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Ramphal Y, Tegally H, San JE, Reichmuth ML, Hofstra M, Wilkinson E, Baxter C, de Oliveira T, Moir M. Understanding the Transmission Dynamics of the Chikungunya Virus in Africa. Pathogens 2024; 13:605. [PMID: 39057831 PMCID: PMC11279734 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) poses a significant global public health concern, especially in Africa. Since its first isolation in Tanzania in 1953, CHIKV has caused recurrent outbreaks, challenging healthcare systems in low-resource settings. Recent outbreaks in Africa highlight the dynamic nature of CHIKV transmission and the challenges of underreporting and underdiagnosis. Here, we review the literature and analyse publicly available cases, outbreaks, and genomic data, providing insights into the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and transmission dynamics of CHIKV in Africa. Our analyses reveal the circulation of geographically distinct CHIKV genotypes, with certain regions experiencing a disproportionate burden of disease. Phylogenetic analysis of sporadic outbreaks in West Africa suggests repeated emergence of the virus through enzootic spillover, which is markedly different from inferred transmission dynamics in East Africa, where the virus is often introduced from Asian outbreaks, including the recent reintroduction of the Indian Ocean lineage from the Indian subcontinent to East Africa. Furthermore, there is limited evidence of viral movement between these two regions. Understanding the history and transmission dynamics of outbreaks is crucial for effective public health planning. Despite advances in surveillance and research, diagnostic and surveillance challenges persist. This review and secondary analysis highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance, research, and collaboration to mitigate the burden of CHIKV in Africa and improve public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajna Ramphal
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Marije Hofstra
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monika Moir
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
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Dieng I, Ndiaye M, Kane M, Balde D, Mbanne M, Diop SMBS, Sankhe S, Dia M, Dieng M, Doukanda SFM, Faye O, Sall AA, Dia N, Fall G, Faye O, Diagne MM. An amplicon-based Illumina and nanopore sequencing workflow for Chikungunya virus West Africa genotype. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.07.23299611. [PMID: 38106224 PMCID: PMC10723560 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.23299611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus, a global arbovirus, is currently causing a major outbreak in the Western African region, with the highest cases reported in Senegal and Burkina Faso. Recent molecular evolution analyses reveal that the strain responsible for the epidemic belongs to the West African genotype, with new mutations potentially impacting viral replication, antigenicity, and host adaptation. Real-time genomic monitoring is needed to track the virus's spread in new regions. A scalable West African genotype amplicon-based Whole Genome Sequencing for multiple Next Generation Sequencing platforms has been developed to support genomic investigations and identify epidemiological links during the virus's ongoing spread. This technology will help identify potential threats and support real-time genomic investigations in the ongoing spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Dieng
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Mignane Ndiaye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Mouhamed Kane
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Diamilatou Balde
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Maimouna Mbanne
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | | | - Safietou Sankhe
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Moussa Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Madeleine Dieng
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal
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