seas beyond national jurisdictions. Seabirds experience cumulative anthropogenic impacts13 and high mortality15,16 during non-breeding. Therefore, our results suggest that seabird conservation in the tropical Indian Ocean requires an ocean-wide perspective, including high seas legislation.17 As restoration actions improve the outlook for tropical seabirds on land18,19,20,21,22 and environmental change reshapes the habitats that support them at sea,15,16 appropriate marine conservation will be crucial for their long-term recovery and whole ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Trevail
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Malcolm A C Nicoll
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW14RY, UK
| | - Robin Freeman
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW14RY, UK
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- Écologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Jill Schwarz
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- Écologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC-CNRS), 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France
| | - Licia Calabrese
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC-CNRS), 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France; Island Conservation Society, Pointe Larue, Mahé P.O Box 775, Seychelles; Island Biodiversity and Conservation Centre of the University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Chris Feare
- WildWings Bird Management, 2 North View Cottages, Grayswood Common, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 2DN, UK; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), NSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de la Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Ken Norris
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Sabine Orlowski
- Écologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Pinet
- Parc national de La Réunion, Life+ Pétrels. 258 Rue de la République, 97431 Plaine des Palmistes, La Réunion, France
| | - Virginie Plot
- Écologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Gerard Rocamora
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC-CNRS), 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France; Island Biodiversity and Conservation Centre of the University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Nirmal Shah
- Nature Seychelles, P.O. Box 1310, The Centre for Environment and Education, Roche Caiman, Mahé, Seychelles; The Centre for Environment and Education, Roche Caiman, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Stephen C Votier
- The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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7
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Ban NC, Darling ES, Gurney GG, Friedman W, Jupiter SD, Lestari WP, Yulianto I, Pardede S, Tarigan SAR, Prihatiningsih P, Mangubhai S, Naisilisili W, Dulunaqio S, Naggea J, Ranaivoson R, Agostini VN, Ahmadia G, Blythe J, Campbell SJ, Claudet J, Cox C, Epstein G, Estradivari, Fox M, Gill D, Himes-Cornell A, Jonas H, Mcleod E, Muthiga NA, McClanahan T. Effects of management objectives and rules on marine conservation outcomes. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14156. [PMID: 37728514 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relative effectiveness and enabling conditions of different area-based management tools is essential for supporting efforts that achieve positive biodiversity outcomes as area-based conservation coverage increases to meet newly set international targets. We used data from a coastal social-ecological monitoring program in 6 Indo-Pacific countries to analyze whether social, ecological, and economic objectives and specific management rules (temporal closures, fishing gear-specific, species-specific restrictions) were associated with coral reef fish biomass above sustainable yield levels across different types of area-based management tools (i.e., comparing those designated as marine protected areas [MPAs] with other types of area-based management). All categories of objectives, multiple combinations of rules, and all types of area-based management had some sites that were able to sustain high levels of reef fish biomass-a key measure for coral reef functioning-compared with reference sites with no area-based management. Yet, the same management types also had sites with low biomass. As governments advance their commitments to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the target to conserve 30% of the planet's land and oceans by 2030, we found that although different types of management can be effective, most of the managed areas in our study regions did not meet criteria for effectiveness. These findings underscore the importance of strong management and governance of managed areas and the need to measure the ecological impact of area-based management rather than counting areas because of their designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily S Darling
- Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Georgina G Gurney
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Whitney Friedman
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Stacy D Jupiter
- Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji
| | - W Peni Lestari
- Indonesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Irfan Yulianto
- Indonesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sinta Pardede
- Indonesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josheena Naggea
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ravaka Ranaivoson
- Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Vera N Agostini
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabby Ahmadia
- Oceans Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica Blythe
- Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | | | - Graham Epstein
- School of Politics, Security and International Affairs and Sustainable Coastal System Cluster, National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estradivari
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - David Gill
- Duke University Marine Laboratory Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amber Himes-Cornell
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Harry Jonas
- Conservation Areas, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Tim McClanahan
- Global Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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8
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Barosa B, Ferrillo A, Selci M, Giardina M, Bastianoni A, Correggia M, di Iorio L, Bernardi G, Cascone M, Capuozzo R, Intoccia M, Price R, Vetriani C, Cordone A, Giovannelli D. Mapping the microbial diversity associated with different geochemical regimes in the shallow-water hydrothermal vents of the Aeolian archipelago, Italy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1134114. [PMID: 37637107 PMCID: PMC10452888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1134114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shallow-water hydrothermal vents are unique marine environments ubiquitous along the coast of volcanically active regions of the planet. In contrast to their deep-sea counterparts, primary production at shallow-water vents relies on both photoautotrophy and chemoautotrophy. Such processes are supported by a range of geochemical regimes driven by different geological settings. The Aeolian archipelago, located in the southern Tyrrhenian sea, is characterized by intense hydrothermal activity and harbors some of the best sampled shallow-water vents of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this, the correlation between microbial diversity, geochemical regimes and geological settings of the different volcanic islands of the archipelago is largely unknown. Here, we report the microbial diversity associated with six distinct shallow-water hydrothermal vents of the Aeolian Islands using a combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing along with physicochemical and geochemical measurements. Samples were collected from biofilms, fluids and sediments from shallow vents on the islands of Lipari, Panarea, Salina, and Vulcano. Two new shallow vent locations are described here for the first time. Our results show the presence of diverse microbial communities consistent in their composition with the local geochemical regimes. The shallow water vents of the Aeolian Islands harbor highly diverse microbial community and should be included in future conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Barosa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Selci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Giardina
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Bastianoni
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Correggia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano di Iorio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Martina Cascone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Capuozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Intoccia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Roy Price
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Costantino Vetriani
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Angelina Cordone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Giovannelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e Biotecnologiche Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, CNR-IRBIM, Ancona, Italy
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department–Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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9
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Bevilacqua S, Boero F, De Leo F, Guarnieri G, Mačić V, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Terlizzi A, Fraschetti S. β-diversity reveals ecological connectivity patterns underlying marine community recovery: Implications for conservation. Ecol Appl 2023:e2867. [PMID: 37114630 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As β-diversity can be seen as a proxy of ecological connections among species assemblages, modeling the decay of similarity in species composition at increasing distance may help elucidate spatial patterns of connectivity and local- to large-scale processes driving community assembly within a marine region. This, in turn, may provide invaluable information for setting ecologically coherent networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) in which protected communities are potentially interrelated and can mutually sustain against environmental perturbations. However, field studies investigating changes in β-diversity patterns at a range of spatial scales and in relation to disturbance are scant, limiting our understanding of how spatial ecological connections among marine communities may affect their recovery dynamics. We carried out a manipulative experiment simulating a strong physical disturbance on subtidal rocky reefs at several locations spanning >1000 km of coast in the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) and compared β-diversity patterns and decay of similarity with distance and time by current transport between undisturbed and experimentally disturbed macrobenthic assemblages to shed light on connectivity processes and scales involved in recovery. In contrast to the expectation that very local-scale processes, such as vegetative regrowth and larval supply from neighboring undisturbed assemblages, might be the major determinants of recovery in disturbed patches, we found that connectivity mediated by currents at larger spatial scales strongly contributed to shape community reassembly after disturbance. Across our study sites in the Adriatic Sea, β-diversity patterns suggested that additional protected sites that matched hotspots of propagule exchange could increase the complementarity and strengthen the ecological connectivity throughout the MPA network. More generally, conditional to habitat distribution and selection of sites of high conservation priority (e.g., biodiversity hotspots), setting network internode distance within 100-150 km, along with sizing no-take zones to cover at least 5 km of coast, would help enhance the potential connectivity of Mediterranean subtidal rocky reef assemblages from local to large scale. These results can help improve conservation planning to achieve the goals of promoting ecological connectivity within MPA networks and enhancing their effectiveness in protecting marine communities against rapidly increasing natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislao Bevilacqua
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Boero
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in Ambiente Marino (CNR-IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco De Leo
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (CNR-IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guarnieri
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e la Protezione dell'Ambiente, Bari, Italy
| | - Vesna Mačić
- Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Kotor, Montenegro
| | - Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Terlizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Fraschetti
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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Wright DB, Escalona M, Marimuthu MPA, Sahasrabudhe R, Nguyen O, Sacco S, Beraut E, Toffelmier E, Miller C, Shaffer HB, Bernardi G. Reference genome of the Woolly Sculpin, Clinocottus analis. J Hered 2023; 114:60-67. [PMID: 36107748 PMCID: PMC10019020 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sculpins (Family Cottidae) are generally cold-temperate intertidal reef fishes most commonly found in the North Pacific. As part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP), we sequenced the genome of the Woolly Sculpin, Clinocottus analis, to establish a genomic model for understanding phylogeographic structure of inshore marine taxa along the California coast. These patterns, in turn, should further inform the design of marine protected areas using dispersal models based on genomic data. The small genome of C. analis is typical of marine fishes at less than 1 Gb (genome size = 538 Mb), and our assembly is near-chromosome level (contig N50 = 9.1 Mb, scaffold N50 = 21 Mb, BUSCO completeness = 97.9%). Within the context of the CCGP, the Woolly Sculpin genome will be used as a reference for future whole-genome resequencing projects aimed at enhancing our knowledge of the population structure of the species, and efficacy of marine protected areas across the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Merly Escalona
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Mohan P A Marimuthu
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Core Laboratory, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ruta Sahasrabudhe
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Core Laboratory, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Oanh Nguyen
