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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Tibbitts CV, O’Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. Viral evolution of SIV chimpanzee toward HIV-1 using humanized mice. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:294-297. [PMID: 37658595 PMCID: PMC10635509 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 emerged from SIVcpz evolving in humans. Humanized mice are an effective tool for assessing viral evolution via measuring viral loads, CD4+ T cell decline, and analyzing genetic changes. Four serial passages showed many non-synonymous mutations important for the adaptation and evolution of SIVcpz to human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- ADEAR Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Corina Valencia Tibbitts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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2
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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Tibbitts CV, Connor SO, Marx P, Akkina R. Characterizing the phenotypic and genetic changes of pre-epidemic HIV-2 group F virus following serial passage in humanized mice. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:290-293. [PMID: 37658590 PMCID: PMC10635500 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-2 Group F virus with an origin in NHPs was isolated from only two individuals. Two serial passages in hu-mice showed increased viral loads, CD4+ T cell decline and nonsynonymous genetic changes showing its capacity for further evolution, and spread in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- ADEAR Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Corina Valencia Tibbitts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shelby O’ Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States and
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Schmitt K, Curlin JZ, Remling-Mulder L, Aboellail T, Akkina R. Zika virus induced microcephaly and aberrant hematopoietic cell differentiation modeled in novel neonatal humanized mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1060959. [PMID: 36825016 PMCID: PMC9941325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunocompetent and immunocompromised murine models have been instrumental in answering important questions regarding ZIKV pathogenesis and vertical transmission. However, mimicking human congenital zika syndrome (CZS) characteristics in these murine models has been less than optimal and does not address the potential viral effects on the human immune system. Methods Here, we utilized neonatal humanized Rag2-/-γc-/- mice to model CZS and evaluate the potential viral effects on the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Newborn Rag2-/-γc-/- mice were engrafted with ZIKV-infected hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and monitored for symptoms and lesions. Results Within 13 days, mice displayed outward clinical symptoms that encompassed stunted growth, hunched posture, ruffled fur, and ocular defects. Striking gross pathologies in the brain and visceral organs were noted. Our results also confirmed that ZIKV actively infected human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and restricted the development of terminally differentiated B cells. Histologically, there was multifocal mineralization in several different regions of the brain together with ZIKV antigen co-localization. Diffuse necrosis of pyramidal neurons was seen with collapse of the hippocampal formation. Discussion Overall, this model recapitulated ZIKV microcephaly and CZS together with viral adverse effects on the human immune cell ontogeny thus providing a unique in vivo model to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutics and immune interventions.
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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty RV, Baczenas JJ, Goff K, O'Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx PA, Akkina R. In vivo Infection Dynamics and Human Adaptive Changes of SIVsm-Derived Viral Siblings SIVmac239, SIVB670, and SIVhu in Humanized Mice as a Paralog of HIV-2 Genesis. Front Virol 2021; 1. [PMID: 37168442 PMCID: PMC10168645 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.813606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus native to sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) is believed to have given rise to HIV-2 through cross-species transmission and evolution in the human. SIVmac239 and SIVB670, pathogenic to macaques, and SIVhu, isolated from an accidental human infection, also have origins in SIVsm. With their common ancestral lineage as that of HIV-2 from the progenitor SIVsm, but with different passage history in different hosts, they provide a unique opportunity to evaluate cross-species transmission to a new host and their adaptation/evolution both in terms of potential genetic and phenotypic changes. Using humanized mice with a transplanted human system, we evaluated in vivo replication kinetics, CD4+ T cell dynamics and genetic adaptive changes during serial passage with a goal to understand their evolution under human selective immune pressure. All the three viruses readily infected hu-mice causing chronic viremia. While SIVmac and SIVB670 caused CD4+ T cell depletion during sequential passaging, SIVhu with a deletion in nef gene was found to be less pathogenic. Deep sequencing of the genomes of these viruses isolated at different times revealed numerous adaptive mutations of significance that increased in frequency during sequential passages. The ability of these viruses to infect and replicate in humanized mice provides a new small animal model to study SIVs in vivo in addition to more expensive macaques. Since SIVmac and related viruses have been indispensable in many areas of HIV pathogenesis, therapeutics and cure research, availability of this small animal hu-mouse model that is susceptible to both SIV and HIV viruses is likely to open novel avenues of investigation for comparative studies using the same host.
