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Cui XY, Xia DS, Luo LZ, An TQ. Recombination of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Features, Possible Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Viruses 2024; 16:929. [PMID: 38932221 PMCID: PMC11209122 DOI: 10.3390/v16060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombination is a pervasive phenomenon in RNA viruses and an important strategy for accelerating the evolution of RNA virus populations. Recombination in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first reported in 1999, and many case reports have been published in recent years. In this review, all the existing reports on PRRSV recombination events were collected, and the genotypes, parental strains, and locations of the recombination breakpoints have been summarized and analyzed. The results showed that the recombination pattern constantly changes; whether inter- or intra-lineage recombination, the recombination hotspots vary in different recombination patterns. The virulence of recombinant PRRSVs was higher than that of the parental strains, and the emergence of virulence reversion was caused by recombination after using MLV vaccines. This could be attributed to the enhanced adaptability of recombinant PRRSV for entry and replication, facilitating their rapid propagation. The aim of this paper was to identify common features of recombinant PRRSV strains, reduce the recombination risk, and provide a foundation for future research into the mechanism of PRRSV recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Da-Song Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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Sun Q, Xu H, An T, Cai X, Tian Z, Zhang H. Recent Progress in Studies of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1528. [PMID: 37515213 PMCID: PMC10384046 DOI: 10.3390/v15071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high incidence of PRRSV mutation and recombination, PRRSV infection is difficult to prevent and control in China and worldwide. Two species of PRRSV, Betaarterivirus suid 1 (PRRSV-1) and Betaarterivirus suid 2 (PRRSV-2), exist in China, and PRRSV-1 has always received less attention in China. However, the number of PRRSV-1 strains detected in China has increased recently. To date, PRRSV-1 has spread to more than 23 regions in China. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and the whole genome of PRRSV-1, Chinese PRRSV-1 can be divided into at least seven independent subgroups. Among them, BJEU06-1-like has become the mainstream subgroup in some regions of China. This subgroup of strains has a 5-aa (4 + 1) characteristic discontinuous deletion pattern at aa 357~aa 360 and aa 411 in Nsp2. Previous studies have indicated that the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 in China is mild, but recent studies found that the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 was enhanced in China. Therefore, the emergence of PRRSV-1 deserves attention, and the prevention and control of PRRSV-1 infection in China should be strengthened. PRRSV infection is usually prevented and controlled by a combination of virus monitoring, biosafety restrictions, herd management measures and vaccination. However, the use of PRRSV-1 vaccines is currently banned in China. Thus, we should strengthen the monitoring of PRRSV-1 and the biosafety management of pig herds in China. In this review, we summarize the prevalence of PRRSV-1 in China and clarify the genomic characteristics, pathogenicity, vaccine status, and prevention and control management system of PRRSV-1 in China. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to provide a basis for further development of prevention and control measures for PRRSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
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Mötz M, Stadler J, Kreutzmann H, Ladinig A, Lamp B, Auer A, Riedel C, Rümenapf T. A Conserved Stem-Loop Structure within ORF5 Is a Frequent Recombination Hotspot for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) with a Particular Modified Live Virus (MLV) Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:258. [PMID: 36680298 PMCID: PMC9867337 DOI: 10.3390/v15010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of recombinant PRRSV strains has been observed for more than a decade. These recombinant viruses are characterized by a genome that contains genetic material from at least two different parental strains. Due to the advanced sequencing techniques and a growing number of data bank entries, the role of PRRSV recombinants has become increasingly important since they are sometimes associated with clinical outbreaks. Chimeric viruses observed more recently are products of PRRSV wild-type and vaccine strains. Here, we report on three PRRSV-1 isolates from geographically distant farms with differing clinical manifestations. A sequencing and recombination analysis revealed that these strains are crossovers between different wild-type strains and the same modified live virus vaccine strain. Interestingly, the recombination breakpoint of all analyzed isolates appears at the beginning of open reading frame 5 (ORF5). RNA structure predictions indicate a conserved stem loop in close proximity to the recombination hotspot, which is a plausible cause of a polymerase template switch during RNA replication. Further research into the mechanisms of the stem loop is needed to help understand the PRRSV recombination process and the role of MLVs as parental strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Mötz
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissenheim, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Riedel
