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Fontdevila Pareta N, Khalili M, Maachi A, Rivarez MPS, Rollin J, Salavert F, Temple C, Aranda MA, Boonham N, Botermans M, Candresse T, Fox A, Hernando Y, Kutnjak D, Marais A, Petter F, Ravnikar M, Selmi I, Tahzima R, Trontin C, Wetzel T, Massart S. Managing the deluge of newly discovered plant viruses and viroids: an optimized scientific and regulatory framework for their characterization and risk analysis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1181562. [PMID: 37323908 PMCID: PMC10265641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1181562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and bioinformatic tools have provided new opportunities for virus and viroid discovery and diagnostics. Hence, new sequences of viral origin are being discovered and published at a previously unseen rate. Therefore, a collective effort was undertaken to write and propose a framework for prioritizing the biological characterization steps needed after discovering a new plant virus to evaluate its impact at different levels. Even though the proposed approach was widely used, a revision of these guidelines was prepared to consider virus discovery and characterization trends and integrate novel approaches and tools recently published or under development. This updated framework is more adapted to the current rate of virus discovery and provides an improved prioritization for filling knowledge and data gaps. It consists of four distinct steps adapted to include a multi-stakeholder feedback loop. Key improvements include better prioritization and organization of the various steps, earlier data sharing among researchers and involved stakeholders, public database screening, and exploitation of genomic information to predict biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Khalili
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Mark Paul S. Rivarez
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries, Caraga State University, Butuan, Philippines
| | - Johan Rollin
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- DNAVision (Belgium), Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ferran Salavert
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Coline Temple
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Neil Boonham
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marleen Botermans
- Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive Plants and Plant Health (NIVIP), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Adrian Fox
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Fera Science Ltd, York Biotech Campus, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armelle Marais
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilhem Selmi
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rachid Tahzima
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Trontin
- European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Wetzel
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Sebastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Bioversity International, Montpellier, France
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2
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Epidemiology of Yam Viruses in Guadeloupe: Role of Cropping Practices and Seed-Tuber Supply. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112366. [PMID: 36366464 PMCID: PMC9692558 DOI: 10.3390/v14112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of yam viruses remains largely unexplored. We present a large-scale epidemiological study of yam viruses in Guadeloupe based on the analysis of 1124 leaf samples collected from yams and weeds. We addressed the prevalence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cordyline virus 1 (CoV1), Dioscorea mosaic associated virus (DMaV), yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1), yam mosaic virus (YMV), yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV), badnaviruses, macluraviruses and potexviruses, and the key epidemiological drivers of these viruses. We provide evidence that several weeds are reservoirs of YMMV and that YMMV isolates infecting weeds cluster together with those infecting yams, pointing to the role of weeds in the epidemiology of YMMV. We report the occurrence of yam chlorotic necrosis virus (YCNV) in Guadeloupe, the introduction of YMMV isolates through the importation of yam tubers, and the absence of vertical transmission of YaV1. We identified specific effects on some cropping practices, such as weed management and the use of chemical pesticides, on the occurrence of a few viruses, but no crop-related factor had a strong or general effect on the overall epidemiology of the targeted viruses. Overall, our work provides insights into the epidemiology of yam viruses that will help design more efficient control strategies.
