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Postler TS, Rubino L, Adriaenssens EM, Dutilh BE, Harrach B, Junglen S, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Wada J, Crane A, Kuhn JH, Mushegian A, Rūmnieks J, Sabanadzovic S, Simmonds P, Varsani A, Zerbini FM, Callanan J, Draper LA, Hill C, Stockdale SR. Guidance for creating individual and batch latinized binomial virus species names. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748479 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recently adopted, and is gradually implementing, a binomial naming format for virus species. Although full Latinization of these names remains optional, a standardized nomenclature based on Latinized binomials has the advantage of comparability with all other biological taxonomies. As a language without living native speakers, Latin is more culturally neutral than many contemporary languages, and words built from Latin roots are already widely used in the language of science across the world. Conversion of established species names to Latinized binomials or creation of Latinized binomials de novo may seem daunting, but the rules for name creation are straightforward and can be implemented in a formulaic manner. Here, we describe approaches, strategies and steps for creating Latinized binomials for virus species without prior knowledge of Latin. We also discuss a novel approach to the automated generation of large batches of novel genus and species names. Importantly, conversion to a binomial format does not affect virus names, many of which are created from local languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Postler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Luisa Rubino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Bas E Dutilh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arcady Mushegian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Jānis Rūmnieks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4701, USA.,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Julie Callanan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Lorraine A Draper
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
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Adaptive Evolution of the Fox Coronavirus Based on Genome-Wide Sequence Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9627961. [PMID: 35463975 PMCID: PMC9020971 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9627961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To report the first complete fox coronavirus (CoV) genome sequence obtained through genome-wide amplifications and to understand the adaptive evolution of fox CoV. Methods. Anal swab samples were collected from 35 foxes to detect the presence of CoV and obtain the virus sequence. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MrBayes. The possibility of recombination within these sequences was assessed using GARD. Analysis of the levels of selection pressure experienced by these sequences was assessed using methods on both the PAML and Data Monkey platforms. Results. Of the 35 samples, two were positive, and complete genome sequences for the viruses were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis, using Bayesian methods, of these sequences, together with other CoV sequences, revealed that the fox CoV sequences clustered with canine coronavirus (CCoV) sequences, with sequences from other carnivores more distantly related. In contrast to the feline, ferret and mink CoV sequences that clustered into species-specific clades, the fox CoV fell within the CCoV clade. Minimal evidence for recombination was found among the sequences. A total of 7, 3, 14, and 2 positively selected sites were identified in the M, N, S, and 7B genes, respectively, with 99, 111, and 581 negatively selected sites identified in M, N, and S genes, respectively. Conclusion. The complete genome sequence of fox CoV has been obtained for the first time. The results suggest that the genome sequence of fox CoV may have experienced adaptive evolution in the genes replication, entry, and virulence. The number of sites in each gene that experienced negative selection is far greater than the number that underwent positive selection, suggesting that most of the sequence is highly conserved and important for viral survive. However, positive selection at a few sites likely aided these viruses to adapt to new environments.
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Fedoruk B, Nelson H, Frost R, Fucile Ladouceur K. The Plebeian Algorithm: A Democratic Approach to Censorship and Moderation. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e32427. [PMID: 34854812 PMCID: PMC8691413 DOI: 10.2196/32427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infodemic created by the COVID-19 pandemic has created several societal issues, including a rise in distrust between the public and health experts, and even a refusal of some to accept vaccination; some sources suggest that 1 in 4 Americans will refuse the vaccine. This social concern can be traced to the level of digitization today, particularly in the form of social media. Objective The goal of the research is to determine an optimal social media algorithm, one which is able to reduce the number of cases of misinformation and which also ensures that certain individual freedoms (eg, the freedom of expression) are maintained. After performing the analysis described herein, an algorithm was abstracted. The discovery of a set of abstract aspects of an optimal social media algorithm was the purpose of the study. Methods As social media was the most significant contributing factor to the spread of misinformation, the team decided to examine infodemiology across various text-based platforms (Twitter, 4chan, Reddit, Parler, Facebook, and YouTube). This was done by using sentiment analysis to compare general posts with key terms flagged as misinformation (all of which concern COVID-19) to determine their verity. In gathering the data sets, both application programming interfaces (installed using Python’s pip) and pre-existing data compiled by standard scientific third parties were used. Results The sentiment can be described using bimodal distributions for each platform, with a positive and negative peak, as well as a skewness. It was found that in some cases, misinforming posts can have up to 92.5% more negative sentiment skew compared to accurate posts. Conclusions From this, the novel Plebeian Algorithm is proposed, which uses sentiment analysis and post popularity as metrics to flag a post as misinformation. This algorithm diverges from that of the status quo, as the Plebeian Algorithm uses a democratic process to detect and remove misinformation. A method was constructed in which content deemed as misinformation to be removed from the platform is determined by a randomly selected jury of anonymous users. This not only prevents these types of infodemics but also guarantees a more democratic way of using social media that is beneficial for repairing social trust and encouraging the public’s evidence-informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fedoruk
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario, Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harrison Nelson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Frost
- Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Fucile Ladouceur
- School of Engineering Technology, Trades, and Aviation, Confederation College, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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Read DA, Roberts R, Swanevelder D, Pietersen G, Thompson GD. Novel viruses associated with plants of the family Amaryllidaceae in South Africa. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2817-2823. [PMID: 34279720 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen samples from members of the plant genera Agapanthus, Clivia, Hippeastrum, and Scadoxus were collected from gardens in the Gauteng and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. The plants displayed highly variable symptoms of viral disease, including chlorosis, necrosis, streaking, and ringspot. RNAtag-seq was used to characterize the associated viral populations. Plants of the genus Agapanthus were found to be associated with three novel viruses from the families Caulimoviridae, Closteroviridae, and Betaflexiviridae; plants of the genus Clivia were associated with novel members of the families Potyviridae and Betaflexiviridae; and plants of the genus Scadoxus were associated with a novel member of the family Tospoviridae. Nerine latent virus was associated with plants of the genera Agapanthus, Clivia, and Hippeastrum, while hippeastrum mosaic virus was associated exclusively with a Hippeastrum cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Read
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) - Biotechnology Platform, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa. .,Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Ronel Roberts
- ARC - Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa
| | - Dirk Swanevelder
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) - Biotechnology Platform, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Genevieve D Thompson
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) - Biotechnology Platform, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.,Gene Vantage, 34 Monte Carlo Crescent, Kyalami Business Park, Johannesburg, 1684, South Africa
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