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Core Laboratory, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Sacco
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Eric Beraut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Erin Toffelmier
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - H Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Giacomo Bernardi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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11
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Wright DB, Escalona M, Marimuthu MPA, Sahasrabudhe R, Nguyen O, Sacco S, Beraut E, Toffelmier E, Miller C, Shaffer HB, Bernardi G, German DP. Reference genome of the Monkeyface Prickleback, Cebidichthys violaceus. J Hered 2023; 114:52-59. [PMID: 36321765 PMCID: PMC10019021 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pricklebacks (Family Stichaeidae) are generally cold-temperate fishes most commonly found in the north Pacific. As part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP), we sequenced the genome of the Monkeyface Prickleback, Cebidichthys violaceus, to establish a genomic model for understanding phylogeographic patterns of marine organisms in California. These patterns, in turn, may inform the design of marine protected areas using dispersal models based on forthcoming population genomic data. The genome of C. violaceus is typical of many marine fishes at less than 1 Gb (genome size = 575.6 Mb), and our assembly is near-chromosome level (contig N50 = 1 Mb, scaffold N50 = 16.4 Mb, BUSCO completeness = 93.2%). Within the context of the CCGP, the genome will be used as a reference for future whole genome resequencing projects, enhancing our knowledge of the population structure of the species and more generally, the efficacy of marine protected areas as a primary conservation tool across California's marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Wright
- Address correspondence to D.B. Wright at the address above, or e-mail:
| | - Merly Escalona
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Mohan P A Marimuthu
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Core Laboratory, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ruta Sahasrabudhe
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Core Laboratory, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Oanh Nguyen
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Core Laboratory, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Sacco
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Eric Beraut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Erin Toffelmier
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - H Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Giacomo Bernardi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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12
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Anderson OF, Stephenson F, Behrens E, Rowden AA. Predicting the effects of climate change on deep-water coral distribution around New Zealand-Will there be suitable refuges for protection at the end of the 21st century? Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6556-6576. [PMID: 36045501 PMCID: PMC9804896 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deep-water corals are protected in the seas around New Zealand by legislation that prohibits intentional damage and removal, and by marine protected areas where bottom trawling is prohibited. However, these measures do not protect them from the impacts of a changing climate and ocean acidification. To enable adequate future protection from these threats we require knowledge of the present distribution of corals and the environmental conditions that determine their preferred habitat, as well as the likely future changes in these conditions, so that we can identify areas for potential refugia. In this study, we built habitat suitability models for 12 taxa of deep-water corals using a comprehensive set of sample data and predicted present and future seafloor environmental conditions from an earth system model specifically tailored for the South Pacific. These models predicted that for most taxa there will be substantial shifts in the location of the most suitable habitat and decreases in the area of such habitat by the end of the 21st century, driven primarily by decreases in seafloor oxygen concentrations, shoaling of aragonite and calcite saturation horizons, and increases in nitrogen concentrations. The current network of protected areas in the region appear to provide little protection for most coral taxa, as there is little overlap with areas of highest habitat suitability, either in the present or the future. We recommend an urgent re-examination of the spatial distribution of protected areas for deep-water corals in the region, utilising spatial planning software that can balance protection requirements against value from fishing and mineral resources, take into account the current status of the coral habitats after decades of bottom trawling, and consider connectivity pathways for colonisation of corals into potential refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen F. Anderson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Fabrice Stephenson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
- School of ScienceUniversity of WaikatoHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Erik Behrens
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Ashley A. Rowden
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
- Victoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
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13
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Barco A, Kullmann B, Knebelsberger T, Sarrazin V, Kuhs V, Kreutle A, Pusch C, Thiel R. Detection of fish species from marine protected areas of the North Sea using environmental DNA. J Fish Biol 2022; 101:722-727. [PMID: 35598112 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This report describe the first application of environmental DNA-metabarcoding approach for the assessment of fish species diversity in two marine protected areas of the North Sea: the Doggerbank and the Sylt Outer Reef. We collected 64 water samples and detected 24 fish species. We discuss qualitative differences between MPAs and compare the results with those obtained from bottom-trawl surveys in the same areas. We found three additional species to those documented in the same year with trawls, including the critically endangered European eel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Kullmann
- State Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Institute of Fisheries, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Victoria Sarrazin
- University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Biodiversity Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kuhs
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology, Zoological Museum, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Kreutle
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Island of Vilm, Putbus (Lauterbach), Germany
| | - Christian Pusch
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Island of Vilm, Putbus (Lauterbach), Germany
| | - Ralf Thiel
- University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Biodiversity Research, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology, Zoological Museum, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Hopf JK, Caselle JE, White JW. No-take marine protected areas enhance the benefits of kelp-forest restoration for fish but not fisheries. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1665-1675. [PMID: 35596734 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kelp habitat restoration is gaining traction as a management action to support recovery in areas affected by severe disturbances, thereby ensuring the sustainability of ecosystem services. Knowing when and where to restore is a major question. Using a single-species population model, we consider how restoring inside marine protected areas (MPAs) might benefit coastal fish populations and fisheries. We found that MPAs can greatly enhance the population benefits of restoration but at a small cost to fishery yields. Generally, restoring inside MPAs had a better overall gains-loss outcome, especially if the system is under high fishing pressure or severe habitat loss. However, restoring outside became preferable when predatory fish indirectly benefit kelp habitats. In either case, successful restoration actions may be difficult to detect in time-series data due to complex transient dynamics. We provide context for setting management goals and social expectations for the ecosystem service implications of restoration in MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess K Hopf
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer E Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - J Wilson White
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
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15
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Jankowska E, Pelc R, Alvarez J, Mehra M, Frischmann CJ. Climate benefits from establishing marine protected areas targeted at blue carbon solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121705119. [PMID: 35653565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121705119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceMarine conservation and the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) have gained attention as ways to protect and restore ecosystems and rebuild fish populations. They may also play an important role in sequestering carbon and reducing emissions from sources such as habitat degradation. Implementing six strategies for enhancing blue carbon sinks, including establishing MPAs to protect and restore coastal wetlands, macroalgae forests, and seafloor sediments and expand seaweed farming can not only remove significant amounts of carbon and avoid emissions but also bring many more environmental and human-related benefits.
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16
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Abstract
Wave reserves, initially aimed at protecting surf 'spots', are becoming a way to ensure the conservation of coastal areas that are of great ecological and economic value. They foster local development and contribute to countries' achievements toward international objectives. Several projects to implement large wave reserves are on their way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Failler
- Centre for Blue Governance, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, P01 3DE, UK
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17
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Atkinson A, Hill SL, Reiss CS, Pakhomov EA, Beaugrand G, Tarling GA, Yang G, Steinberg DK, Schmidt K, Edwards M, Rombolá E, Perry FA. Stepping stones towards Antarctica: Switch to southern spawning grounds explains an abrupt range shift in krill. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:1359-1375. [PMID: 34921477 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poleward range shifts are a global-scale response to warming, but these vary greatly among taxa and are hard to predict for individual species, localized regions or over shorter (years to decadal) timescales. Moving poleward might be easier in the Arctic than in the Southern Ocean, where evidence for range shifts is sparse and contradictory. Here, we compiled a database of larval Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba and, together with an adult database, it showed how their range shift is out of step with the pace of warming. During a 70-year period of rapid warming (1920s-1990s), distribution centres of both larvae and adults in the SW Atlantic sector remained fixed, despite warming by 0.5-1.0°C and losing sea ice. This was followed by a hiatus in surface warming and ice loss, yet during this period the distributions of krill life stages shifted greatly, by ~1000 km, to the south-west. Understanding the mechanism of such step changes is essential, since they herald system reorganizations that are hard to predict with current modelling approaches. We propose that the abrupt shift was driven by climatic controls acting on localized recruitment hotspots, superimposed on thermal niche conservatism. During the warming hiatus, the Southern Annular Mode index continued to become increasingly positive and, likely through reduced feeding success for larvae, this led to a precipitous decline in recruitment from the main reproduction hotspot along the southern Scotia Arc. This cut replenishment to the northern portion of the krill stock, as evidenced by declining density and swarm frequency. Concomitantly, a new, southern reproduction area developed after the 1990s, reinforcing the range shift despite the lack of surface warming. New spawning hotspots may provide the stepping stones needed for range shifts into polar regions, so planning of climate-ready marine protected areas should include these key areas of future habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian S Reiss
- South West Fisheries Science Centre, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Evgeny A Pakhomov
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences and Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, UMR 8187 LOG, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Station Marine de Wimereux, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Wimereux, France
| | | | - Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Deborah K Steinberg
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA
| | - Katrin Schmidt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Emilce Rombolá
