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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Baczenas JJ, Goff K, O’Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx PA, Akkina R. In vivo infection dynamics and human adaptive changes of SIVsm-derived viral siblings SIVmac239, SIV B670 and SIVhu in humanized mice as a paralog of HIV-2 genesis. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 1:813606. [PMID: 37168442 PMCID: PMC10168645 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.813606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus native to sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) is believed to have given rise to HIV-2 through cross-species transmission and evolution in the human. SIVmac239 and SIVB670, pathogenic to macaques, and SIVhu, isolated from an accidental human infection, also have origins in SIVsm. With their common ancestral lineage as that of HIV-2 from the progenitor SIVsm, but with different passage history in different hosts, they provide a unique opportunity to evaluate cross-species transmission to a new host and their adaptation/evolution both in terms of potential genetic and phenotypic changes. Using humanized mice with a transplanted human system, we evaluated in vivo replication kinetics, CD4+ T cell dynamics and genetic adaptive changes during serial passage with a goal to understand their evolution under human selective immune pressure. All the three viruses readily infected hu-mice causing chronic viremia. While SIVmac and SIVB670 caused CD4+ T cell depletion during sequential passaging, SIVhu with a deletion in nef gene was found to be less pathogenic. Deep sequencing of the genomes of these viruses isolated at different times revealed numerous adaptive mutations of significance that increased in frequency during sequential passages. The ability of these viruses to infect and replicate in humanized mice provides a new small animal model to study SIVs in vivo in addition to more expensive macaques. Since SIVmac and related viruses have been indispensable in many areas of HIV pathogenesis, therapeutics and cure research, availability of this small animal hu-mouse model that is susceptible to both SIV and HIV viruses is likely to open novel avenues of investigation for comparative studies using the same host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Antiviral Discovery, Evaluation and Application Research (ADEAR) Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John J. Baczenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Andrieu JM, Lu W. Evidence of a tolerogenic vaccine against AIDS in the Chinese macaque prefigures a potential human vaccine. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1273-1282. [PMID: 33507389 PMCID: PMC8036203 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2006 we discovered a new type of mucosal vaccine against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in Chinese macaques. Here, we review 15 years of our published work on this vaccine, which consists of inactivated SIVmac239 particles adjuvanted with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Lactobacillus plantarum, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Without adjuvant, the vaccine administered by the intragastric route induced the usual SIV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses but provided no protection against intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239. In contrast, out of 24 macaques immunized with the adjuvanted vaccine and challenged intrarectally with SIVmac239 or SIVB670, 23 were sterilely protected for up to five years, while all control macaques were infected. This protection was confirmed by an independent group from the Pasteur Institute. During the past 15 years, we have identified the mechanism of action of the vaccine and discovered that the vaccinated macaques produced a previously unrecognized class of MHC-Ib/E-restricted CD8+ T cells (which we refer to as tolerogenic CD8+ T cells) that suppressed the activation of SIV-RNA-infected CD4+ T cells and thereby inhibited the (activation-dependent) reverse transcription of the virus, which in turn prevented the establishment of SIV infection. Importantly, we discovered also that the tolerogenic CD8+ T cell subset observed in vaccinated Chinese macaques could also be found in human elite controllers, a small group of HIV-infected patients in whom these tolerogenic CD8+ T cells were shown to naturally suppress viral replication. Given that SIV and HIV require activated immune cells in which to replicate, the specific prevention of activation of SIV-RNA-containing CD4+ T cells by a tolerogenic vaccine approach offers an exciting new avenue in HIV vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Andrieu
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du SIDA, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Wei Lu
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du SIDA, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13000, Marseille, France.
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Thomson AW, Ezzelarab MB. Generation and functional assessment of nonhuman primate regulatory dendritic cells and their therapeutic efficacy in renal transplantation. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104087. [PMID: 32197811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) are important pre-clinical models for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the most promising potential therapeutic advances in organ transplantation based on rodent studies. Although rare, dendritic cells (DC) play important roles in preservation of self tolerance and DC with immunoregulatory properties (regulatory DC; DCreg) can promote transplant tolerance in rodents when adoptively transferred to allograft recipients. NHP DCreg can be generated ex vivo from bone marrow precursors or blood monocytes of cynomolgus or rhesus macaques or baboons. NHP DCreg generated in the presence of anti-inflammatory factors that confer stability and resistance to maturation, subvert alloreactive T cell responses. When infused into rhesus renal allograft recipients before transplant, they safely prolong MHC mis-matched graft survival, associated with attenuation of anti-donor immune reactivity. In this concise review we describe the properties of NHP DCreg and discuss their influence on T cell responses, alloimmunity and organ transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus W Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Mohamed B Ezzelarab
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Current advances in HIV vaccine preclinical studies using Macaque models. Vaccine 2019; 37:3388-3399. [PMID: 31088747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The macaque simian or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/SHIV) challenge model has been widely used to inform and guide human vaccine trials. Substantial advances have been made recently in the application of repeated-low-dose challenge (RLD) approach to assess SIV/SHIV vaccine efficacies (VE). Some candidate HIV vaccines have shown protective effects in preclinical studies using the macaque SIV/SHIV model but the model's true predictive value for screening potential HIV vaccine candidates needs to be evaluated further. Here, we review key parameters used in the RLD approach and discuss their relevance for evaluating VE to improve preclinical studies of candidate HIV vaccines.
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