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Yu C, Cao M, Wei Y, Zhang H, Liu J, Feng L, Huang L. Comparative infectivity and horizontal transmission ability of the isolates PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. Vet Microbiol 2024; 297:110214. [PMID: 39121654 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in piglets. Differences in the infectivity and horizontal transmissibility of different isolates of PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d in pigs were evaluated by HE and IHC staining, PCR, virus titration, and IPMA to determine their clinical symptoms, pathological changes, levels of virus and antibody, and cohabitation infectivity. In the cohabitation infection experiment, weak viremia and low levels of antibodies were detected in the pigs challenged with PCV2a-CL, whereas no viremia or antibodies were detected in the corresponding cohabiting pigs. Furthermore, no PCV2 was isolated from any organ of pigs that were challenged with PCV2a-CL, as well as from those of their cohabiting pigs. In contrast, persistent viremia and pathological changes, including swollen inguinal lymph nodes, were detected in both the challenged and cohabiting pigs after PCV2b-BY or PCV2d-LNHC infection. Alive PCV2 was detected in the tonsils, inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, and kidneys of the experimental pigs by virus titration, and the highest viral titer was detected in the tonsils, followed by the inguinal lymph nodes. In a comparative analysis of the challenged and cohabiting pigs, a 1-week delay in viremia and specific antibodies was observed in the cohabiting pigs. Moreover, the number of viruses isolated from the tonsils and inguinal lymph nodes of the pigs cohabiting with PCV2d-LNHC-challenged pigs was significantly greater than those in the pigs that were directly challenged with PCV2d-LNHC in cohabitation infection experiment (P<0.05). Together, these results indicated that the infectivity and horizontal transmissibility of the strains PCV2b-BY and PCV2d-LNHC were much greater than those of the strain PCV2a-CL and provided some insights into PCV2 pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengxiang Cao
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jianhang Liu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Dundon WG, Molini U, Franzo G. Six underreported viral diseases of domesticated and wild swine in Africa: Implications and perspectives. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110120. [PMID: 38749211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pig production is increasing annually in Africa as it is recognized as a significant source of income, livelihood and food security, particularly in rural communities. Understanding the circulating swine pathogens is crucial for the success of this emerging industry. Although there is extensive data available on the African swine fever virus due to its devastating impact on pig production, knowledge about the presence of other viral swine pathogens on the continent is still extremely limited. This review discusses what is currently known about six swine pathogens in Africa: classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus-2, porcine circovirus-3, porcine parvovirus-1, and pseudorabies virus. Gaps in our knowledge are identified and topics of future focus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Center, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria.
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Italy
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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Hemberger MY, Chiwome B, Khaiseb S, Dundon WG, Franzo G. First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1323974. [PMID: 38288380 PMCID: PMC10822890 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1323974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The swine sector in Africa plays an important role in local economies, contributing to poverty alleviation and community subsistence. In addition, intensive farming is progressively becoming more important in the region. Therefore, any disease affecting swine populations can have detrimental effects on local communities. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the most important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide, but information on its epidemiology in Africa is extremely limited. Material and methods In the present study, 147 healthy butchered pigs, originating from 15 Namibian intensive and rural farms were tested by RT-PCR and the ORF7 genes of positive samples were sequenced for further genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, 55 warthogs were also evaluated using the same approach. Results Overall, 7 out of 147 pigs (4.76%) tested positive, all originating from 3 rural farms (with a within-herd detection frequency higher than 14%) characterized by strong epidemiological links. All industrial pig and warthog samples were negative. Sequence analysis revealed that all strains belonged to the Betaarterivirus suid1 species, previously known as PRRSV type I, and were likely imported from Europe at least 6 years ago, evolving independently thereafter. When and how the first introduction occurred could not be determined due to the absence of other African sequences for comparison. Discussion The present work provides the first detection and characterization of PRRSV molecular epidemiology in Namibia. Based on the present findings, the presence of the PPRSV appears marginal and limited to backyard farms. While biosecurity measures applied in industrial farms appear to be effective in preventing viral introduction, PRRSV circulation in rural settings still represents a potential threat, and considering the socio-economical implication of livestock diseases decreasing animal performances in rural areas, active monitoring should be encouraged to promptly act against emerging menaces and guarantee the welfare of local pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Lauren M. Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Y. Hemberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Christians V, Hemberger MY, Chiwome B, Amukwaya M, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Franzo G. High detection frequency and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Namibian backyard farms and warthogs. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107085. [PMID: 38016512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 2015, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been reported worldwide with a high frequency and in the presence of several clinical conditions, although its impact on pig health and productivity is still debated. Data on the presence of PCV-3 in Africa are, however, limited. A previous study performed on commercial pigs in Namibia failed to identify the pathogen. In the present study, the viral circulation in backyard farms, characterised by lower biosecurity measures and frequent animal exchange between farms, was assessed. The susceptibility of warthogs to PCV-3 infection and their potential epidemiological role were also evaluated. Tonsils from 77 pigs from backyard piggeries and 55 warthogs were collected in different regions of Namibia and tested by PCR. Positive samples were sequenced and compared to PCV-3 strains circulating globally. Forty-two out of 77 pigs (54.54 %) and 12 out of 55 warthogs (21.82 %) tested positive, demonstrating the presence of PCV-3 in the country and suggesting that the high biosecurity measures implemented in the commercial farms that previously tested negative for PCV-3 probably prevented viral introduction. The partial ORF2 gene was successfully sequenced in samples from 27 pigs and 6 warthogs. Genetically, the identified strains were part of 3 distinct groups which included both backyard pigs and warthogs from different regions of Namibia. There is also evidence for the occurrence of multiple introduction events most likely from Asian countries, either directly into Namibia or through other African countries. Considering the strict Namibian regulations on live animal importation, understanding the source of viral introduction is challenging, although semen importation or the habit of feeding backyard pigs with human food waste might have played a role. Pig exchanges between farms for breeding purposes or wildlife movements could also have been involved in PCV-3 dispersal within Namibia. Despite the significant advances in the field, further studies should be undertaken to properly understand PCV-3 epidemiology in Namibia and its impact on pig productivity and wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Lauren M Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Vernon Christians
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Maria Y Hemberger
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Maria Amukwaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department. of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy.
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Franzo G, Faustini G, Legnardi M, Berto G, Dal Maso M, Genna V, Menandro ML, Poletto F, Cecchinato M, Drigo M, Tucciarone CM. Wilder than intense: higher frequency, variability, and viral flows of porcine circovirus 3 in wild boars and rural farms compared to intensive ones in northern Italy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1234393. [PMID: 37583516 PMCID: PMC10425237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) was firstly reported in 2017. Although evidence of its pathogenic role has been provided, its clinical relevance seems lower than Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), as well as its evolutionary rate. Different studies have reported a high PCV-3 prevalence in wild boars, sometimes higher than the one observed in commercial pigs. Nevertheless, to date, few studies have objectively investigated the relationships between these populations when inhabiting the same area. Moreover, the role of small-scale, backyard pig production in PCV-3 epidemiology is still obscure. Methods The present study investigated PCV-3 occurrence in 216 samples collected from the same area of Northern Italy from commercial and rural pigs, and wild boars. PCV-3 presence was tested by qPCR and complete genome or ORF2 sequences were obtained when possible and analysed using a combination of statistical, phylogenetic and phylodynamic approaches. Results A higher infection risk in wild boars and rural pigs compared to the commercial ones was demonstrated. The phylodynamic analysis confirmed a larger viral population size in wild and rural populations and estimated a preferential viral flow from these populations to commercial pigs. A significant flow from wild to rural animals was also proven. The analysis of the Italian sequences and the comparison with a broader international reference dataset highlighted the circulation of a highly divergent clade in Italian rural pigs and wild boars only. Discussion Overall, the present study results demonstrate the role of non-commercial pig populations in PCV-3 maintenance, epidemiology and evolution, which could represent a threat to intensive farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- AULSS 8 Berica, Dip di Prevenzione, Servizi Veterinari, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Poletto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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de Villiers L, Molini U, Coetzee LM, Visser L, Spangenberg J, de Villiers M, Berjaoui S, Khaiseb S, Lorusso A, Franzo G. Molecular epidemiology of Canine circovirus in domestic dogs and wildlife in Namibia, Africa. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105458. [PMID: 37257803 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is a DNA virus affecting domestic dogs and other wild carnivore species. Despite the potential implications for dogs' health and wildlife conservation, data on CanineCV presence, epidemiology and genetic features from Africa is still poor. In the present study, biological specimens collected between 2020 and 2022 from a total of 32 jackals and 575 domestic dogs were tested for the presence of CanineCV DNA to evaluate its frequency. Furthermore, sequencing was conducted on positive samples to characterize the strains and compare them with publicly available sequences through phylogenetic analysis. A high CanineCV prevalence was observed both in jackals (43.75%; 95 CI: 28.17% - 60.67%) and domestic dogs (27.13%; 95 CI: 23.66% - 30.91%). All aside from one Namibian strain formed an independent clade, suggestive of extremely rare introduction events, followed by local persistence, circulation, and evolution. Remarkably, different recombination events were observed involving strains from both jackals and domestic dogs, which testify to the likely strain exchange between these populations. Distinctive amino acid residues were also observed in jackals. The limitations of the considered host populations however prevent a definitive conclusion on host adaptation, biological, and clinical features. Further studies should be performed to expand our current knowledge of the CanineCV disease scenario in Namibia, other African regions, and associated host species in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens de Villiers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Lauren M Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Leandra Visser
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Jani Spangenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Mari de Villiers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Dept. of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy.
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Roberts LC, Molini U, Coetzee LM, Khaiseb S, Roux JP, Kemper J, Roberts DG, Ludynia K, Doherr M, Abernethy D, Franzo G. Is Penguin Circovirus Circulating Only in the Antarctic Circle? Lack of Viral Detection in Namibia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091449. [PMID: 37174486 PMCID: PMC10177519 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The known host range of circoviruses is continuously expanding because of more intensive diagnostic activities and advanced sequencing tools. Recently, a new circovirus (penguin circovirus (PenCV)) was identified in the guano and cloacal samples collected from Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus) in Antarctica. Although the virus was detected in several asymptomatic subjects, a potential association with feather disease was speculated. To investigate the occurrence and implications of PenCV in other penguin species located outside of Antarctica, a broad survey was undertaken in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) on two islands off the southern Namibian coast. For this purpose, specific molecular biology assays were developed and validated. None of the 151 blood samples tested positive for PenCV. Several reasons could explain the lack of PenCV positive samples. African penguins and Pygoscelis species are separated by approximately 6000 km, so there is almost no opportunity for transmission. Similarly, host susceptibility to PenCV might be penguin genus-specific. Overall, the present study found no evidence of PenCV in African penguin colonies in Namibia. Further dedicated studies are required to assess the relevance of PenCV among different penguin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Roberts
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag, Windhoek 13301, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag, Windhoek 18137, Namibia
| | - Lauren M Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag, Windhoek 18137, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag, Windhoek 18137, Namibia
| | - Jean-Paul Roux
- African Penguin Conservation Project, Lüderitz 23016, Namibia
| | - Jessica Kemper
- African Penguin Conservation Project, Lüderitz 23016, Namibia
| | - David G Roberts
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Cape Town 7441, South Africa
| | - Katrin Ludynia
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Cape Town 7441, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Freie, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Darrell Abernethy
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Aberystwyth School of Veterinary Science, Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy
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Franzo G, Zerbo HL, Ouoba BL, Dji-Tombo AD, Kindo MG, Sawadogo R, Chang’a J, Bitanyi S, Kamigwe A, Mayenga C, Lo MM, Ndiaye M, Ba A, Diop GL, Anahory IV, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Kouakou VK, Couacy-Hymann E, Gacheru SG, Lichoti JK, Kasivalu JK, Njagi ON, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Molini U, Dundon WG. A Phylogeographic Analysis of Porcine Parvovirus 1 in Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:207. [PMID: 36680247 PMCID: PMC9864576 DOI: 10.3390/v15010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is recognized as a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs, leading to several clinical outcomes globally known as SMEDI. Despite being known since the late 1960s its circulation is still of relevance to swine producers. Additionally, the emergence of variants such as the virulent 27a strain, for which lower protection induced by vaccines has been demonstrated, is of increasing concern. Even though constant monitoring of PPV1 using molecular epidemiological approaches is of pivotal importance, viral sequence data are scarce especially in low-income countries. To fill this gap, a collection of 71 partial VP2 sequences originating from eight African countries (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tanzania) during the period 2011-2021 were analyzed within the context of global PPV1 variability. The observed pattern largely reflected what has been observed in high-income regions, i.e., 27a-like strains were more frequently detected than less virulent NADL-8-like strains. A phylogeographic analysis supported this observation, highlighting that the African scenario has been largely shaped by multiple PPV1 importation events from other continents, especially Europe and Asia. The existence of such an international movement coupled with the circulation of potential vaccine-escape variants requires the careful evaluation of the control strategies to prevent new strain introduction and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rasablaga Sawadogo