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Diouf MB, Festus R, Silva G, Guyader S, Umber M, Seal S, Teycheney PY. Viruses of Yams (Dioscorea spp.): Current Gaps in Knowledge and Future Research Directions to Improve Disease Management. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091884. [PMID: 36146691 PMCID: PMC9501508 DOI: 10.3390/v14091884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a major constraint for yam production worldwide. They hamper the conservation, movement, and exchange of yam germplasm and are a threat to food security in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and the Pacific where yam is a staple food and a source of income. However, the biology and impact of yam viruses remains largely unknown. This review summarizes current knowledge on yam viruses and emphasizes gaps that exist in the knowledge of the biology of these viruses, their diagnosis, and their impact on production. It provides essential information to inform the implementation of more effective virus control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame Boucar Diouf
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, France
| | - Ruth Festus
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Gonçalo Silva
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | | | - Marie Umber
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Pierre Yves Teycheney
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint Pierre, France
- UMR PVBMT, Université de la Réunion, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-492-819
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Diouf MB, Gaspard O, Marais A, Filloux D, Gomez RM, Faure C, Roumagnac P, Candresse T, Theil S, Contreras S, Teycheney PY, Umber M. Molecular characterization of Cordyline virus 1 isolates infecting yam (Dioscorea spp). Arch Virol 2022; 167:2275-2280. [PMID: 35842549 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cordyline virus 1 (CoV1) is a velarivirus that has so far only been reported in ornamental Ti plants (Cordyline fruticosa). Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified CoV1 infection in yam accessions from Vanuatu. Using a specific RT-PCR assay, we found that CoV1 is also present and highly prevalent in Dioscorea alata, D. cayenensis, and D. trifida in Guadeloupe. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CoV1 isolates infecting yam in Guadeloupe display a low level of molecular diversity. These data provide insights into the transmission of CoV1 in yam in Guadeloupe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame Boucar Diouf
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, 97170, Petit‑Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, 97130, Capesterre Belle Eau, France.,UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 97130, Capesterre Belle Eau, France
| | | | - Armelle Marais
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, CS20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Denis Filloux
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, 34090, Montpellier, France.,PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Chantal Faure
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, CS20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, 34090, Montpellier, France.,PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, CS20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Theil
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, CS20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sandy Contreras
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, CS20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Teycheney
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.,UMR PVBMT, Université de la Réunion, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie Umber
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, 97170, Petit‑Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
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Liu B, Zhang G, Song D, Wang Q, Li H, Gu A, Bai J. Complete genome sequence of a novel virus belonging to the genus Badnavirus in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in China. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1885-1888. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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A Review of Viruses Infecting Yam ( Dioscorea spp.). Viruses 2022; 14:v14040662. [PMID: 35458392 PMCID: PMC9033002 DOI: 10.3390/v14040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yam is an important food staple for millions of people globally, particularly those in the developing countries of West Africa and the Pacific Islands. To sustain the growing population, yam production must be increased amidst the many biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant viruses are among the most detrimental of plant pathogens and have caused great losses of crop yield and quality, including those of yam. Knowledge and understanding of virus biology and ecology are important for the development of diagnostic tools and disease management strategies to combat the spread of yam-infecting viruses. This review aims to highlight current knowledge on key yam-infecting viruses by examining their characteristics, genetic diversity, disease symptoms, diagnostics, and elimination to provide a synopsis for consideration in developing diagnostic strategy and disease management for yam.
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Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao) Germplasm. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112152. [PMID: 34834959 PMCID: PMC8623607 DOI: 10.3390/v13112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, is an important tropical perennial crop grown widely in the humid tropics. The exchange of cocoa germplasm between germplasm collections and breeding centres is vital for varietal development. Intermediate quarantine facilities, such as the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading UK (ICQC-R) play a vital role in ensuring the transfer of germplasm whilst minimising the risk of spreading pests and diseases. Current screening procedures combine visual inspection and molecular techniques, which are effective in detecting Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), a badnavirus, which causes severe losses but are restricted to West Africa. However, the detection of latent or mild virus infections that produce no visual symptoms has been a challenge. Recently two badnavirus species of cocoa producing mild symptoms, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) and cacao yellow vein-banding virus (CYVBV), have been sequenced. Here, we report new assays for the detection of these two species, for the first time in non-symptomatic accessions. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of the viruses suggest their most recent source was from Trinidad, though there is historic evidence that these viruses may have their origin in South America and then become widespread globally over the last century. We also report a novel colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of CYVBV. This simple and accurate method could be employed in field virus testing.