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Dirección Nacional del Antártico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientifcas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Baylis AMM, de Lecea AM, Tierney M, Orben RA, Ratcliffe N, Wakefield E, Catry P, Campioni L, Costa M, Boersma PD, Galimberti F, Granadeiro JP, Masello JF, Pütz K, Quillfeldt P, Rebstock GA, Sanvito S, Staniland IJ, Brickle P. Overlap between marine predators and proposed Marine Managed Areas on the Patagonian Shelf. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02426. [PMID: 34309955 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Static (fixed-boundary) protected areas are key ocean conservation strategies, and marine higher predator distribution data can play a leading role toward identifying areas for conservation action. The Falkland Islands are a globally significant site for colonial breeding marine higher predators (i.e., seabirds and pinnipeds). However, overlap between marine predators and Falkland Islands proposed Marine Managed Areas (MMAs) has not been quantified. Hence, to provide information required to make informed decisions regarding the implementation of proposed MMAs, our aims were to objectively assess how the proposed MMA network overlaps with contemporary estimates of marine predator distribution. We collated tracking data (1999-2019) and used a combination of kernel density estimation and model-based predictions of spatial usage to quantify overlap between colonial breeding marine predators and proposed Falkland Islands MMAs. We also identified potential IUCN Key Biodiversity Areas (pKBAs) using (1) kernel density based methods originally designed to identify Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and (2) habitat preference models. The proposed inshore MMA, which extends three nautical miles from the Falkland Islands, overlapped extensively with areas used by colonial breeding marine predators. This reflects breeding colonies being distributed throughout the Falklands archipelago, and use being high adjacent to colonies due to central-place foraging constraints. Up to 45% of pKBAs identified via kernel density estimation were located within the proposed MMAs. In particular, the proposed Jason Islands Group MMA overlapped with pKBAs for three marine predator species, suggesting it is a KBA hot spot. However, tracking data coverage was incomplete, which biased pKBAs identified using kernel density methods, to colonies tracked. Moreover, delineation of pKBA boundaries were sensitive to the choice of smoothing parameter used in kernel density estimation. Delineation based on habitat model predictions for both sampled and unsampled colonies provided less biased estimates, and revealed 72% of the Falkland Islands Conservation Zone was likely a KBA. However, it may not be practical to consider such a large area for fixed-boundary management. In the context of wide-ranging marine predators, emerging approaches such as dynamic ocean management could complement static management frameworks such as MMAs, and provide protection at relevant spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M M Baylis
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, FIQQ1ZZ, Falkland Islands
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ander M de Lecea
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, FIQQ1ZZ, Falkland Islands
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Megan Tierney
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, FIQQ1ZZ, Falkland Islands
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, PE1 1JY, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A Orben
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, 97365, USA
| | | | - Ewan Wakefield
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Catry
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Letizia Campioni
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marina Costa
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, FIQQ1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - P Dee Boersma
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | | | - José P Granadeiro
- Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ginger A Rebstock
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Simona Sanvito
- Elephant Seal Research Group, Stanley, FIQQ1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | | | - Paul Brickle
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, FIQQ1ZZ, Falkland Islands
- School of Biological Science (Zoology), University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Bucol AA, Abesamis RA, Stockwell BL, Lowe JR, Russ GR. Development of reproductive potential in protogynous coral reef fishes within Philippine no-take marine reserves. J Fish Biol 2021; 99:1561-1575. [PMID: 34312862 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence for increases in the reproductive potential (egg output per unit area) of coral reef fish in no-take marine reserves (NTMRs) is sparse. Here, we inferred the development of reproductive potential in two species of protogynous reef fishes, Chlorurus bleekeri (Labridae: Scarinae) and Cephalopholis argus (Epinephelidae), inside and outside of Philippine NTMRs. We estimated key reproductive parameters and applied these to species-specific density and length data from 17 NTMRs (durations of protection 0-11 years) and paired fished sites (controls) in a space-for-time substitution approach. For C. argus, we also used density and length data collected almost annually over 29 years from a NTMR and an adjacent control at Apo Island. The results suggest that C. bleekeri can develop 6.0 times greater reproductive potential in NTMRs than controls after 11 years of protection, equivalent to approximately 582,000 more eggs produced 500 m-2 inside NTMRs. Enhancement of reproductive potential in C. argus was not evident after 11 years in the space-for-time substitution. At Apo Island NTMR, reproductive potential of C. argus increased approximately 6-fold over 29 years but NTMR/control ratios in reproductive potential decreased through time (from 3.2 to 2.4), probably due to spillover of C. argus from the NTMR to the control. C. argus was estimated to produce approximately 113,000 more eggs 500 m-2 inside Apo Island NTMR at the 29th year of protection. Ratios of reproductive potential between NTMR and controls in C. bleekeri and C. argus were often greater than corresponding ratios in density or biomass. The study underscores the importance of species-specific reproductive life history traits that drive variation in the development of larval fish subsidies that originate from NTMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abner A Bucol
- Silliman University-Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, Dumaguete City, Philippines
| | - Rene A Abesamis
- Silliman University-Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, Dumaguete City, Philippines
| | - Brian L Stockwell
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Ocean, and Natural Sciences, The University of South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jake R Lowe
- College of Science and Engineering and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence and ARC Centre of Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Garry R Russ
- College of Science and Engineering and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence and ARC Centre of Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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20
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Afiq‐Rosli L, Wainwright BJ, Gajanur AR, Lee AC, Ooi SK, Chou LM, Huang D. Barriers and corridors of gene flow in an urbanized tropical reef system. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2502-2515. [PMID: 34745340 PMCID: PMC8549622 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about the distribution of alleles among marine populations is critical for determining patterns of genetic connectivity that are essential in modern conservation planning. To estimate population connectivity in Singapore's urbanized equatorial reef system, we analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from two species of reef-building corals with distinct life histories. For Porites sp., a broadcast-spawning coral, we found cryptic lineages that were differentially distributed at inshore and central-offshore sites that could be attributed to contemporary surface current regimes. Near panmixia was observed for Pocillopora acuta with differentiation of colonies at the farthest site from mainland Singapore, a possible consequence of the brooding nature and relatively long pelagic larval duration of the species. Furthermore, analysis of recent gene flow showed that 60-80% of colonies in each population were nonmigrants, underscoring self-recruitment as an important demographic process in this reef system. Apart from helping to enhance the management of Singapore's coral reef ecosystems, findings here pave the way for better understanding of the evolution of marine populations in South-East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfi Afiq‐Rosli
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Benjamin John Wainwright
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Yale‐NUS CollegeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Anya Roopa Gajanur
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Ai Chin Lee
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Seng Keat Ooi
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Loke Ming Chou
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Centre for Nature‐based Climate SolutionsNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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21
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Marshall DJ, Bode M, Mangel M, Arlinghaus R, Dick EJ. Reproductive hyperallometry and managing the world's fisheries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100695118. [PMID: 34400498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100695118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine fisheries are an essential component of global food security, but many are close to their limits and some are overfished. The models that guide the management of these fisheries almost always assume reproduction is proportional to mass (isometry), when fecundity generally increases disproportionately to mass (hyperallometry). Judged against several management reference points, we show that assuming isometry overestimates the replenishment potential of exploited fish stocks by 22% (range: 2% to 78%) for 32 of the world's largest fisheries, risking systematic overharvesting. We calculate that target catches based on assumptions of isometry are more than double those based on assumptions of hyperallometry for most species, such that common reference points are set twice as high as they should be to maintain the target level of replenishment. We also show that hyperallometric reproduction provides opportunities for increasing the efficacy of tools that are underused in standard fisheries management, such as protected areas or harvest slot limits. Adopting management strategies that conserve large, hyperfecund fish may, in some instances, result in higher yields relative to traditional approaches. We recommend that future assessment of reference points and quotas include reproductive hyperallometry unless there is clear evidence that it does not occur in that species.
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22
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Martino ED, Rosso A. Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. Zookeys 2021; 1053:1-42. [PMID: 34393555 PMCID: PMC8352856 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean specimens of the genus Microporella collected from shallow water habitats during several surveys and cruises undertaken mostly off the Italian coast are revised. As a result of the disentanglement of the M.ciliata complex and the examination of new material, three new species, M.bicollarissp. nov., M.ichnusaesp. nov., and M.pachyspinasp. nov., are described from submarine caves or associated with seagrasses and algae. An additional species Microporella sp. A, distinct by its finely reticulate ascopore, is described but left in open nomenclature owing to the limitations of a single infertile fragment. After examination of all available material, based on their identical zooidal morphology, the genus Diporula is regarded as junior synonym of Microporella and the combination Microporellaverrucosa is resurrected as first suggested by Neviani in 1896. Fenestrulinajoannae is also reassigned to Microporella. The availability of a large number of colonies of the above-mentioned and other species already well known from the area (i.e., M.appendiculata, M.ciliata, and M.modesta), allowed the assessment of their high intraspecific variability as well as the observation, for the first time, of some morphological characters including ancestrulae, early astogeny, and kenozooids. Finally, M.modesta, in spite of M.ciliata as defined by the neotype selected by Kukliński & Taylor in 2008, appears to be the commonest species in the basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Di Martino
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo - Blindern, P.O. Box 1172, Oslo 0318, Norway University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Antonietta Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania - Corso Italia 57, 95129, Catania, Italy Università di Catania Catania Italy.,CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare - Piazzale Flaminio, 9, 00196, Roma, Italy Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare Rome Italy
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23
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Goetze JS, Wilson S, Radford B, Fisher R, Langlois TJ, Monk J, Knott NA, Malcolm H, Currey‐Randall LM, Ierodiaconou D, Harasti D, Barrett N, Babcock RC, Bosch NE, Brock D, Claudet J, Clough J, Fairclough DV, Heupel MR, Holmes TH, Huveneers C, Jordan AR, McLean D, Meekan M, Miller D, Newman SJ, Rees MJ, Roberts KE, Saunders BJ, Speed CW, Travers MJ, Treml E, Whitmarsh SK, Wakefield CB, Harvey ES. Increased connectivity and depth improve the effectiveness of marine reserves. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3432-3447. [PMID: 34015863 PMCID: PMC8360116 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine reserves are a key tool for the conservation of marine biodiversity, yet only ~2.5% of the world's oceans are protected. The integration of marine reserves into connected networks representing all habitats has been encouraged by international agreements, yet the benefits of this design has not been tested empirically. Australia has one of the largest systems of marine reserves, providing a rare opportunity to assess how connectivity influences conservation success. An Australia-wide dataset was collected using baited remote underwater video systems deployed across a depth range from 0 to 100 m to assess the effectiveness of marine reserves for protecting teleosts subject to commercial and recreational fishing. A meta-analytical comparison of 73 fished species within 91 marine reserves found that, on average, marine reserves had 28% greater abundance and 53% greater biomass of fished species compared to adjacent areas open to fishing. However, benefits of protection were not observed across all reserves (heterogeneity), so full subsets generalized additive modelling was used to consider factors that influence marine reserve effectiveness, including distance-based and ecological metrics of connectivity among reserves. Our results suggest that increased connectivity and depth improve the aforementioned marine reserve benefits and that these factors should be considered to optimize such benefits over time. We provide important guidance on factors to consider when implementing marine reserves for the purpose of increasing the abundance and size of fished species, given the expected increase in coverage globally. We show that marine reserves that are highly protected (no-take) and designed to optimize connectivity, size and depth range can provide an effective conservation strategy for fished species in temperate and tropical waters within an overarching marine biodiversity conservation framework.