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage (LNE), Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso
| | - Jelly Chang’a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Stella Bitanyi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Aloyce Kamigwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Aminata Ba
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Gaye Laye Diop
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | - Lourenço P. Mapaco
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | - Sara J. Achá
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Stephen G. Gacheru
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Jacqueline K. Lichoti
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Justus K. Kasivalu
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Obadiah N. Njagi
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Windhoek Private Bag 18137, Namibia
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Evidence indicating transmission of porcine parvovirus 1 between warthogs and domestic pigs in Namibia. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:981-985. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of PCV2 Circulating in Wild Boars in Southwestern Ethiopia. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5185247. [PMID: 36211625 PMCID: PMC9534679 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5185247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the most relevant infectious agents affecting domestic pigs. Recently, a surprising PCV2 genetic heterogenicity has been reported in Africa. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the epidemiology of PCV2 in African countries, in both domestic and wild species, is limited and sparse. Having this in mind, in the present study, the PCV2 circulation and its molecular epidemiology in Southwestern Ethiopia have been investigated by collecting 64 samples from domestic pigs, wild boars, and warthogs. PCV2 genome presence was detected and quantified using qPCR and ORF2 sequencing was attempted on positive samples. Ten samples, 8 wild boars, 1 domestic pig, and 1 warthog, tested PCV2 positive. Complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from 5 wild boars; 4 of those were classified as PCV2d and 1 as PCV2b. Both PCV2b and PCV2d were related to strains of Asian origin, most commonly from China. The role of this country in the exportation of PCV2 strains in Ethiopia, and Africa in general, might be supported by the crescent economic relationship between the two continents. The obtained evidence also testifies to the inadequacy and/or poor application of biosecurity measures separating wild and domestic animals. Further, extensive and systematic studies should be performed to more deeply characterize the molecular epidemiology of PCV2 in this region, in order to improve our understanding of these ecological niches in the evolution and dispersal of PCV2.
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11
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Doan HTT, Do RT, Thao PTP, Le XTK, Nguyen KT, Hien NTT, Duc LM, Pham LTK, Le TH. Molecular genotypic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 reveals the predominance of PCV2d in Vietnam (2018-2020) and the association between PCV2h, the recombinant forms, and Vietnamese vaccines. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2011-2026. [PMID: 35794492 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus ORF2 (Cap protein) from 17 PCV2-positive clinical samples from nine different northern Vietnamese provinces (Mar 2018-Nov 2020), four local vaccines, and 77 reference strains. We identified one PCV2a (1/17 = 5.9%), five PCV2b (5/17 = 29.9%), and 11 PCV2d (11/17 = 64.7%) isolates, while only PCV2d was detected in 2020. Timeline analysis indicated an increasing predominance of PCV2d nationwide (2018-2020). With strong nodal support (98% for nucleotides and 74% for amino acids), the phylogenetic tree topology revealed a distinct PCV2h clade including recombinant/intermediate strains and local vaccines. The Cap protein sequences from 11 PCV2d field strains had the 2d-genotype-typical motif 86SNPLSV91 in loop CD, the motif TGID in loop GH-HI, and the motif 230PLNPK234 in loop CT. The PCV2h isolates (and vaccines) had the 86SNPLSV91, SAID, and 230L(N/H)PK234 motifs. Selection pressure analysis indicated positive selection at seven sites: A68N in immunoreactive region (IRR)-A; 119G and 130V in IRR-B; and 167L, T190(A/S), 194D and 202F in IRR-C. We identified PCV2h as the genotype of the recombinant strains, which resulted from intergenotype recombination of PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. The current data provide new information about the diversity, distribution, and dominance of the PCV2 genotype in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Phuong Thao
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hien
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luu Minh Duc
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Khanh Pham
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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12