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Bakayoko Y, Kouakou AM, Kouassi AB, Gomez R, Dibi KEB, Essis BS, N’Zué B, Adebola P, N’Guetta AS, Umber M. Detection and diversity of viruses infecting African yam ( Dioscorea rotundata) in a collection and F 1 progenies in Côte d'Ivoire shed light to plant-to-plant viral transmission. PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 70:1486-1495. [PMID: 34413548 PMCID: PMC8360134 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a major staple food whose production is hampered by viral diseases. However, the prevalence, diversity, transmission, and impact of yam-infecting viruses remain poorly documented. This study reports on the symptomatology, prevalence, and molecular diversity of eight viruses in 38 D. rotundata accessions from a germplasm collection and 206 F1 hybrid progenies maintained in Côte d'Ivoire. Mean severity scores as assessed from leaf symptoms ranged from 2 to 4 in the germplasm collection and from 1 to 3 in F1 hybrids, respectively. Dioscorea mosaic-associated virus (DMaV), potexviruses, and yam mosaic virus (YMV) were detected by PCR-based diagnosis tools in single and mixed infections in both the D. rotundata collection and F1 progenies, whereas badnaviruses were detected only in the germplasm collection. In contrast, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), yam macluraviruses, yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1), and yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV) could not be detected. No correlation could be established between severity scores and indexing results. Phylogenetic analysis performed on partial viral sequences amplified from infected samples unveiled the presence of two putative novel viral species belonging to genera Badnavirus and Potexvirus and provided evidence for plant-to-plant transmission of YMV, DMaV, and yam potexviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacouba Bakayoko
- Laboratoire de BiotechnologieAgriculture et Valorisation des Ressources BiologiquesUFR BiosciencesUniversité Félix Houphouët BoignyAbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
- Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières (SRCVCentre National de Recherche AgronomiqueBouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Amani M. Kouakou
- Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières (SRCVCentre National de Recherche AgronomiqueBouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Abou B. Kouassi
- Laboratoire de BiotechnologieAgriculture et Valorisation des Ressources BiologiquesUFR BiosciencesUniversité Félix Houphouët BoignyAbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Rose‐Marie Gomez
- Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes TropicauxInstitut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’EnvironnementPetit‐BourgGuadeloupeFrance
| | - Konan E. B. Dibi
- Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières (SRCVCentre National de Recherche AgronomiqueBouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Brice S. Essis
- Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières (SRCVCentre National de Recherche AgronomiqueBouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Boni N’Zué
- Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières (SRCVCentre National de Recherche AgronomiqueBouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Patrick Adebola
- International Institut of Tropical AgricultureIITA‐Abuja StationAbujaNigeria
| | - Assanvon S.‐P. N’Guetta
- Laboratoire de BiotechnologieAgriculture et Valorisation des Ressources BiologiquesUFR BiosciencesUniversité Félix Houphouët BoignyAbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Marie Umber
- Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes TropicauxInstitut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’EnvironnementPetit‐BourgGuadeloupeFrance
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Umber M, Filloux D, Gélabale S, Gomez RM, Marais A, Gallet S, Gamiette F, Pavis C, Teycheney PY. Molecular Viral Diagnosis and Sanitation of Yam Genetic Resources: Implications for Safe Yam Germplasm Exchange. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101101. [PMID: 33003342 PMCID: PMC7650539 DOI: 10.3390/v12101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is an important crop in tropical and subtropical regions. Many viruses have been recently identified in yam, hampering genetic conservation and safe international exchanges of yam germplasm. We report on the implementation of reliable and cost-effective PCR-based detection tools targeting eight different yam-infecting viruses. Viral indexing of the in vitro yam collection maintained by the Biological Resources Center for Tropical Plants (BRC-TP) in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) unveiled a high prevalence of potyviruses, badnaviruses, Dioscorea mosaic associated virus (DMaV) and yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1) and a high level of coinfections. Infected yam accessions were subjected to a combination of thermotherapy and meristem culture. Sanitation levels were monitored using PCR-based and high-throughput sequencing-based diagnosis, confirming the efficacy and reliability of PCR-based detection tools. Sanitation rates were highly variable depending on viruses. Sixteen accessions were successfully sanitized, paving the way to safe yam germplasm exchanges and the implementation of clean seed production programs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Umber
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France; (S.G.); (R.-M.G.); (S.G.); (F.G.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +590-590-25-59-29
| | - Denis Filloux
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche—Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Suzia Gélabale
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France; (S.G.); (R.-M.G.); (S.G.); (F.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Rose-Marie Gomez
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France; (S.G.); (R.-M.G.); (S.G.); (F.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Armelle Marais
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
| | - Séverine Gallet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France; (S.G.); (R.-M.G.); (S.G.); (F.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Franciane Gamiette
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France; (S.G.); (R.-M.G.); (S.G.); (F.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Claudie Pavis
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Unité de Recherche Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, France; (S.G.); (R.-M.G.); (S.G.); (F.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Teycheney
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, F-97130 Capesterre Belle-Eau, France;
- Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Agro, F-97130 Capesterre Belle-Eau, France
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