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Goff K, O'Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx P, Akkina R. Mimicking SIV chimpanzee viral evolution toward HIV-1 during cross-species transmission. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:284-287. [PMID: 33460210 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 evolved from SIV during cross-species transmission events, though viral genetic changes are not well understood. Here, we studied the evolution of SIVcpzLB715 into HIV-1 Group M using humanized mice. High viral loads, rapid CD4+ T-cell decline, and non-synonymous substitutions were identified throughout the viral genome suggesting viral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Goff K, O'Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx P, Akkina R. Cross-Species Transmission and Evolution of SIV Chimpanzee Progenitor Viruses Toward HIV-1 in Humanized Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1889. [PMID: 32849468 PMCID: PMC7432304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic evolution of HIV-1 from its progenitor virus SIV following cross-species transmission is not well understood. Here we simulated the SIVcpz initial transmission to humans using humanized mice and followed the viral evolution during serial passages lasting more than a year. All three SIVcpz progenitor viruses used, namely LB715 and MB897 (group M) as well as EK505 (group N) readily infected hu-mice resulting in chronic viremia. Viral loads increased progressively to higher set-points and the CD4+ T cell decline became more pronounced by the end of the second serial passage indicating viral adaptation and increased pathogenicity. Viral genomes sequenced at different time points revealed many non-synonymous variants not previously reported that occurred throughout the viral genome, including the gag, pol, env, and nef genes. These results shed light on the potential changes that the SIVcpz genome had undergone during the initial stages of human infection and subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Curlin J, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Goff K, O'Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx P, Akkina R. Evolution of SIVsm in humanized mice towards HIV-2. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:280-283. [PMID: 32777101 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Through the accumulation of adaptive mutations, HIV-2 originated from SIVsm. To identify these evolutionary changes, a humanized mouse model recapitulated the process that likely enabled this cross-species transmission event. Various adaptive mutations arose, as well as increased virulence and CD4+ T-cell decline as the virus was passaged in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Kumar DM, Remling-Mulder L, Feely S, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. SIV progenitor evolution toward HIV: A humanized mouse surrogate model for SIVsm adaptation toward HIV-2. J Med Primatol 2019; 47:298-301. [PMID: 30255956 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How SIV progenitors evolved into deadly HIV-1 and HIV-2 following initial cross-species transmission still remains a mystery. Here, we used humanized mice as a human surrogate system to evaluate SIVsm evolution into HIV-2. Increased viral virulence to human CD4+ T cells and adaptive genetic changes were observed during serial passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dipu Mohan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Stephanie Feely
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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9
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Curlin J, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. SIVcpz cross-species transmission and viral evolution toward HIV-1 in a humanized mouse model. J Med Primatol 2019; 49:40-43. [PMID: 31576587 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 evolved from its progenitor SIV strains, but details are lacking on its adaptation to the human host. We followed the evolution of SIVcpz in humanized mice to mimic cross-species transmission. Increasing viral loads, CD4+ T-cell decline, and non-synonymous mutations were seen in the entire genome reflecting viral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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10
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Burgunder E, Fallon JK, White N, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Smith PC, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Lymph Nodes: A Cross-Species Comparison of the Effect of Drug Transporter Expression, Viral Infection, and Sex in Humanized Mice, Nonhuman Primates, and Humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:360-368. [PMID: 31235531 PMCID: PMC6695867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a "kick and kill" strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node are important to prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, the factors responsible for drug distribution and concentration into these tissues are largely unknown. Although humanized mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) are crucial to HIV research, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across species. This study investigated the influence of drug transporter expression, viral infection, and sex on ARV penetration within lymph nodes of animal models and humans. Six ARVs were dosed for 10 days in humanized mice and NHPs. Plasma and lymph nodes were collected at necropsy, 24 hours after the last dose. Human lymph node tissue and plasma from deceased patients were collected from tissue banks. ARV, active metabolite, and endogenous nucleotide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and drug transporter expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. In NHPs and humans, lymph node ARV concentrations were greater than or equal to plasma, and tenofovir diphosphate/deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration ratios achieved efficacy targets in lymph nodes from all three species. There was no effect of infection or sex on ARV concentrations. Low drug transporter expression existed in lymph nodes from all species, and no predictive relationships were found between transporter gene/protein expression and ARV penetration. Overall, common preclinical models of HIV infection were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes, and low transporter expression suggests primarily passive drug distribution in these tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication strategies, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across preclinical species used for HIV eradication research, and the influence of drug transporters, HIV infection, and sex on ARV distribution and concentration into the lymph node is largely unknown. Here we show that two animal models of HIV infection (humanized mice and nonhuman primates) were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes. Additionally, we found that drug transporter expression was minimal and-along with viral infection and sex-did not affect ARV penetration into lymph nodes from any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burgunder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Nicole White