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24
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Turnbull JW, Johnston EL, Clark GF. Evaluating the social and ecological effectiveness of partially protected marine areas. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:921-932. [PMID: 33448038 PMCID: PMC8248084 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary tool for the stewardship, conservation, and restoration of marine ecosystems, yet 69% of global MPAs are only partially protected (i.e., are open to some form of fishing). Although fully protected areas have well-documented outcomes, including increased fish diversity and biomass, the effectiveness of partially protected areas is contested. Partially protected areas may provide benefits in some contexts and may be warranted for social reasons, yet social outcomes often depend on MPAs achieving their ecological goals to distinguish them from open areas and justify the cost of protection. We assessed the social perceptions and ecological effectiveness of 18 partially protected areas and 19 fully protected areas compared with 19 open areas along 7000 km of coast of southern Australia. We used mixed methods, gathering data via semistructured interviews, site surveys, and Reef Life (underwater visual census) surveys. We analyzed qualitative data in accordance with grounded theory and quantitative data with multivariate and univariate linear mixed-effects models. We found no social or ecological benefits for partially protected areas relative to open areas in our study. Partially protected areas had no more fish, invertebrates, or algae than open areas; were poorly understood by coastal users; were not more attractive than open areas; and were not perceived to have better marine life than open areas. These findings provide an important counterpoint to some large-scale meta-analyses that conclude partially protected areas can be ecologically effective but that draw this conclusion based on narrower measures. We argue that partially protected areas act as red herrings in marine conservation because they create an illusion of protection and consume scarce conservation resources yet provide little or no social or ecological gain over open areas. Fully protected areas, by contrast, have more fish species and biomass and are well understood, supported, and valued by the public. They are perceived to have better marine life and be improving over time in keeping with actual ecological results. Conservation outcomes can be improved by upgrading partially protected areas to higher levels of protection including conversion to fully protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Turnbull
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensington CampusSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesBEESSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Emma L. Johnston
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensington CampusSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesBEESSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Graeme F. Clark
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensington CampusSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesBEESSydneyNSW2052Australia
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25
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Williamson MJ, Tebbs EJ, Dawson TP, Curnick DJ, Ferretti F, Carlisle AB, Chapple TK, Schallert RJ, Tickler DM, Harrison XA, Block BA, Jacoby DM. Analysing detection gaps in acoustic telemetry data to infer differential movement patterns in fish. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2717-2730. [PMID: 33767831 PMCID: PMC7981221 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide array of technologies are available for gaining insight into the movement of wild aquatic animals. Although acoustic telemetry can lack the fine-scale spatial resolution of some satellite tracking technologies, the substantially longer battery life can yield important long-term data on individual behavior and movement for low per-unit cost. Typically, however, receiver arrays are designed to maximize spatial coverage at the cost of positional accuracy leading to potentially longer detection gaps as individuals move out of range between monitored locations. This is particularly true when these technologies are deployed to monitor species in hard-to-access locations.Here, we develop a novel approach to analyzing acoustic telemetry data, using the timing and duration of gaps between animal detections to infer different behaviors. Using the durations between detections at the same and different receiver locations (i.e., detection gaps), we classify behaviors into "restricted" or potential wider "out-of-range" movements synonymous with longer distance dispersal. We apply this method to investigate spatial and temporal segregation of inferred movement patterns in two sympatric species of reef shark within a large, remote, marine protected area (MPA). Response variables were generated using network analysis, and drivers of these movements were identified using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference.Species, diel period, and season were significant predictors of "out-of-range" movements. Silvertip sharks were overall more likely to undertake "out-of-range" movements, compared with gray reef sharks, indicating spatial segregation, and corroborating previous stable isotope work between these two species. High individual variability in "out-of-range" movements in both species was also identified.We present a novel gap analysis of telemetry data to help infer differential movement and space use patterns where acoustic coverage is imperfect and other tracking methods are impractical at scale. In remote locations, inference may be the best available tool and this approach shows that acoustic telemetry gap analysis can be used for comparative studies in fish ecology, or combined with other research techniques to better understand functional mechanisms driving behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Williamson
- Department of GeographyKing’s College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - Emma J. Tebbs
- Department of GeographyKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife ConservationVirginia TechBlacksburgVaUSA
| | - Aaron B. Carlisle
- Hopkins Marine StationStanford UniversityPacific GroveCAUSA
- School of Marine Science and PolicyUniversity of DelawareLewesDEUSA
| | | | | | - David M. Tickler
- Marine Futures LabSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
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26
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White TD, Ong T, Ferretti F, Block BA, McCauley DJ, Micheli F, De Leo GA. Tracking the response of industrial fishing fleets to large marine protected areas in the Pacific Ocean. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1571-1578. [PMID: 33031635 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large marine protected areas (MPAs) of unprecedented size have recently been established across the global oceans, yet their ability to meet conservation objectives is debated. Key areas of debate include uncertainty over nations' abilities to enforce fishing bans across vast, remote regions and the intensity of human impacts before and after MPA implementation. We used a recently developed vessel tracking data set (produced using Automatic Identification System detections) to quantify the response of industrial fishing fleets to 5 of the largest MPAs established in the Pacific Ocean since 2013. After their implementation, all 5 MPAs successfully kept industrial fishing effort exceptionally low. Detected fishing effort was already low in 4 of the 5 large MPAs prior to MPA implementation, particularly relative to nearby regions that did not receive formal protection. Our results suggest that these large MPAs may present major conservation opportunities in relatively intact ecosystems with low immediate impact to industrial fisheries, but the large MPAs we considered often did not significantly reduce fishing effort because baseline fishing was typically low. It is yet to be determined how large MPAs may shape global ocean conservation in the future if the footprint of human influence continues to expand. Continued improvement in understanding of how large MPAs interact with industrial fisheries is a crucial step toward defining their role in global ocean management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D White
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tiffany Ong
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - Barbara A Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Douglas J McCauley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Giulio A De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
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27
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Cabral RB, Bradley D, Mayorga J, Goodell W, Friedlander AM, Sala E, Costello C, Gaines SD. A global network of marine protected areas for food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28134-28139. [PMID: 33106411 PMCID: PMC7668080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000174117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields. We assembled distribution, life history, and fisheries exploitation data for 1,338 commercially important stocks to derive an optimized network of MPAs globally. We show that strategically expanding the existing global MPA network to protect an additional 5% of the ocean could increase future catch by at least 20% via spillover, generating 9 to 12 million metric tons more food annually than in a business-as-usual world with no additional protection. Our results demonstrate how food provisioning can be a central driver of MPA design, offering a pathway to strategically conserve ocean areas while securing seafood for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reniel B Cabral
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Darcy Bradley
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Christopher Costello
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
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28
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Perez‐Correa J, Carr P, Meeuwig JJ, Koldewey HJ, Letessier TB. Climate oscillation and the invasion of alien species influence the oceanic distribution of seabirds. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9339-9357. [PMID: 32953065 PMCID: PMC7487247 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal distribution of seabird transiting and foraging at sea is an important consideration for marine conservation planning. Using at-sea observations of seabirds (n = 317), collected during the breeding season from 2012 to 2016, we built boosted regression tree (BRT) models to identify relationships between numerically dominant seabird species (red-footed booby, brown noddy, white tern, and wedge-tailed shearwater), geomorphology, oceanographic variability, and climate oscillation in the Chagos Archipelago. We documented positive relationships between red-footed booby and wedge-tailed shearwater abundance with the strength in the Indian Ocean Dipole, as represented by the Dipole Mode Index (6.7% and 23.7% contribution, respectively). The abundance of red-footed boobies, brown noddies, and white terns declined abruptly with greater distance to island (17.6%, 34.1%, and 41.1% contribution, respectively). We further quantified the effects of proximity to rat-free and rat-invaded islands on seabird distribution at sea and identified breaking point distribution thresholds. We detected areas of increased abundance at sea and habitat use-age under a scenario where rats are eradicated from invaded nearby islands and recolonized by seabirds. Following rat eradication, abundance at sea of red-footed booby, brown noddy, and white terns increased by 14%, 17%, and 3%, respectively, with no important increase detected for shearwaters. Our results have implication for seabird conservation and island restoration. Climate oscillations may cause shifts in seabird distribution, possibly through changes in regional productivity and prey distribution. Invasive species eradications and subsequent island recolonization can lead to greater access for seabirds to areas at sea, due to increased foraging or transiting through, potentially leading to distribution gains and increased competition. Our approach predicting distribution after successful eradications enables anticipatory threat mitigation in these areas, minimizing competition between colonies and thereby maximizing the risk of success and the conservation impact of eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Perez‐Correa
- Zoological Society of LondonInstitute of ZoologyLondonUK
- Escuela de Ciencias AmbientalesFacultad de IngenieríaUniversidad Espíritu SantoSamborondónEcuador
- Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter Carr
- Zoological Society of LondonInstitute of ZoologyLondonUK
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
| | - Jessica J. Meeuwig
- Centre for Marine Futures, Oceans Institute and School of Animal BiologyThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Heather J. Koldewey
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
- Conservation and PolicyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tom B. Letessier
- Zoological Society of LondonInstitute of ZoologyLondonUK
- Centre for Marine Futures, Oceans Institute and School of Animal BiologyThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
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29
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Fernández-Chacón A, Villegas-Ríos D, Moland E, Baskett ML, Olsen EM, Carlson SM. Protected areas buffer against harvest selection and rebuild phenotypic complexity. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02108. [PMID: 32096584 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harvest mortality typically truncates the harvested species' size structure, thereby reducing phenotypic complexity, which can lead to reduced population productivity, increased population variability, and selection on an array of life history traits that can further alter these demographic processes. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a potential tool to protect older, larger individuals and therefore mitigate such ecological and evolutionary effects of harvest, depending on the degree of connectivity among areas. Such MPA protection relies on a shift in size-dependent mortality, the measurement of which can therefore serve as an early indicator of whether MPAs might achieve the desired longer-term ecological and evolutionary responses. We directly measured MPA effects on size-selective mortality and associated size structure using mark-recapture data on European lobster (Homarus gammarus) collected at three MPA-control area pairs in southern Norway during one decade (n = 5,943). Mark-recapture modeling, accounting for variation in recapture probabilities, revealed (1) that annual mean survival was higher inside MPAs (0.592) vs. control areas (0.298) and (2) that significant negative relationships between survival and body size occurred at the control areas but not in the MPAs, where the effect of body size was predominantly positive. Additionally, we found (3) that mean and maximum body size increased over time inside MPAs but not in control areas. Overall, our results suggest that MPAs can rebuild phenotypic complexity (i.e., size structure) and provide protection from harvest selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Fernández-Chacón