- Département de Biologie, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Kim JH, Kim SC, Kim HJ, Jeong CG, Park GS, Choi JS, Kim WI. Insight into the Economic Effects of a Severe Korean PRRSV1 Outbreak in a Farrow-to-Nursery Farm. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213024. [PMID: 36359148 PMCID: PMC9656131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease that has inflicted economic losses in the swine industry. The causative agent, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is known to have a high genetic diversity which leads to heterogeneous pathogenicity. To date, the impact of PRRS outbreaks on swine production and the economy of the swine industry in South Korea has been rarely reported. In this study, we compare the reproductive performance in the breeding-farrowing phase and growth performance in the nursery phase, in two 27-week periods, one before and one after a PRRSV1 outbreak on a 650-sow farrow-to-nursery farm caused by a Korean PRRSV1 isolate which was genetically distinct from vaccine strains or other global strains. The reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of nursery pigs were compared using row data consisting of 1907 mating records, 1648 farrowing records, and 17,129 weaning records from 32 breeding batches. The following variables were significantly different between the pre-PRRS outbreak period and the post-PRRS outbreak period: the farrowing rate (−7.1%, p < 0.0001), the abortion rate (+3.9%, p < 0.0001), the return rate (+2.9%, p = 0.0250), weaning to estrus interval days (+1.9 days, p < 0.0001), total piglets born (−1.2 pigs/litter, p < 0.0001), piglets born alive (−2.2 pigs/litter, p < 0.0001), weaned piglets (−2.7 pigs/litter, p < 0.0001), pre-weaning mortality (+7.4%, p < 0.0001), weaning weight (−0.9 kg/pig, p = 0.0015), the mortality rate (+2.8%, p < 0.0001), average daily gain (−69.8 g/d, p < 0.0001), and the feed conversion ratio (+0.26, p = 0.0036). Economic losses for a period of 27 weeks after a PRRS outbreak were calculated at KRW 99,378 (USD 82.8) per mated female for the breeding-farrowing phase, KRW 8,968 (USD 7.5) per pig for the nursery growth phase, and KRW 245,174 (USD 204.3) per sow in the post-outbreak period. In conclusion, the farrow-to-nursery farm in our study suffered extensive production and economic losses as a result of a PRRSV1 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Dodram Pig Farmers Cooperative, Daejeon 35377, Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hwan-Ju Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Seo Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jong-San Choi
- Department of Agri-Food Marketing, Jeonbuk National Univeristy, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3981
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Sun Q, Xu H, Li C, Gong B, Li Z, Tian ZJ, Zhang H. Emergence of a novel PRRSV-1 strain in mainland China: A recombinant strain derived from the two commercial modified live viruses Amervac and DV. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:974743. [PMID: 36157177 PMCID: PMC9505512 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.974743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) is one of the main pathogens causing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). In recent years, the rate of PRRSV-1 detection in China has gradually increased, and the PRRSV-1 strains reported in China belong to subtype I (Global; Clade A-L). In the present study, a novel PRRSV-1 strain, TZJ2134, was found during epidemiological surveillance of PRRSV-1 in Shandong Province in China. We obtained two fragments of the TZJ2134 genome: TZJ2134-L12 (located at nt 1672-nt 2112 in the partial Nsp2 gene) and TZJ2134-(A+B) (located at nt 7463-nt 11272 in the partial Nsp9, complete Nsp10 and partial Nsp11 genes). Phylogenetic and recombination analyses based on the two sequences showed that TZJ2134 is a recombinant strain derived from two commercial PRRSV-1 modified live vaccine (MLV) strains (the Amervac vaccine and DV vaccine strains) that formed a new recombinant subgroup of DV+Amervac-like isolates with other strains. However, PRRSV-1 MLV is not currently allowed for use in China. This study is the first to detected recombinant PRRSV-1 MLV strain in China and provides new data for the epidemiological study of PRRSV-1 in China. The existence of the TZJ2134 strain is a reminder that the swine surveillance at the Chinese customs should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Pingdingshan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Zhang
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WGS- versus ORF5-Based Typing of PRRSV: A Belgian Case Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122419. [PMID: 34960688 PMCID: PMC8707199 DOI: 10.3390/v13122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of one of the most widespread and economically devastating diseases in the swine industry. Typing circulating PRRSV strains by means of sequencing is crucial for developing adequate control strategies. Most genetic studies only target the highly variable open reading frame (ORF) 5, for which an extensive database is available. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on a collection of 124 PRRSV-1 positive serum samples that were collected over a 5-year period (2015–2019) in Belgium. Our results show that (nearly) complete PRRSV genomes can be obtained directly from serum samples with a high success rate. Analysis of the coding regions confirmed the exceptionally high genetic diversity, even among Belgian PRRSV-1 strains. To gain more insight into the added value of WGS, we performed phylogenetic cluster analyses on separate ORF datasets as well as on a single, concatenated dataset (CDS) containing all ORFs. A comparison between the CDS and ORF clustering schemes revealed numerous discrepancies. To explain these differences, we performed a large-scale recombination analysis, which allowed us to identify a large number of potential recombination events that were scattered across the genome. As PRRSV does not contain typical recombination hot-spots, typing PRRSV strains based on a single ORF is not recommended. Although the typing accuracy can be improved by including multiple regions, our results show that the full genetic diversity among PRRSV strains can only be captured by analysing (nearly) complete genomes. Finally, we also identified several vaccine-derived recombinant strains, which once more raises the question of the safety of these vaccines.