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Molini U, Franzo G, Settypalli TBK, Hemberger MY, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Lamien CE. Viral Co-Infections of Warthogs in Namibia with African Swine Fever Virus and Porcine Parvovirus 1. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131697. [PMID: 35804594 PMCID: PMC9265065 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wild animals can transmit diseases to domestic animals. In Africa, warthogs are known to be carriers of pathogens that can infect pigs; consequently, it is important to identify these pathogens in order to protect pigs from infection. In this study, two important swine pathogens i.e., African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) were identified in warthogs in Namibia and characterized genetically. The results will be of interest to those working in swine disease management and control in Namibia. Abstract Understanding virus circulation in wild animals, particularly those that have contact with domestic animals, is crucial for disease management and control. In Africa, warthogs are known to be asymptomatic carriers of porcine pathogens; a recent study in Namibia has shown them to be positive for Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). In this study, the same samples used for the PCV-2 investigation in Namibia were further screened for the presence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) by PCR. Of the 42 animals tested, 2 (4.8%) and 13 (31%) were positive for AFSV and PPV1, respectively. The two AFSV were also co-infected with PPV1. Combing the results of this study with the results of the previous PCV-2 investigation, four warthogs were shown to be co-infected with both PPV1 and PCV-2. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AFSV belonged to genotype (Ib) but were from different serogroups. Unexpectedly, the ASFVs from the warthogs were genetically distinct to those observed in an outbreak in the same region of Namibia that occurred less than fifteen months prior to the sampling of the warthogs. In fact, a stronger genetic relationship was observed between the warthog viruses and historical Namibian and South African ASFVs identified in 1980, 2004 and 2008. For the PPV1s, the closest relative to the Namibian PPV1 were viruses identified in wild boar in Romania in 2011. This study confirms that warthogs are carriers of porcine pathogens and the data should encourage further studies on larger populations of wild and domestic swine to more fully understand the epidemiology and transmission of viral pathogens from these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia; (U.M.); (M.Y.H.)
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia;
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Maria Y. Hemberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia; (U.M.); (M.Y.H.)
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia;
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
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13
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Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Black-Backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) in Namibia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050620. [PMID: 35268189 PMCID: PMC8909721 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Circovirus have been identified in several host species. While initially considered host-specific, there is growing evidence of their presence in unexpected hosts. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is no exception, having been reported in animals belonging to different orders, including carnivores. Recently, PCV-2 was detected in domestic pigs, warthogs and antelopes in Namibia. Considering the potential contact between these populations and wild carnivores, the presence of PCV-2 was investigated in 32 black-backed jackals (Lupulella mesomelas) shot between February and July 2021 as part of predator control operations in Namibia. Two lung lymph nodes tested positive for PCV-2 by PCR, confirming the broader-than-expected PCV-2 host tropism and the susceptibility of canids. Sequence analysis demonstrated a close association between the PCV-2s identified in the jackals and PCV-2b strains collected from South African domestic pigs. Although several hypotheses regarding the source of the jackal’s infection are proposed, further studies should be performed to properly assess how PCV-2 is acquired and maintained in the wild and its potential impact on wild and domestic species.
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14
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Molecular Epidemic Characteristics and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in Swine Herds of Shanghai, China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020289. [PMID: 35215883 PMCID: PMC8879946 DOI: 10.3390/v14020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a crucial swine pathogen and considered a primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), posing a serious economic threat to the swine industry across globe. The world’s biggest agricultural conglomerates have teamed up to create giant commercial pig farms across Shanghai due to the proximity of this region to more affluent lean-pork markets. Since its discovery, PCV2 has displayed extraordinary genetic diversity, and its genome is swiftly evolving through a series of mutations and recombinations. However, limited information on epidemiology, molecular characteristics, vaccine cross-protection, and the co-infection rate of PCV2 with other lethal swine diseases can adversely impact the pig production in the region. To investigate the molecular epidemic characteristics and genetic evolution of PCV2, pigs with doubtful symptoms of PCVADs were sampled from various commercial pig farms with a history of PWMS and/or PDNS across Shanghai from 2014 to 2018. Our results revealed the coexistence of multiple PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b, PCV2e, and PCV2d) among Shanghai pig herds and dominance of PCV2d among them. We also found critical amino acid substitutions in epitope regions of important capsid proteins in PCV2 isolates involved in viral replication and host immune escape. Spotted mutations may favor the prevalence and survival of various PCV2 genotypes despite availability of commercial vaccines. This study also provides insight into the co-infection status of PCV2 with major lethal swine viral diseases such as PPV and PPRSV. Collectively, these investigations will contribute to understanding the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PCV2 across the region.