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Paul Luciw
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
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11
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Srinivas N, Rosen EP, Gilliland WM, Kovarova M, Remling-Mulder L, De La Cruz G, White N, Adamson L, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral concentrations and surrogate measures of efficacy in the brain tissue and CSF of preclinical species. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1192-1201. [PMID: 30346892 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1539278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Antiretroviral concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are used as surrogate for brain tissue, although sparse data support this. We quantified antiretrovirals in brain tissue across preclinical models, compared them to CSF, and calculated 90% inhibitory quotients (IQ90) for nonhuman primate (NHP) brain tissue. Spatial distribution of efavirenz was performed by mass-spectrometry imaging (MSI). 2. HIV or RT-SHIV-infected and uninfected animals from two humanized mouse models (hemopoietic-stem cell/RAG2-, n = 36; bone marrow-liver-thymus/BLT, n =13) and an NHP model (rhesus macaque, n =18) were dosed with six antiretrovirals. Brain tissue, CSF (NHPs), and plasma were collected at necropsy. Drug concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Rapid equilibrium dialysis determined protein binding in NHP brain. 3. Brain tissue penetration of most antiretrovirals were >10-fold lower (p < 0.02) in humanized mice than NHPs. NHP CSF concentrations were >13-fold lower (p <0.02) than brain tissue with poor agreement except for efavirenz (r = 0.91, p = 0.001). Despite 97% brain tissue protein binding, efavirenz achieved IQ90>1 in all animals and 2-fold greater white versus gray matter concentration. 4. Brain tissue penetration varied across animal models for all antiretrovirals except raltegravir, and extrapolating brain tissue concentrations between models should be avoided. With the exception of efavirenz, CSF is not a surrogate for brain tissue concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Srinivas
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Elias P Rosen
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - William M Gilliland
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Martina Kovarova
- b School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | - Gabriela De La Cruz
- b School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Nicole White
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- d School of Medicine , University of California at Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Paul Luciw
- d School of Medicine , University of California at Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- b School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- c School of Medicine , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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12
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Schmitt K, Charlins P, Veselinovic M, Kinner-Bibeau L, Hu S, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Olson KE, Aboellail T, Akkina R. Zika viral infection and neutralizing human antibody response in a BLT humanized mouse model. Virology 2018; 515:235-242. [PMID: 29310105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many murine and non-human primate animal models have been recently developed to understand Zika viral pathogenesis. However, a major limitation with these models is the inability to directly examine the human-specific immune response. Here, we utilized a BLT humanized mouse model endowed with a transplanted human immune system. Plasma viremia could be detected within 48h after viral challenge and viremia persisted for as long as 220 days in some mice. Neutralizing human antibody was detected in infected mice and mouse sera showed reactivity with the viral envelope and capsid proteins in a radio-immunoprecipitation assay. Human monocytes/macrophages, B cells and hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow were found to be virus infected. These data establish that BLT mice are permissive for Zika viral infection and are capable of generating viral-specific human immune responses thus providing a human surrogate model for future testing of vaccine and antiviral therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Paige Charlins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Milena Veselinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lauren Kinner-Bibeau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shuang Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken E Olson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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13
