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Diagnosis of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Outbreaks on Layer Hen and Broiler Breeder Farms in Vojvodina, Serbia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243551. [PMID: 36552469 PMCID: PMC9774371 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory disease of poultry characterized by high morbidity and variable mortality. ILT is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus-1 (GaHV-1), which is transmitted horizontally and most susceptible are chickens older than 4 weeks. After almost two decades since last appearance of this disease in Vojvodina, an outbreak occurred from April 2020 to August 2021 on five laying hen farms and one broiler breeder flock farm. Clinical signs were mild to severe respiratory symptoms, unilateral or bilateral head swelling, serous nasal discharge, conjunctivitis and increased tearing. There was a decrease in feed consumption (2.1-40.0%) and egg production (2.7-42.0%), weight loss and mortality increased (0.8-31.5%). Pathomorphological changes were localized in the upper respiratory tract. Total of 200 carcasses were examined; 40 pooled samples were analyzed by PCR, and 40 by bacteriological analysis. ILT virus was confirmed in tracheal tissue samples. Infected flocks were not vaccinated against this disease. Five flocks had coinfection with Avibacterium paragallinarum. Three-to-four weeks after the first reported case in the flock, clinical symptoms had ceased. Future control and prevention strategies will involve the procurement of flocks vaccinated by recombinant vaccine or the registration of live attenuated vaccines and their use during the rearing period.
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Elshafiee EA, Hassan MSH, Provost C, Gagnon CA, Ojkic D, Abdul-Careem MF. Comparative full genome sequence analysis of wild-type and chicken embryo origin vaccine-like infectious laryngotracheitis virus field isolates from Canada. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 104:105350. [PMID: 35977653 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), occurs sporadically in poultry flocks in Canada. Live attenuated chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines are being used routinely to prevent and control ILTV infections. However, ILT outbreaks still occur since vaccine strains could revert to virulence in the field. In this study, 7 Canadian ILTV isolates linked to ILT outbreaks across different time in Eastern Canada (Ontario; ON and Quebec; QC) were whole genome sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship between the ON isolates and the CEO vaccines, whereas the QC isolates clustered with strains previously known as CEO revertant and wild-type ILTVs. Recombination network analysis of ILTV sequences revealed clear evidence of historical recombination between ILTV strains circulating in Canada and other geographical regions. The comparison of ON CEO clustered and QC CEO revertant clustered isolates with the LT Blen® CEO vaccine reference sequence showed amino acid differences in 5 and 12 open reading frames (ORFs), respectively. Similar analysis revealed amino acid differences in 32 ORFs in QC wild-type isolates. Compared to all CEO vaccine strains in the public domain, the QC wild-type isolates showed 15 unique mutational sites leading to amino acid changes in 13 ORFs. Our outcomes add to the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind ILTV genetic variance and provide genetic markers between wild-type and vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa A Elshafiee
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S H Hassan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Chantale Provost
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA - Fonds de Recherche du Québec), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Carl A Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA - Fonds de Recherche du Québec), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Wu M, Zhang Z, Su X, Lu H, Li X, Yuan C, Liu Q, Teng Q, Geri L, Li Z. Biological Characteristics of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses Isolated in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061200. [PMID: 35746670 PMCID: PMC9227991 DOI: 10.3390/v14061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes severe respiratory disease in chickens and results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. To correlate the genomic difference with the replication and pathogenicity, phenotypes of three ILTVs isolated from chickens in China from 2016 to 2018 were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. Based on the entire genome, the isolates GD2018 and SH2017 shared 99.9% nucleotide homology, while the isolate SH2016 shared 99.7% nucleotide homology with GD2018 and SH2017, respectively. Each virus genome contained 82 ORFs encoding 77 kinds of protein, 31 of which share the same amino acid sequence in the three viruses. GD2018 and SH2017 shared 57 proteins with the same amino acid sequence, while SH2016 shared 42 and 41 proteins with the amino acid sequences of GD2018 and SH2017, respectively. SH2016 propagated efficiently in allantoic fluid and on chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of SPF chicken embryo eggs, while GD2018 and SH2017 proliferated well only on CAMs. GD2018 propagated most efficiently on CAMs and LMH cells among three isolates. SH2016 caused serious clinical symptoms, while GD2018 and SH2017 caused mild and moderate clinical symptoms in chickens, although the sero of the chickens infected with those three isolates were all positive for anti-ILTV antibody at 14 and 21 days after challenge. Three ILTVs with high genetic homology showed significant differences in the replication in different culture systems and the pathogenicity of chickens, providing basic materials for studying the key determinants of pathogenicity of ILTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Haipeng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Chunxiu Yuan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Letu Geri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zejun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (Z.L.)