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Kvisgaard LK, Larsen LE, Kristensen CS, Paboeuf F, Renson P, Bourry O. Challenge of Naïve and Vaccinated Pigs with a Vaccine-Derived Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 Strain (Horsens Strain). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050417. [PMID: 33921958 PMCID: PMC8143564 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2019, a vaccine-derived recombinant Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 strain (PRRSV-1) (Horsens strain) infected more than 40 Danish sow herds, resulting in severe losses. In the present study, the pathogenicity of the recombinant Horsens strain was assessed and compared to a reference PRRSV-1 strain using a well-characterized experimental model in young SPF pigs. Furthermore, the efficacies of three different PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines to protect pigs against challenge with the recombinant strain were assessed. Following challenge, the unvaccinated pigs challenged with the Horsens strain had significant increased viral load in serum compared to all other groups. No macroscopic changes were observed at necropsy, but tissue from the lungs and tonsils from almost all pigs were PRRSV-positive. The viral load in serum was lower in all vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group challenged with the Horsens strain, and only small differences were seen among the vaccinated groups. The findings in the present study, combined with two other recent reports, indicate that this recombinant “Horsens” strain indeed is capable of inducing infection in growing pigs as well as in pregnant sows that is comparable to or even exceeding those induced by typical PRRSV-1, subtype 1 strains. However, absence of notable clinical signs and lack of significant macroscopic changes indicate that this strain is less virulent than previously characterized highly virulent PRRSV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise K. Kvisgaard
- Institute for Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Institute for Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | | | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (F.P.); (P.R.); (O.B.)
| | - Patricia Renson
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (F.P.); (P.R.); (O.B.)
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (F.P.); (P.R.); (O.B.)
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Zhao J, Zhu L, Huang J, Yang Z, Xu L, Gu S, Huang Y, Zhang R, Sun X, Zhou Y, Xu Z. Genetic characterization of a novel recombined porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 among Nadc30-like, Jxa1-like and TJ-like strains. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:697-704. [PMID: 33277984 PMCID: PMC8136965 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases in the global pig industry, including China. Recently, we successfully isolated a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from lung tissue and peripheral blood of piglets at a farm from Dujiangyan in Sichuan, China, and named it the DJY-19 strain. The full-length genome sequence of DJY-19 shared 86.8%-94.1% nucleotide similarity with NADC30-like and NADC30 PRRSV strains. We compared the open reading frame (ORF) 5 gene of DJY-19 with 34 PRRSV strains from Genbank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DJY-19 clustered with NADC30 strains, characterized by a predicted 131-amino-acid deletion in the nonstructural protein (NSP) 2. The results of homology analysis showed that the homology between DJY-19 and NADC30 (JN654459.1) strains was the highest (95.9%), whereas homology with other domestic strains was lower (80.9%-92.6%). Furthermore, we identified four recombination breakpoints in the DJY-19 genome; they separated the DJY-19 genome into four regions. The 8106-9128 nucleotide (nt) region of DIY-19 was highly similar to the TJ strain, and the 12106-12580 nt region of DIY-19 was highly similar to the JXA1-R strain. Our findings demonstrate that DJY-19 arose from the recombination of North America NADC30 strain and TJ strain and JXA1-R in China. The application of multiple attenuated vaccine strains has led to complex recombination of PRRSV strains in China. This study provides a theoretical basis for making a more reasonable PRRS virus control and prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sirui Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rubo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Assessment of the Impact of the Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Horsens Strain on the Reproductive Performance in Pregnant Sows. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090772. [PMID: 32967283 PMCID: PMC7559163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of a PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) recombinant strain (Horsens strain) on the reproductive performance of naïve pregnant sows in the last third of gestation. Fifteen sows were included: four negative reproductive controls (NTX), five infected with a PRRSV-1 field strain (Olot/91, T01), and six infected with the recombinant PRRSV-1 strain (Horsens strain, T02). Piglets were monitored until weaning. Reproductive performance was the primary variable. In sows, viremia and nasal shedding (T01 and T02 groups), and, in piglets, viral load in blood and in lungs, as well as macroscopic lung lesions (T01 and T02 groups), were the secondary variables. The reproductive performance results were numerically different between the two challenged groups. Moreover, viral loads in blood were 1.83 × 106 ± 9.05 × 106 copies/mL at farrowing, 1.05 × 107 ± 2.21 × 107 copies/mL at weaning from piglets born from T01 animals and 1.64 × 103 ± 7.62 × 103 copies/mL at farrowing, 1.95 × 103 ± 1.17 × 104 copies/mL at weaning from piglets born from T02 sows. Overall, 68.8% of T01 piglets and 38.1% of T02 piglets presented mild lung lesions. In conclusion, the results suggest that Horsens strain is less virulent than the field strain Olot/91 under these experimental conditions.