- Joint Research Unit for Biodiversity (UO, CSIC, PA), University of Oviedo, 33600, Mieres, Spain
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - David Villegas-Ríos
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Ichthyology Group, IMEDEA, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Fisheries Ecology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Even Moland
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Esben M Olsen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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30
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Pelletier D, Selmaoui‐Folcher N, Bockel T, Schohn T. A regionally scalable habitat typology for assessing benthic habitats and fish communities: Application to New Caledonia reefs and lagoons. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7021-7049. [PMID: 32760509 PMCID: PMC7391553 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalable assessments of biodiversity are required to successfully and adaptively manage coastal ecosystems. Assessments must account for habitat variations at multiple spatial scales, including the small scales (<100 m) at which biotic and abiotic habitat components structure the distribution of fauna, including fishes. Associated challenges include achieving consistent habitat descriptions and upscaling from in situ-monitored stations to larger scales. We developed a methodology for (a) determining habitat types consistent across scales within large management units, (b) characterizing heterogeneities within each habitat, and (c) predicting habitat from new survey data. It relies on clustering techniques and supervised classification rules and was applied to a set of 3,145 underwater video observations of fish and benthic habitats collected in all reef and lagoon habitats around New Caledonia. A baseline habitat typology was established with five habitat types clearly characterized by abiotic and biotic attributes. In a complex mosaic of habitats, habitat type is an indispensable covariate for explaining spatial variations in fish communities. Habitat types were further described by 26 rules capturing the range of habitat features encountered. Rules provided intuitive habitat descriptions and predicted habitat type for new monitoring observations, both straightforwardly and with known confidence. Images are convenient for interacting with managers and stakeholders. Our scheme is (a) consistent at the scale of New Caledonia reefs and lagoons (1.4 million km2) and (b) ubiquitous by providing data in all habitats, for example, showcasing a substantial fish abundance in rarely monitored soft-bottom habitats. Both features must be part of an ecosystem-based monitoring strategy relevant for management. This is the first study applying data mining techniques to in situ measurements to characterize coastal habitats over regional-scale management areas. This approach can be applied to other types of observations and other ecosystems to characterize and predict local ecological assets for assessments at larger scales.
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31
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Guzmán‐Méndez IA, Rivera‐Madrid R, Planes S, Boissin E, Cróquer A, Agudo-Adriani E, González‐Gándara C, Perez‐España H, Giro‐Petersen A, Luque J, García‐Rivas MDC, Aguilar‐Espinosa M, Arguelles Jiménez J, Arias‐González JE. Genetic connectivity of lionfish ( Pterois volitans) in marine protected areas of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3844-3855. [PMID: 32489615 PMCID: PMC7244795 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lionfish (Pterois volitans) have rapidly invaded the tropical Atlantic and spread across the wider Caribbean in a relatively short period of time. Because of its high invasion capacity, we used it as a model to identify the connectivity among nine marine protected areas (MPAs) situated in four countries in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. This study provides evidence of local genetic differentiation of P. volitans in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. A total of 475 lionfish samples were characterized with 12 microsatellites, with 6-20 alleles per locus. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were found in 10 of the 12 loci, all caused by heterozygous excess. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed between Chiriviche, Venezuela and Xcalak, México localities (F ST = 0.012), and between the Los Roques and the Veracruz (F ST = 0.074) sites. STRUCTURE analysis found that four genetic entities best fit our data. A unique genetic group in the Gulf of Mexico may imply that the lionfish invasion unfolded both in a counterclockwise manner in the Gulf of Mexico. In spite of the notable dispersion of P. volitans, our results show some genetic structure, as do other noninvasive Caribbean fish species, suggesting that the connectivity in some MPAs analyzed in the Caribbean is limited and caused by only a few source individuals with subsequent genetic drift leading to local genetic differentiation. This indicates that P. volitans dispersion could be caused by mesoscale phenomena, which produce stochastic connectivity pulses. Due to the isolation of some MPAs from others, these findings may hold a promise for local short-term control of by means of intensive fishing, even in MPAs, and may have regional long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irán A. Guzmán‐Méndez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes CoralinosDepartamento de Recursos del MarCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.‐ Unidad MéridaMéridaMéxico
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Renata Rivera‐Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica Molecular de PlantasCentro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMéridaMéxico
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBEUniversité de PerpignanPerpignan CedexFrance
- Laboratoire d'Excellence « CORAIL »Perpignan CedexFrance
| | - Emilie Boissin
- PSL Research University: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBEUniversité de PerpignanPerpignan CedexFrance
- Laboratoire d'Excellence « CORAIL »Perpignan CedexFrance
| | - Aldo Cróquer
- Departamento de Estudios AmbientalesUniversidad Simón BolívarCaracasVenezuela
| | | | | | - Horacio Perez‐España
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y PesqueríasUniversidad VeracruzanaBoca del RíoMéxico
| | - Ana Giro‐Petersen
- Healthy Reefs for Healthy People InitiativeCiudad de GuatemalaGuatemala
| | - Jenny Luque
- Bay Islands Association Utila HondurasUtilaHonduras
| | - María del C. García‐Rivas
- Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales ProtegidasParque Nacional Arrecifes de Puerto MorelosPuerto MorelosMéxico
| | | | | | - Jesus E. Arias‐González
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes CoralinosDepartamento de Recursos del MarCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.‐ Unidad MéridaMéridaMéxico
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32
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De Wit P, Jonsson PR, Pereyra RT, Panova M, André C, Johannesson K. Spatial genetic structure in a crustacean herbivore highlights the need for local considerations in Baltic Sea biodiversity management. Evol Appl 2020; 13:974-990. [PMID: 32431747 PMCID: PMC7232771 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporating species' eco-evolutionary responses to human-caused disturbances remains a challenge in marine management efforts. A prerequisite is knowledge of geographic structure and scale of genetic diversity and connectivity-the so-called seascape genetic patterns. The Baltic Sea is an excellent model system for studies linking seascape genetics with effects of anthropogenic stress. However, seascape genetic patterns in this area are only described for a few species and are completely unknown for invertebrate herbivores, which constitute a critical part of the ecosystem. This information is crucial for sustainable management, particularly under future scenarios of rapid environmental change. Here, we investigate the population genetic structure among 31 locations throughout the Baltic Sea, of which 45% were located in marine protected areas, in one of the most important herbivores of this region, the isopod crustacean Idotea balthica, using an array of 33,774 genome-wide SNP markers derived from 2b-RAD sequencing. In addition, we generate a biophysical connectivity matrix for I. balthica from a combination of oceanographic current models and estimated life history traits. We find population structure on scales of hundreds of kilometers across the Baltic Sea, where genomic patterns in most cases closely match biophysical connectivity, indicating passive transport with oceanographic currents as an important mean of dispersal in this species. We also find a reduced genetic diversity in terms of heterozygosity along the main salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea, suggesting periods of low population size. Our results provide crucial information for the management of a key ecosystem species under expected changes in temperature and salinity following global climate change in a marine coastal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Wit
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgTjärnöSweden
| | - Per R. Jonsson
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgTjärnöSweden
- Environmental and Marine BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | | | - Marina Panova
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgTjärnöSweden
| | - Carl André
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgTjärnöSweden
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Ban NC, Wilson E, Neasloss D. Historical and contemporary indigenous marine conservation strategies in the North Pacific. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:5-14. [PMID: 31682284 PMCID: PMC7027820 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to reduce, halt, and reverse global declines in marine biodiversity are needed urgently. We reviewed, coded, and synthesized historical and contemporary marine conservation strategies of the Kitasoo/Xai'xais First Nation in British Columbia, Canada to show how their approaches work. We assessed whether the conservation actions classification system by the Conservation Measures Partnership was able to encompass this nation's conservation approaches. All first-order conservation actions aligned with the Kitasoo/Xai'xais First Nation's historical and contemporary marine conservation actions; hereditary chief management responsibility played a key role. A conservation ethic permeates Kitasoo/Xai'xais culture, and indigenous resource management and conservation existed historically and remains strong despite extreme efforts by colonizers to suppress all indigenous practices. The Kitasoo/Xai'xais's embodiment of conservation actions as part of their worldview, rather than as requiring actions separate from everyday life (the norm in nonindigenous cultures), was missing from the conservation action classification system. The Kitasoo/Xai'xais are one of many indigenous peoples working to revitalize their governance and management authorities. With the Canadian government's declared willingness to work toward reconciliation, there is an opportunity to enable First Nations to lead on marine and other conservation efforts. Global conservation efforts would also benefit from enhanced support for indigenous conservation approaches, including expanding the conservation actions classification to encompass a new category of conservation or sacredness ethic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700 STN CSCVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W Y2YCanada
| | - Emma Wilson
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700 STN CSCVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W Y2YCanada
- Kitasoo/Xai'xais Stewardship AuthorityKitasoo/Xai'xais First NationP.O. Box 87KlemtuBritish ColumbiaV0T 1L0Canada
| | - Doug Neasloss
- Kitasoo/Xai'xais Stewardship AuthorityKitasoo/Xai'xais First NationP.O. Box 87KlemtuBritish ColumbiaV0T 1L0Canada
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Dwyer RG, Krueck NC, Udyawer V, Heupel MR, Chapman D, Pratt HL, Garla R, Simpfendorfer CA. Individual and Population Benefits of Marine Reserves for Reef Sharks. Curr Biol 2020; 30:480-489.e5. [PMID: 31983638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) are a commonly applied tool to reduce human fishing impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems. However, conservation outcomes of MPAs for mobile and long-lived predators such as sharks are highly variable. Here, we use empirical animal tracking data from 459 individual sharks and baited remote underwater video surveys undertaken in 36 countries to construct an empirically supported individual-based model that estimates the conservation effectiveness of MPAs for five species of coral reef-associated sharks (Triaenodon obesus, Carcharhinus melanopterus, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, Carcharhinus perezi, and Ginglymostoma cirratum). We demonstrate how species-specific individual movement traits can contribute to fishing mortality of sharks found within MPAs as they move outside to adjacent fishing grounds. We discovered that the world's officially recorded coral reef-based managed areas (with a median width of 9.4 km) would need to be enforced as strict no-take MPAs and up to 5 times larger to expect protection of the majority of individuals of the five investigated reef shark species. The magnitude of this effect depended on local abundances and fishing pressure, with MPAs required to be 1.6-2.6 times larger to protect the same number of Atlantic and Caribbean species, which occur at lower abundances than similar species in the western Pacific. Furthermore, our model was used to quantify partially substantial reductions (>50%) in fishing mortality resulting from small increases in MPA size, allowing us to bridge a critical gap between traditional conservation planning and fisheries management. Overall, our results highlight the challenge of relying on abundance data alone to ensure that estimates of shark conservation impacts of MPAs follow the precautionary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross G Dwyer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Nils C Krueck