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Schmitt K, Mohan Kumar D, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. Modeling the evolution of SIV sooty mangabey progenitor virus towards HIV-2 using humanized mice. Virology 2017; 510:175-184. [PMID: 28750321 PMCID: PMC5906053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-2 is thought to have originated from an SIV progenitor native to sooty mangabeys. To model the initial human transmission and understand the sequential viral evolution, humanized mice were infected with SIVsm and serially passaged for five generations. Productive infection was seen by week 3 during the initial challenge followed by chronic viremia and gradual CD4+ T cell decline. Viral loads increased by the 5th generation resulting in more rapid CD4+ T cell decline. Genetic analysis revealed several amino acid substitutions that were nonsynonymous and fixed in multiple hu-mice across each of the 5 generations in the nef, env and rev regions. The highest rate of substitution occurred in the nef and env regions and most were observed within the first two generations. These data demonstrated the utility of hu-mice in modeling the SIVsm transmission to the human and to evaluate its potential sequential evolution into a human pathogen of HIV-2 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dipu Mohan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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14
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Veselinovic M, Yang KH, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kashuba ADM, Akkina R. Mucosal tissue pharmacokinetics of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir in a humanized mouse model: Implications for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Virology 2016; 489:173-8. [PMID: 26771889 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered anti-retroviral drugs show considerable promise for HIV/AIDS pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). For the success of these strategies, pharmacokinetic (PK) data defining the optimal concentration of the drug needed for protection in relevant mucosal exposure sites is essential. Here we employed a humanized mouse model to derive comprehensive PK data on the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir (RAL), a leading PrEP drug candidate. Under steady state conditions following oral dosing, plasma and multiple mucosal tissues were sampled simultaneously. RAL exhibited higher drug exposure in mucosal tissues relative to that in plasma with one log higher exposure in vaginal and rectal tissue and two logs higher exposure in intestinal mucosa reflecting the trends seen in the human studies. These data demonstrate the suitability of RAL for HIV PrEP and validate the utility of humanized mouse models for deriving important preclinical PK-PD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Veselinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, NC, USA; School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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15
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Veselinovic M, Yang KH, LeCureux J, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kashuba ADM, Akkina R. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: mucosal tissue drug distribution of RT inhibitor Tenofovir and entry inhibitor Maraviroc in a humanized mouse model. Virology 2014; 464-465:253-263. [PMID: 25105490 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) strategies utilizing anti-retroviral drugs show considerable promise for HIV prevention. However there is insufficient pharmacokinetic (PK) data on drug concentrations required for protection at the relevant mucosal tissues where the infection is initiated. Here we evaluated the utility of a humanized mouse model to derive PK data on two leading drugs, the RT inhibitor Tenofovir (TFV) and CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc (MVC). Following oral dosing, both the drugs and the intracellular active TFV-diphosphate could be detected in vaginal, rectal and intestinal tissues. The drug exposures (AUC₂₄ h) were found to be higher in vaginal tissue compared to plasma with even higher levels detected in rectal and intestinal tissues. The overall trends of drug concentrations seen in humanized mice reflect those seen in the human thus establishing the utility of this model complementing the present non-human primate (NHP) models for future pre-clinical evaluations of promising HIV PrEP drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Veselinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Yang
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan LeCureux
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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16
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Palmer BE, Neff CP, Lecureux J, Ehler A, Dsouza M, Remling-Mulder L, Korman AJ, Fontenot AP, Akkina R. In vivo blockade of the PD-1 receptor suppresses HIV-1 viral loads and improves CD4+ T cell levels in humanized mice. J Immunol 2012; 190:211-9. [PMID: 23209326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway limits the function of virus-specific T cells during chronic infection. We previously showed that blockade of the PD-1 pathway increases HIV-1-associated T cell function in vitro. However, the effect of PD-1 blockade on HIV-1 disease progression in vivo has not been examined. As in humans, HIV-1-infected humanized BALB/c-Rag2(-/-)γc(-/-) (Rag-hu) mice express elevated levels of PD-1 on T cells during chronic infection. To examine the effect of PD-1 blockade on disease progression, Rag-hu mice with chronic HIV-1 infection were treated with a blocking mAb directed against programmed cell death-1 ligand-1, the ligand for PD-1. Programmed cell death-1 ligand-1-treated Rag-hu mice exhibited a progressive decrease in the HIV-1 plasma viral load, with a 7-fold decrease by day 7, a 20-fold decrease by day 14, a 178-fold decrease by day 21, and a 269-fold decrease by day 28 postinitiation of treatment. By day 7, the percentage of CD4(+) T cells was statistically higher in the treated compared with the untreated group, and this trend was sustained throughout the 28-d treatment period. Moreover, there was a strong inverse correlation between plasma viral load and the percentage of both CD4(+) (r = -0.66; p < 0.0001) and CD8(+) (r = -0.64; p < 0.0001) T cells in the treated mice but not the untreated mice. This study provides "proof of concept" that humanized mice can be used to examine the effects of immunotherapeutic interventions on HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, to our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time that blockade of the PD-1 pathway reduces HIV-1 viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent E Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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