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Wang J, Lin S, Quan D, Wang H, Huang J, Wang Y, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Luo T, Wei Z. Full Genomic Analysis of New Variants of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Revealed Multiple Recombination Events Between Different Lineages and Sublineages. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:603. [PMID: 33134336 PMCID: PMC7511543 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has had a devastating impact on the pig industry in China, and monitoring its genetic diversity is important for epidemiological surveillance and understanding its evolution. Here, we determine the complete genome sequences of two PRRSV strains, GXYL1403 and GXNN1839. Comparative, phylogenetic, and recombination detection program analyses show that the two isolates are recombinant strains with large-fragment amino acid deletions in nsp2. GXYL1403 possesses a unique deletion region of 124 amino acids in nsp2, and GXNN1839 contains a deletion of 131 amino acids in nsp2 as compared with VR2332. Further analysis of the full-length sequence suggests that GXYL1403 is a natural recombinant between sublineages 8.1 (CH-1a like) and 8.3 (JXA1-like). The recombination site of GXYL1403 is located in nsp9–nsp12 (8961nt−11181nt). GXNN1839 is a natural recombinant between the lineage 5 (VR-2332-like) and lineage 1 (NADC30-like) strains. The recombination events occurred in nsp9 (7872nt-8162nt) and in ORF2 (12587nt−13282nt) in the genome of GXNN1839. These results provide new evidence that PRRSV strains circulating in the environment have undergone recombination among the different lineages or sublineages of field strains, and these add to our understanding of RNA combination events that occur in PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Siyuan Lin
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongqun Quan
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuxu Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Kvisgaard LK, Kristensen CS, Ryt‐Hansen P, Pedersen K, Stadejek T, Trebbien R, Andresen LO, Larsen LE. A recombination between two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) vaccine strains has caused severe outbreaks in Danish pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1786-1796. [PMID: 32219985 PMCID: PMC7540543 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent in Danish swine herds. In July 2019, PRRSV-1 was detected in a PRRSV-negative boar station and subsequently spread to more than 38 herds that had received semen from the boar station. Full genome sequencing revealed a sequence of 15.098 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the strain was a recombination between the Amervac strain (Unistrain PRRS vaccine; Hipra) and the 96V198 strain (Suvaxyn PRRS; Zoetis AH). The major parent was the 96V198 strain that spanned ORFs 1-2 and part of ORF 3 and the minor parent was the Amervac strain, which constituted the remaining part of the genome. The virus seems to be highly transmissible and has caused severe disease in infected herds despite a high level of genetic identity to the attenuated parent strains. The source of infection was presumable a neighbouring farm situated 5.8 km from the boar station.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pia Ryt‐Hansen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Lars Ole Andresen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
- Department of Health and Medical SciencesInstitute for Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Outbreak of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 in Taiwan. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030316. [PMID: 32188123 PMCID: PMC7150920 DOI: 10.3390/v12030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The PRRS virus (PRRSV) can be divided into two species, PRRSV 1 (European) and PRRSV 2 (North American). In Taiwan, PRRSV 2 isolates are dominant and cause respiratory symptoms in nursing pigs. From October to November 2018, in a pig herd in central Taiwan, pregnant sows had abortions and stillbirths, and piglets suffered from respiratory disorders. Laboratory tests identified the presence of PRRSV 1 in serum from sows and suckling piglets in this scenario. The complete genome of the identified PRRSV 1 strain was genetically closely related to that of a European PRRSV vaccine strain (98.2%). This local European isolate is designated as PRRSV/NPUST-2789-3W-2/TW/2018 (NPUST2789). This report is the first to indicate an outbreak in Taiwan of a PRRSV 1 strain that shares a common evolutionary ancestor with the European PRRSV vaccine strain.
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