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Gowthaman V, Kumar S, Koul M, Dave U, Murthy TRGK, Munuswamy P, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Michalak I, Joshi SK. Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 40:140-161. [PMID: 32315579 PMCID: PMC7241549 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1759845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus Iltovirus, and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae within Herpesviridae family. The disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, sinusitis, oculo-nasal discharge, respiratory distress, bloody mucus, swollen orbital sinuses, high morbidity, considerable mortality and decreased egg production. It is well established in highly dense poultry producing areas of the world due to characteristic latency and carrier status of the virus. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens and environmental factors adversely affect the respiratory system and prolong the course of the disease. Latently infected chickens are the primary source of ILT virus (ILTV) outbreaks irrespective of vaccination. Apart from conventional diagnostic methods including isolation and identification of ILTV, serological detection, advanced biotechnological tools such as PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, next generation sequencing, and others are being used in accurate diagnosis and epidemiological studies of ILTV. Vaccination is followed with the use of conventional vaccines including modified live attenuated ILTV vaccines, and advanced recombinant vector vaccines expressing different ILTV glycoproteins, but still these candidates frequently fail to reduce challenge virus shedding. Some herbal components have proved to be beneficial in reducing the severity of the clinical disease. The present review discusses ILT with respect to its current status, virus characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and control strategies to counter this important disease of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Gowthaman
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Monika Koul
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Urmil Dave
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - T R Gopala Krishna Murthy
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Fakhri O, Devlin JM, Browning GF, Coppo MJC, Quinteros JA, Diaz-Méndez A, Lee SW, Hartley CA. Superinfection and recombination of infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccines in the natural host. Vaccine 2020; 38:7508-7516. [PMID: 33012604 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV, Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1) causes severe respiratory disease in chickens and has a major impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Live attenuated vaccines are widely available and are administered early in the life of commercial birds, often followed by one or more rounds of revaccination, generating conditions that can favour recombination between vaccines. Better understanding of the factors that contribute to the generation of recombinant ILTVs will inform the safer use of live attenuated herpesvirus vaccines. This study aimed to examine the parameters of infection that allow superinfection and may enable the generation of recombinant progeny in the natural host. In this study, 120 specific-pathogen free (SPF) chickens in 8 groups were inoculated with two genetically distinct live-attenuated ILTV vaccine strains with 1-4 days interval between the first and second vaccinations. After inoculation, viral genomes were detected in tracheal swabs in all groups, with lowest copies detected in swabs collected from the groups where the interval between inoculations was 4 days. Superinfection of the host was defined as the detection of the virus that was inoculated last, and this was detected in tracheal swabs from all groups. Virus could be isolated from swabs at a limited number of timepoints, and these further illustrated superinfection of the birds as recombinant viruses were detected among the progeny. This study has demonstrated superinfection at host level and shows recombination events occur under a very broad range of infection conditions. The occurrence of superinfection after unsynchronised infection with multiple viruses, and subsequent genomic recombination, highlight the importance of using only one type of vaccine per flock as the most effective way to limit recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Fakhri
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Mauricio J C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - José A Quinteros
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Carol A Hartley
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Genomic recombination between infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine strains occurs under a broad range of infection conditions in vitro and in ovo. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229082. [PMID: 32119681 PMCID: PMC7051062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 causes infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in farmed poultry worldwide. Intertypic recombination between vaccine strains of this virus has generated novel and virulent isolates in field conditions. In this study, in vitro and in ovo systems were co-infected and superinfected under different conditions with two genomically distinct and commonly used ILTV vaccines. The progeny virus populations were examined for the frequency and pattern of recombination events using multi-locus high-resolution melting curve analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. A varied level of recombination (0 to 58.9%) was detected, depending on the infection system (in ovo or in vitro), viral load, the composition of the inoculum mixture, and the timing and order of infection. Full genome analysis of selected recombinants with different in vitro phenotypes identified alterations in coding and non-coding regions. The ability of ILTV vaccines to maintain their capacity to recombine under such varied conditions highlights the significance of recombination in the evolution of this virus and demonstrates the capacity of ILTV vaccines to play a role in the emergence of recombinant viruses.
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Full genomic characterisation of an emerging infectious laryngotracheitis virus class 7b from Australia linked to a vaccine strain revealed its identity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 78:104067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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