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Arafura Timor Research Facility, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Demian Chapman
- Department of Biological Science, College of Arts and Science, Florida International University, 151st Street, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Harold L Pratt
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research & Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, USA; Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Ricardo Garla
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, 59064-741 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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35
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Rilov G, Fraschetti S, Gissi E, Pipitone C, Badalamenti F, Tamburello L, Menini E, Goriup P, Mazaris AD, Garrabou J, Benedetti‐Cecchi L, Danovaro R, Loiseau C, Claudet J, Katsanevakis S. A fast-moving target: achieving marine conservation goals under shifting climate and policies. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02009. [PMID: 31549453 PMCID: PMC7027527 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, marine ecosystems are rapidly shifting to new ecological states. Achieving effective conservation of marine biodiversity has become a fast-moving target because of both global climate change and continuous shifts in marine policies. How prepared are we to deal with this crisis? We examined EU Member States Programs of Measures designed for the implementation of EU marine environmental policies, as well as recent European Marine Spatial Plans, and discovered that climate change is rarely considered operationally. Further, our analysis revealed that monitoring programs in marine protected areas are often insufficient to clearly distinguish between impacts of local and global stressors. Finally, we suggest that while the novel global Blue Growth approach may jeopardize previous marine conservation efforts, it can also provide new conservation opportunities. Adaptive management is the way forward (e.g., preserving ecosystem functions in climate change hotspots, and identifying and targeting climate refugia areas for protection) using Marine Spatial Planning as a framework for action, especially given the push for Blue Growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Rilov
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological ResearchNational Institute of OceanographyP.O. Box 8030Haifa31080Israel
| | - Simonetta Fraschetti
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaples80926Italy
- CoNISMaPiazzale Flaminio 9Roma00196Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
| | - Elena Gissi
- University Iuav of VeniceTolentini 191Venice30135Italy
| | - Carlo Pipitone
- CNR‐IASvia Giovanni da Verrazzano 17Castellammare del Golfo91014Italy
| | - Fabio Badalamenti
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
- CNR‐IASvia Giovanni da Verrazzano 17Castellammare del Golfo91014Italy
| | - Laura Tamburello
- CoNISMaPiazzale Flaminio 9Roma00196Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menini
- Department of Life & Environmental SciencePolytechnic University of MarcheAncona60131Italy
| | - Paul Goriup
- NatureBureau, Votec HouseHambridge RoadNewburyRG14 5TNUnited Kingdom
| | - Antonios D. Mazaris
- Department of EcologySchool of BiologyAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki54124Greece
| | - Joaquim Garrabou
- Institute of Marine SciencesCSICPasseig Marítim de la BarcelonetaBarcelona37‐49 08003Spain
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de ToulonCNRS, IRD, MIOMarseilleFrance
| | - Lisandro Benedetti‐Cecchi
- CoNISMaPiazzale Flaminio 9Roma00196Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
- Department of Life & Environmental SciencePolytechnic University of MarcheAncona60131Italy
| | - Charles Loiseau
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVDMaison des Océans, 195 rue Saint‐JacquesParis75005France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVDMaison des Océans, 195 rue Saint‐JacquesParis75005France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAILMooreaFrench Polynesia
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36
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Hopf JK, Jones GP, Williamson DH, Connolly SR. Marine reserves stabilize fish populations and fisheries yields in disturbed coral reef systems. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01905. [PMID: 30985954 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine reserve networks are increasingly implemented to conserve biodiversity and enhance the persistence and resilience of exploited species and ecosystems. However, the efficacy of marine reserve networks in frequently disturbed systems, such as coral reefs, has rarely been evaluated. Here we analyze a well-mixed larval pool model and a spatially explicit model based on a well-documented coral trout (Plectropomus spp.) metapopulation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia, to determine the effects of marine reserve coverage and placement (in relation to larval connectivity and disturbance heterogeneity) on the temporal stability of fisheries yields and population biomass in environmentally disturbed systems. We show that marine reserves can contribute to stabilizing fishery yield while increasing metapopulation persistence, irrespective of whether reserves enhance or diminish average fishery yields. However, reserve placement and the level of larval connectivity among subpopulations were important factors affecting the stability and sustainability of fisheries and fish metapopulations. Protecting a mix of disturbed and non-disturbed reefs, rather than focusing on the least-disturbed habitats, was the most consistently beneficial approach across a range of dispersal and reserve coverage scenarios. Placing reserves only in non-disturbed areas was the most beneficial for biomass enhancement, but had variable results for fisheries and could potentially destabilize yields in systems with well-mixed larval or those that are moderately fished. We also found that focusing protection on highly disturbed areas could actually increase variability in yields and biomass, especially when degraded reef reserves were distant and poorly connected to the meta-population. Our findings have implications for the design and implementation of reserve networks in the presence of stochastic, patchy environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess K Hopf
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Jones
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - David H Williamson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Sean R Connolly
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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37
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Manel S, Loiseau N, Puebla O. Long-Distance Marine Connectivity: Poorly Understood but Potentially Important. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:688-689. [PMID: 31229336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Manel
- PSL Research University, EPHE, CNRS, UM, UM3, IRD, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France; University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire 9 d'Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Oscar Puebla
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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38
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Hays GC, Bailey H, Bograd SJ, Bowen WD, Campagna C, Carmichael RH, Casale P, Chiaradia A, Costa DP, Cuevas E, Nico de Bruyn PJ, Dias MP, Duarte CM, Dunn DC, Dutton PH, Esteban N, Friedlaender A, Goetz KT, Godley BJ, Halpin PN, Hamann M, Hammerschlag N, Harcourt R, Harrison AL, Hazen EL, Heupel MR, Hoyt E, Humphries NE, Kot CY, Lea JSE, Marsh H, Maxwell SM, McMahon CR, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Palacios DM, Phillips RA, Righton D, Schofield G, Seminoff JA, Simpfendorfer CA, Sims DW, Takahashi A, Tetley MJ, Thums M, Trathan PN, Villegas-Amtmann S, Wells RS, Whiting SD, Wildermann NE, Sequeira AMM. Translating Marine Animal Tracking Data into Conservation Policy and Management. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:459-473. [PMID: 30879872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There have been efforts around the globe to track individuals of many marine species and assess their movements and distribution, with the putative goal of supporting their conservation and management. Determining whether, and how, tracking data have been successfully applied to address real-world conservation issues is, however, difficult. Here, we compile a broad range of case studies from diverse marine taxa to show how tracking data have helped inform conservation policy and management, including reductions in fisheries bycatch and vessel strikes, and the design and administration of marine protected areas and important habitats. Using these examples, we highlight pathways through which the past and future investment in collecting animal tracking data might be better used to achieve tangible conservation benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Bailey
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Steven J Bograd
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - W Don Bowen
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Claudio Campagna
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Buenos Aires, 1414 Argentina
| | - Ruth H Carmichael
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA; Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Paolo Casale
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andre Chiaradia
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island, Nature Parks, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Eduardo Cuevas
- CONACYT - Research Center of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autonoma del Carmen, Campeche 24180, Mexico; Pronatura Peninsula de Yucatan, Yucatan 97205, Mexico
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Maria P Dias
- BirdLife International, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel C Dunn
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter H Dutton
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole Esteban
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 965060, USA
| | - Kimberly T Goetz
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA),Greta Point, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Brendan J Godley
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Patrick N Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark Hamann
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, Abess Center for Ecosystem Science & Policy, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Robert Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Autumn-Lynn Harrison
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Elliott L Hazen
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Erich Hoyt
- Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Bridport, Dorset, UK; IUCN Joint SSC/WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas E Humphries
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Connie Y Kot
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James S E Lea
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helene Marsh
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Sara M Maxwell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell Campus, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Ecology and Biodiversity Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara
- Tethys Research Institute, 20121 Milano, Italy; IUCN Joint SSC/WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Palacios
- Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - David Righton
- Cefas Laboratory, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gail Schofield
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E14NS, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Seminoff
- Marine Turtle Ecology and Assessment Program, NOAA-Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - David W Sims
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK; Centre for Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Michael J Tetley
- IUCN Joint SSC/WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Michele Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (M096), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Philip N Trathan
- IUCN Joint SSC/WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Stella Villegas-Amtmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Randall S Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Scott D Whiting
- Marine Science Program, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Natalie E Wildermann
- Marine Turtle Research, Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric, Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320, USA
| | - Ana M M Sequeira
- IOMRC and The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Manel S, Loiseau N, Andrello M, Fietz K, Goñi R, Forcada A, Lenfant P, Kininmonth S, Marcos C, Marques V, Mallol S, Pérez-Ruzafa A, Breusing C, Puebla O, Mouillot D. Long-Distance Benefits of Marine Reserves: Myth or Reality? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:342-54. [PMID: 30777295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance (>40-km) dispersal from marine reserves is poorly documented; yet, it can provide essential benefits such as seeding fished areas or connecting marine reserves into networks. From a meta-analysis, we suggest that the spatial scale of marine connectivity is underestimated due to the limited geographic extent of sampling designs. We also found that the largest marine reserves (>1000km2) are the most isolated. These findings have important implications for the assessment of evolutionary, ecological, and socio-economic long-distance benefits of marine reserves. We conclude that existing methods to infer dispersal should consider the up-to-date genomic advances and also expand the spatial scale of sampling designs. Incorporating long-distance connectivity in conservation planning will contribute to increase the benefits of marine reserve networks.