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15
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Franzo G, Settypalli TBK, Agusi ER, Meseko C, Minoungou G, Ouoba BL, Habibata ZL, Wade A, de Barros JL, Tshilenge CG, Gelaye E, Yami M, Gizaw D, Chibssa TR, Anahory IV, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Ijomanta J, Jambol AR, Adedeji AJ, Luka PD, Shamaki D, Diop M, Bakhoum MT, Lo MM, Chang'a JS, Magidanga B, Mayenga C, Ziba MW, Dautu G, Masembe C, Achenbach J, Molini U, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Porcine circovirus-2 in Africa: Identification of continent-specific clusters and evidence of independent viral introductions from Europe, North America and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1142-e1152. [PMID: 34812571 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is associated with several disease syndromes in domestic pigs that have a significant impact on global pig production and health. Currently, little is known about the status of PCV-2 in Africa. In this study, a total of 408 archived DNA samples collected from pigs in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania and Zambia between 2000 and 2018 were screened by PCR for the presence of PCV-2. Positive amplicons of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (ORF2) were sequenced to determine the genotypes circulating in each country. Four of the nine currently known genotypes of PCV-2 were identified (i.e. PCV-2a, PCV-2b, PCV-2d and PCV-2 g) with more than one genotype being identified in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Senegal and Zambia. Additionally, a phylogeographic analysis which included 38 additional ORF2 gene sequences of PCV-2s previously identified in Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa from 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020 and available in public databases, demonstrated the existence of several African-specific clusters and estimated the approximate time of introduction of PCV-2s into Africa from other continents. This is the first in-depth study of PCV-2 in Africa and it has important implications for pig production at both the small-holder and commercial farm level on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Clement Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | - José Luís de Barros
- Direction Génerale de l`Agriculture, Sylviculture et Élèvage, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Cape Verde
| | | | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lourenço P Mapaco
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sara J Achá
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - David Shamaki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Mariame Diop
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jelly S Chang'a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bishop Magidanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Maureen Wakwamba Ziba
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Hemberger MY, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Franzo G. The Oryx Antelope ( Oryx gazella): An Unexpected Host for Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111402. [PMID: 34832558 PMCID: PMC8621338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For several years after its discovery, Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) represented a major threat to the swine industry through economic losses due to the associated clinical syndromes, decreased production performances in both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals and disease management costs. Widespread vaccination administration has largely reduced the impact of this infection and represents the most effective control measure. The efficacy of vaccination is threatened by the emergence of novel (or uncommon) PCV-2 genotypes. In addition to domestic pigs, PCV-2 has been detected in several other species, a fact which could have an impact on new variant emergence and maintenance. Considering this, the present study assessed the distribution of the minor PCV-2c genotype in non-Suidae ungulates in Namibia. Red hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) (n = 44), kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (n = 10) and oryxes (Oryx gazella) (n = 54), whose mediastinal lymph nodes were sampled after slaughtering during the period 2019–2021, were included in the study. Two oryxes (3.7%; 95% CI = 0.45–12.75%) were PCV-2-positive by PCR. Complete genome sequence was obtained for the two samples identifying them as PCV-2c genotype. The sequences were identical and shared a high percentage of identity (~99.9%) with those recently obtained from warthogs living in the same area. The present study confirms the presence of the PCV-2c genotype (previously considered extinct) in Namibian wild animal populations and demonstrates greater than expected PCV-2 host plasticity. Because of the role these niches can have in the maintenance and evolution of minor PCV-2 genotypes, more extensive and dedicated studies should be performed to prepare authorities to promptly react to potential emerging threats from these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia; (U.M.); (M.Y.H.)
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Windhoek 18137, Namibia; (L.M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Lauren Michelle Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Windhoek 18137, Namibia; (L.M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria Yvonne Hemberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia; (U.M.); (M.Y.H.)
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Windhoek 18137, Namibia; (L.M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (G.C.); (W.G.D.)
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (G.C.); (W.G.D.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Franzo G, Menandro ML, Tucciarone CM, Barbierato G, Crovato L, Mondin A, Libanora M, Obber F, Orusa R, Robetto S, Citterio C, Grassi L. Canine Circovirus in Foxes from Northern Italy: Where Did It All Begin? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081002. [PMID: 34451466 PMCID: PMC8400258 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is a recently identified virus affecting both domestic and wild carnivores, including foxes, sometimes in presence of severe clinical signs. Its circulation in wild animals can thus represent a potential threat for endangered species conservation and an infection source for dogs. Nevertheless, no data were available on its circulation in the Alps region of Northern Italy. In the present study, samples collected from 186 foxes in the period 2009–2020 from Valle d’Aosta and Veneto regions were tested using a real-time PCR assay, demonstrating a viral circulation of approximatively 2–5%, depending on the considered regions. Two complete or almost complete genome sequences were obtained, highlighting that the detected strains were part of a so defined “fox only” clade, which suggests that, despite common contact opportunities, Alps foxes are not involved in frequent transmission events to domestic dogs. Such genetic isolation could be at least partially attributed to some sort of independent evolution occurred in the foxes, leading to species barrier. Additionally, CanineCV strains in foxes from Italy were unexpectedly related to those previously identified in foxes from the United Kingdom and Scandinavian area. Combining the history of fox distribution in Europe since the last glacial maximum (LGM) with the viral history allowed us to speculate a long-standing coexistence between European canine circovirus and this host, justifying the peculiar geographic distribution and evolutionary paths of the fox infecting clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-2968
| | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Giacomo Barbierato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Crovato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alessandra Mondin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Martina Libanora
- O.U. of Ecopathology, SCT2 Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 32100 Belluno, Italy; (M.L.); (F.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Federica Obber
- O.U. of Ecopathology, SCT2 Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 32100 Belluno, Italy; (M.L.); (F.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- S.C. Valle d.’Aosta—National Reference Centre Wildlife Diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZS PLV)—Ce.R.M.A.S., 11020 Quart, AO, Italy; (R.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Serena Robetto
- S.C. Valle d.’Aosta—National Reference Centre Wildlife Diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZS PLV)—Ce.R.M.A.S., 11020 Quart, AO, Italy; (R.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Carlo Citterio
- O.U. of Ecopathology, SCT2 Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 32100 Belluno, Italy; (M.L.); (F.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Laura Grassi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (G.B.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (L.G.)
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Pathogenic Characterization of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Heilongjiang, China. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:9434944. [PMID: 34257749 PMCID: PMC8253634 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9434944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) infection is still controversial. Herein, a novel PCV3 isolate (PCV3-China/DB-1/2017) with the molecular characterization of 24A and 27K in the Cap protein was used to inoculate three-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets. The nine PCV3 DB-1 inoculated piglets exhibited no obvious clinical symptoms or macroscopic lesions. PCV3 displayed a broad histotropism, including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, lymph nodes, and tonsil, and the lungs and lymph nodes contained a higher quantity of viral genomes compared to that of the other organs. From 7 days after PCV3 DB-1 inoculation, the piglets showed obvious IgG antibody responses against PCV3 rCap-VLPs. The cumulative results demonstrated that PCV3 trend to low pathogenicity.
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Molecular Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection in Pigs in Namibia. PATHOGENS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:pathogens10050585. [PMID: 34064577 PMCID: PMC8150967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV-3) infection is widely distributed in domestic pig populations in America, Europe, and Asia. However, no data is currently available about its presence and distribution in Africa. This study investigated the presence of PCV-3 in pigs (n = 122) in Namibia, by means of biomolecular methods. The pig samples collected (n = 122) were representative of the swine industry in Namibia, covering the major pig production facilities in the country. All of the samples tested were negative for PCV-3, and this indicated that the virus was either not present in the country or was circulating at low levels. Further studies are needed to better understand the distribution, if any, of PCV-3 in Namibia.
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