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40
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Sherley RB, Barham BJ, Barham PJ, Campbell KJ, Crawford RJM, Grigg J, Horswill C, McInnes A, Morris TL, Pichegru L, Steinfurth A, Weller F, Winker H, Votier SC. Bayesian inference reveals positive but subtle effects of experimental fishery closures on marine predator demographics. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2443. [PMID: 29343602 PMCID: PMC5805942 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global forage-fish landings are increasing, with potentially grave consequences for marine ecosystems. Predators of forage fish may be influenced by this harvest, but the nature of these effects is contentious. Experimental fishery manipulations offer the best solution to quantify population-level impacts, but are rare. We used Bayesian inference to examine changes in chick survival, body condition and population growth rate of endangered African penguins Spheniscus demersus in response to 8 years of alternating time–area closures around two pairs of colonies. Our results demonstrate that fishing closures improved chick survival and condition, after controlling for changing prey availability. However, this effect was inconsistent across sites and years, highlighting the difficultly of assessing management interventions in marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, modelled increases in population growth rates exceeded 1% at one colony; i.e. the threshold considered biologically meaningful by fisheries management in South Africa. Fishing closures evidently can improve the population trend of a forage-fish-dependent predator—we therefore recommend they continue in South Africa and support their application elsewhere. However, detecting demographic gains for mobile marine predators from small no-take zones requires experimental time frames and scales that will often exceed those desired by decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Sherley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK .,FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Barbara J Barham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Peter J Barham
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK.,Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kate J Campbell
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Robert J M Crawford
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), PO Box 52126, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Grigg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Cat Horswill
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alistair McInnes
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Taryn L Morris
- Seabird Conservation Programme, BirdLife South Africa, PO Box 7119, Roggebaai, 8012 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lorien Pichegru
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Antje Steinfurth
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Florian Weller
- Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Henning Winker
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, 8012 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen C Votier
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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41
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Kininmonth S, Weeks R, Abesamis RA, Bernardo LPC, Beger M, Treml EA, Williamson D, Pressey RL. Strategies in scheduling marine protected area establishment in a network system. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01820. [PMID: 30550634 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Instantaneous implementation of systematic conservation plans at regional scales is rare. More typically, planned actions are applied incrementally over periods of years or decades. During protracted implementation, the character of the connected ecological system will change as a function of external anthropogenic pressures, local metapopulation processes, and environmental fluctuations. For heavily exploited systems, habitat quality will deteriorate as the plan is implemented, potentially influencing the schedule of protected area implementation necessary to achieve conservation objectives. Understanding the best strategy to adopt for applying management within a connected environment is desirable, especially given limited conservation resources. Here, we model the sequential application of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) in the central Philippines within a metapopulation framework, using a range of network-based decision rules. The model was based on selecting 33 sites for protection from 101 possible sites over a 35-yr period. The graph-theoretic network criteria to select sites for protection included PageRank, maximum degree, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, minimum degree, random, and historical events. We also included a dynamic strategy called colonization-extinction rate that was updated every year based on the changing capacity of each site to produce and absorb larvae. Each rule was evaluated in the context of achieving the maximum metapopulation mean lifetime at the conclusion of the implementation phase. MPAs were designated through the alteration of the extinction risk parameter. The highest ranked criteria were PageRank while the actual implementation from historical records ranked lowest. Our results indicate that protecting the sites ranked highest with regard to larval supply is likely to yield the highest benefit for fish abundance and fish metapopulation persistence. Model results highlighted the benefits of including network processes in conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Kininmonth
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket, Sweden
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Marine Studies, The University of South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Rebecca Weeks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rene A Abesamis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Silliman University-Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, Dumaguete City, Philippines
| | | | - Maria Beger
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eric A Treml
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Williamson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert L Pressey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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42
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Afán I, Giménez J, Forero MG, Ramírez F. An adaptive method for identifying marine areas of high conservation priority. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:1436-1447. [PMID: 29968335 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying priority areas for biodiversity conservation is particularly challenging in the marine environment due to the open and dynamic nature of the ocean, the paucity of information on species distribution, and the necessary balance between marine biodiversity conservation and essential supporting services such as seafood provision. We used the Patagonian seabird breeding community as a case study to propose an integrated and adaptive method for delimiting key marine areas for conservation. Priority areas were defined through a free decision-support tool (Marxan) that included projected at-sea distributions of seabirds (approximately 2,225,000 individuals of 14 species); BirdLife Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) for pelagic bird species; and the economic costs of potential regulations in fishing practices. The proposed reserve network encompassed approximately 300,000 km2 that was largely concentrated in northern and southern inshore and northern and central offshore regions. This reserve network exceeded the minimum threshold of 20% conservation of the abundance of each species proposed by the World Parks Congress. Based on marine currents in the study area, we further identified the 3 primary water masses that may influence areas of conservation priority through water inflow. Our reserve network may benefit from enhanced marine productivity in these highly connected areas, but they may be threatened by human impacts such as marine pollution. Our method of reserve network design is an important advance with respect to the more classical approaches based on criteria defined for one or a few species and may be particularly useful when information on spatial patterns is data deficient. Our approach also accommodates addition of new information on seabird distribution and population dynamics, human activities, and alterations in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Afán
- Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory (LAST-EBD), Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), C/AméricoVespucio, 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joan Giménez
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuela G Forero
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Ramírez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Losee JP, Claiborne AM, Dionne PE, Faulkner HS, Seamons TR. Size, age, growth and site fidelity of anadromous cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii in the Salish Sea. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:978-987. [PMID: 30270429 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been the focus of scientific research for over a century, but anadromous trout in this genus, in particular anadromous coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, have been neglected. Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii occupy a diverse range of habitats including fresh water, brackish estuaries and marine water, but have a relatively small home range making them ideal for studies of behaviour and movements during ocean residency. In 2015, we sampled O. c. clarkii monthly along a small stretch of beach (47.08° N, 122.98° W) in Eld Inlet, south Puget Sound, Washington using a beach seine. We collected tissue for genetic tagging and stock identification and scales for aging from 427 O. c. clarkii, ranging in size from 118 to 478 mm fork length. Additionally, we enumerated redds in natal streams of those fish tagged to describe inter-habitat movement patterns and investigate site fidelity of juvenile and adult O. c. clarkii in the marine environment. Consistent with other anadromous salmonids, O. c. clarkii captured at our study beach exhibited rapid growth rates, particularly in spring following dispersal into the marine environment (mean ± SD = 0.61 ± 0.29 mm-d ). Genetic tag data revealed that while O. c. clarkii undergo inter-estuarine migrations, O. c. clarkii of all life stages exhibited site fidelity in the marine environment. Twenty-one percent (64/305) of sampled O. c. clarkii were recaptured at least once during the course of the study while multiple fish (n = 3) were recaptured up to five times. These results suggest that O. c. clarkii occupying south Puget Sound reside in or regularly return to a small geographic area in the nearshore environment for much of their life and therefore may be particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance (development, angling, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Losee
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Olympia, Washington
| | - Andrew M Claiborne
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Olympia, Washington
| | - Phillip E Dionne
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Olympia, Washington
| | - Hannah S Faulkner
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Olympia, Washington
| | - Todd R Seamons
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Olympia, Washington
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44
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McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA. Geographic extent and variation of a coral reef trophic cascade. Ecology 2018; 97:1862-1872. [PMID: 27859162 DOI: 10.1890/15-1492.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trophic cascades caused by a reduction in predators of sea urchins have been reported in Indian Ocean and Caribbean coral reefs. Previous studies have been constrained by their site-specific nature and limited spatial replication, which has produced site and species-specific understanding that can potentially preclude larger community-organization nuances and generalizations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the extent and variability of the cascade community in response to fishing across ~23° of latitude and longitude in coral reefs in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The taxonomic composition of predators of sea urchins, the sea urchin community itself, and potential effects of changing grazer abundance on the calcifying benthic organisms were studied in 171 unique coral reef sites. We found that geography and habitat were less important than the predator-prey relationships. There were seven sea urchin community clusters that aligned with a gradient of declining fishable biomass and the abundance of a key predator, the orange-lined triggerfish (Balistapus undulatus). The orange-lined triggerfish dominated where sea urchin numbers and diversity were low but the relative abundance of wrasses and emperors increased where sea urchin numbers were high. Two-thirds of the study sites had high sea urchin biomass (>2,300 kg/ha) and could be dominated by four different sea urchin species, Echinothrix diadema, Diadema savignyi, D. setosum, and Echinometra mathaei, depending on the community of sea urchin predators, geographic location, and water depth. One-third of the sites had low sea urchin biomass and diversity and were typified by high fish biomass, predators of sea urchins, and herbivore abundance, representing lightly fished communities with generally higher cover of calcifying algae. Calcifying algal cover was associated with low urchin abundance where as noncalcifying fleshy algal cover was not clearly associated with herbivore abundance. Fishing of the orange-lined triggerfish, an uncommon, slow-growing by-catch species with little monetary value drives the cascade and other predators appear unable to replace its ecological role in the presence of fishing. This suggests that restrictions on the catch of this species could increase the calcification service of coral reefs on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R McClanahan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, Bronx, New York, 10460, USA
| | - N A Muthiga
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, Bronx, New York, 10460, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, POB 99470 - 80107, Mombasa, Kenya
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45
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Gress E, Arroyo-Gerez MJ, Wright G, Andradi-Brown DA. Assessing mesophotic coral ecosystems inside and outside a Caribbean marine protected area. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180835. [PMID: 30473832 PMCID: PMC6227970 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Widespread shallow coral reef loss has led to calls for more holistic approaches to coral reef management, requiring inclusion of ecosystems interacting with shallow coral reefs in management plans. Yet, almost all current reef management is biased towards shallow reefs, and overlooks that coral reefs extend beyond shallow waters to mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; 30-150 m). We present the first detailed quantitative characterization of MCEs off Cozumel, Mexico, on the northern Mesoamerican Reef in the Mexican Caribbean, and provide insights into their general state. We documented MCE biodiversity, and assessed whether MCEs adjacent to a major town and port, where coastal development has caused shallow reef damage, have similar benthic and fish communities to MCEs within a National Park. Our results show that overall MCE communities are similar regardless of protection, though some taxa-specific differences exist in benthic communities between sites within the MPA and areas outside. Regardless of protection and location, and in contrast to shallow reefs, all observed Cozumel MCEs were continuous reefs with the main structural habitat complexity provided by calcareous macroalgae, sponges, gorgonians and black corals. Hard corals were present on MCEs, although at low abundance. We found that 42.5% of fish species recorded on Cozumel could be found on both shallow reefs and MCEs, including 39.6% of commercially valuable fish species. These results suggest that MCEs could play an important role in supporting fish populations. However, regardless of protection and depth, we found few large-body fishes (greater than 500 mm), which were nearly absent at all studied sites. Cozumel MCEs contain diverse benthic and fish assemblages, including commercially valuable fisheries species and ecosystem engineers, such as black corals. Because of their inherent biodiversity and identified threats, MCEs should be incorporated into shallow-reef-focused Cozumel National Park management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gress
- Conservation Leadership Programme, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Maria J. Arroyo-Gerez
- Conservation Leadership Programme, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Georgina Wright
- Operation Wallacea, Wallace House, Old Bolingbroke, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 4EX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A. Andradi-Brown
- Conservation Leadership Programme, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund - US, 1250 24th St NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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46
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Bouyoucos IA, Weideli OC, Planes S, Simpfendorfer CA, Rummer JL. Dead tired: evaluating the physiological status and survival of neonatal reef sharks under stress. Conserv Physiol 2018; 6:coy053. [PMID: 30254751 PMCID: PMC6142904 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) can protect shark populations from targeted fisheries, but resident shark populations may remain exposed to stressors like capture as bycatch and environmental change. Populations of young sharks that rely on shallow coastal habitats, e.g. as nursery areas, may be at risk of experiencing these stressors. The purpose of this study was to characterize various components of the physiological stress response of neonatal reef sharks following exposure to an exhaustive challenge under relevant environmental conditions. To accomplish this, we monitored markers of the secondary stress response and measured oxygen uptake rates ( M˙O2 ) to compare to laboratory-derived baseline values in neonatal blacktip reef (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and sicklefin lemon sharks (Negaprion acutidens). Measurements occurred over three hours following exposure to an exhaustive challenge (gill-net capture with air exposure). Blood lactate concentrations and pH deviated from baseline values at the 3-h sample, indicating that both species were still stressed 3 h after capture. Evidence of a temperature effect on physiological status of either species was equivocal over 28-31°C. However, aspects of the physiological response were species-specific; N. acutidens exhibited a larger difference in blood pH relative to baseline values than C. melanopterus, possibly owing to higher minimum M˙O2 . Neither species experienced immediate mortality during the exhaustive challenge; although, single instances of delayed mortality were documented for each species. Energetic costs and recovery times could be extrapolated for C. melanopterus via respirometry; sharks were estimated to expend 9.9 kJ kg-1 (15% of energy expended on daily swimming) for a single challenge and could require 8.4 h to recover. These data suggest that neonatal C. melanopterus and N. acutidens are resilient to brief gill-net capture durations, but this was under a narrow temperature range. Defining species' vulnerability to stressors is important for understanding the efficacy of shark conservation tools, including MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Ornella C Weideli
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Most large-scale conservation policies are anticipated or announced in advance. This risks the possibility of preemptive resource extraction before the conservation intervention goes into force. We use a high-resolution dataset of satellite-based fishing activity to show that anticipation of an impending no-take marine reserve undermines the policy by triggering an unintended race-to-fish. We study one of the world's largest marine reserves, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), and find that fishers more than doubled their fishing effort once this area was earmarked for eventual protected status. The additional fishing effort resulted in an impoverished starting point for PIPA equivalent to 1.5 y of banned fishing. Extrapolating this behavior globally, we estimate that if other marine reserve announcements were to trigger similar preemptive fishing, this could temporarily increase the share of overextracted fisheries from 65% to 72%. Our findings have implications for general conservation efforts as well as the methods that scientists use to monitor and evaluate policy efficacy.
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48
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Abstract
Coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) are complex, dynamic, interconnected systems with feedback across social and environmental dimensions. This feedback leads to formidable challenges for causal inference. Two significant challenges involve assumptions about excludability and the absence of interference. These two assumptions have been largely unexplored in the CHANS literature, but when either is violated, causal inferences from observable data are difficult to interpret. To explore their plausibility, structural knowledge of the system is requisite, as is an explicit recognition that most causal variables in CHANS affect a coupled pairing of environmental and human elements. In a large CHANS literature that evaluates marine protected areas, nearly 200 studies attempt to make causal claims, but few address the excludability assumption. To examine the relevance of interference in CHANS, we develop a stylized simulation of a marine CHANS with shocks that can represent policy interventions, ecological disturbances, and technological disasters. Human and capital mobility in CHANS is both a cause of interference, which biases inferences about causal effects, and a moderator of the causal effects themselves. No perfect solutions exist for satisfying excludability and interference assumptions in CHANS. To elucidate causal relationships in CHANS, multiple approaches will be needed for a given causal question, with the aim of identifying sources of bias in each approach and then triangulating on credible inferences. Within CHANS research, and sustainability science more generally, the path to accumulating an evidence base on causal relationships requires skills and knowledge from many disciplines and effective academic-practitioner collaborations.
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Sørdalen TK, Halvorsen KT, Harrison HB, Ellis CD, Vøllestad LA, Knutsen H, Moland E, Olsen EM. Harvesting changes mating behaviour in European lobster. Evol Appl 2018; 11:963-977. [PMID: 29928303 PMCID: PMC5999211 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Removing individuals from a wild population can affect the availability of prospective mates and the outcome of competitive interactions, with subsequent effects on mating patterns and sexual selection. Consequently, the rate of harvest-induced evolution is predicted to be strongly dependent on the strength and dynamics of sexual selection, yet there is limited empirical knowledge on the interplay between selective harvesting and the mating systems of exploited species. In this study, we used genetic parentage assignment to compare mating patterns of the highly valued and overexploited European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in a designated lobster reserve and nearby fished area in southern Norway. In the area open to fishing, the fishery is regulated by a closed season, a minimum legal size and a ban on the harvest of egg-bearing females. Due to the differences in size and sex-specific fishing mortality between the two areas, males and females are of approximately equal average size in the fished area, whereas males tend to be larger in the reserve. Our results show that females would mate with males larger than their own body size, but the relative size difference was significantly larger in the reserve. Sexual selection acted positively on both body size and claw size in males in the reserve, while it was nonsignificant in fished areas. This strongly suggests that size truncation of males by fishing reduces the variability of traits that sexual selection acts upon. If fisheries continue to target large individuals (particularly males) with higher relative reproductive success, the weakening of sexual selection will likely accelerate fisheries-induced evolution towards smaller body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje K. Sørdalen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | | | - Hugo B. Harrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLDAustralia
| | | | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of BiologyCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | - Even Moland
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | - Esben M. Olsen
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
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Harvey BJ, Nash KL, Blanchard JL, Edwards DP. Ecosystem-based management of coral reefs under climate change. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6354-6368. [PMID: 29988420 PMCID: PMC6024134 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs provide food and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people as well as harbour some of the highest regions of biodiversity in the ocean. However, overexploitation, land-use change and other local anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have left many degraded. Additionally, coral reefs are faced with the dual emerging threats of ocean warming and acidification due to rising CO 2 emissions, with dire predictions that they will not survive the century. This review evaluates the impacts of climate change on coral reef organisms, communities and ecosystems, focusing on the interactions between climate change factors and local anthropogenic stressors. It then explores the shortcomings of existing management and the move towards ecosystem-based management and resilience thinking, before highlighting the need for climate change-ready marine protected areas (MPAs), reduction in local anthropogenic stressors, novel approaches such as human-assisted evolution and the importance of sustainable socialecological systems. It concludes that designation of climate change-ready MPAs, integrated with other management strategies involving stakeholders and participation at multiple scales such as marine spatial planning, will be required to maximise coral reef resilience under climate change. However, efforts to reduce carbon emissions are critical if the long-term efficacy of local management actions is to be maintained and coral reefs are to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J. Harvey
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Kirsty L. Nash
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Julia L. Blanchard
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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