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Naeem I, Ismail A, Riaz M, Aziz M, Akram K, Shahzad MA, Ameen M, Ali S, Oliveira CAF. Aflatoxins in the rice production chain: A review on prevalence, detection, and decontamination strategies. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114441. [PMID: 38823858 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereals that along with several important nutritional constituents typically provide more than 21% of the caloric requirements of human beings. Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites of several Aspergillus species that are prevalent in cereals, including rice. This review provides a comprehensive overview on production factors, prevalence, regulations, detection methods, and decontamination strategies for AFs in the rice production chain. The prevalence of AFs in rice is more prominent in African and Asian than in European countries. Developed nations have more stringent regulations for AFs in rice than in the developing world. The contamination level of AFs in the rice varied at different stages of rice production chain and is affected by production practices, environmental conditions comprising temperature, humidity, moisture, and water activity as well as milling operations such as de-husking, parboiling, and polishing. A range of methods including chromatographic techniques, immunochemical methods, and spectrophotometric methods have been developed, and used for monitoring AFs in rice. Chromatographic methods are the most used methods of AFs detection followed by immunochemical techniques. AFs decontamination strategies adopted worldwide involve various physical, chemical, and biological strategies, and even using plant materials. In conclusion, adopting good agricultural practices, implementing efficient AFs detection methods, and developing innovative aflatoxin decontamination strategies are imperative to ensure the safety and quality of rice for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Naeem
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ismail
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Akram
- Department of Food Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Shahzad
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mavra Ameen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sher Ali
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rahman HU, Yue X, Yu Q, Xie H, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Li P. Specific antigen-based and emerging detection technologies of mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4869-4877. [PMID: 30868594 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites produced by certain types of filamentous fungi or molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities, and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, approximately 25% of the world's food crops are annually contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed pose a high risk to both human and animal health. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food and feed composition. The potential of antigen-based approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow injection immunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, lateral flow immunoassay, and flow-through immunoassay, would contribute to our understanding about mycotoxins' rapid identification, their isolation, and the basic principles of the detection technologies. Additionally, we address other emerging technologies of potential application in the detection of mycotoxins. The data included in this review focus on basic principles and results of the detection technologies and would be useful as benchmark information for future research. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ur Rahman
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huali Xie
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan, PR China
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3
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Determination of Aflatoxins in Yogurt by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and HPLC with Photo-Induced Fluorescence Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Turner NW, Bramhmbhatt H, Szabo-Vezse M, Poma A, Coker R, Piletsky SA. Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: An update (2009-2014). Anal Chim Acta 2015; 901:12-33. [PMID: 26614054 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a problematic and toxic group of small organic molecules that are produced as secondary metabolites by several fungal species that colonise crops. They lead to contamination at both the field and postharvest stages of food production with a considerable range of foodstuffs affected, from coffee and cereals, to dried fruit and spices. With wide ranging structural diversity of mycotoxins, severe toxic effects caused by these molecules and their high chemical stability the requirement for robust and effective detection methods is clear. This paper builds on our previous review and summarises the most recent advances in this field, in the years 2009-2014 inclusive. This review summarises traditional methods such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as newer approaches such as biosensors, and optical techniques which are becoming more prevalent. A section on sampling and sample treatment has been prepared to highlight the importance of this step in the analytical methods. We close with a look at emerging technologies that will bring effective and rapid analysis out of the laboratory and into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Turner
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Heli Bramhmbhatt
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Monika Szabo-Vezse
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Toximet Ltd., ToxiMet Limited, 130 Abbott Drive, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8AZ, UK
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Raymond Coker
- Toximet Ltd., ToxiMet Limited, 130 Abbott Drive, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8AZ, UK
| | - Sergey A Piletsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Detection of parathion and patulin by quartz-crystal microbalance functionalized by the photonics immobilization technique. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:224-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Disposable and reliable electrochemical magnetoimmunosensor for Fumonisins simplified determination in maize-based foodstuffs. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:633-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huebner M, Ben Haddada M, Méthivier C, Niessner R, Knopp D, Boujday S. Layer-by-layer generation of PEG-based regenerable immunosensing surfaces for small-sized analytes. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:334-41. [PMID: 25201037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules (haptens) like pharmaceuticals or peptides can serve as targets for antibody binding in competitive immunoassay-based flow-through assays. In this work, a strategy for preparing polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings for subsequent hapten immobilization on glass-type silica surfaces is presented and characterized in detail. Two substrates bearing terminal silanol groups were utilized, a glass slide and a silicon wafer. First, surfaces were thoroughly cleaned and pretreated to generate additional silanol groups. Then, a silane layer with terminal epoxy groups was created using 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPTS). Epoxy groups were used to bind a layer of diamino-poly(ethylene glycol) (DAPEG) with terminal amino groups. Finally, the low molecular weight compound diclofenac was bound to the surface to be used as model ligand for competitive biosensing of haptens. The elementary steps were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle measurement, grazing-angle attenuated total reflection (GA-ATR) FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The data collected using these techniques have confirmed the successive grafting of the molecular species, evidencing, that homogeneous monolayers were created on the silica surfaces and validated the proposed mechanism of functionalization. The resulting surfaces were used to investigate polyclonal anti-diclofenac antibodies recognition and reversibility using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements or an automated flow-through immunoassay with chemiluminescence (CL) read-out. For both techniques, recognition and reversibility of the antibody binding were observed. The stability of sensors over time was also assessed and no decrease in CL response was observed upon 14 days in aqueous solution. The herein presented strategy for surface functionalization can be used in the future as reproducible and reusable universal platform for hapten biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Huebner
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, Munich, Germany
| | - Maroua Ben Haddada
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR CNRS 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Méthivier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR CNRS 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, Munich, Germany.
| | - Souhir Boujday
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR CNRS 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France.
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Yeni F, Acar S, Polat Ö, Soyer Y, Alpas H. Rapid and standardized methods for detection of foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins on fresh produce. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Shale K, Mukamugema J, Lues R, Venter P. Toxicity profile of commercially produced indigenous banana beer. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1300-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.688879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, D'Arco G, Giraudi G. Lateral-flow immunoassays for mycotoxins and phycotoxins: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:467-80. [PMID: 22543716 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural toxin (for example mycotoxin and phycotoxin) contamination of food is of safety and economic concern, so much effort is devoted to the development of screening methods which enable the toxins to be continuously and widely monitored in food and feed. More generally speaking, rapid and non-instrumental assays for detection of a variety of food contaminants are generating ever-increasing scientific and technological interest because they enable high-throughput, economical, on-site monitoring of such contaminants. Among rapid methods for first-level screening of food contaminants, lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA), also named immunochromatographic assay or immune-gold colloid immunoassay, has recently attracted scientific and industrial interest because of its attractive property of enabling very rapid, one-step, in-situ analysis. This review focuses on new aspects of the development and optimization of lateral-flow devices for mycotoxin and phycotoxin detection, including strategies for management of matrix interference and, particularly, for investigation of the improvements achieved by signal-enhancing strategies or by application of non-gold nanoparticle signal reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anfossi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Meulenberg EP. Immunochemical methods for ochratoxin A detection: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:244-66. [PMID: 22606375 PMCID: PMC3347002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of food and feed depends to a great deal on quality control. Numerous compounds and organisms may contaminate food and feed commodities and thus pose a health risk for consumers. The compound of interest in this review is ochratoxin A (OTA), a secondary metabolite of the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its adverse health effects, detection and quantification are of utmost importance. Quality control of food and feed requires extraction and analysis, including TLC, HPLC, MS, and immunochemical methods. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages. However, with regard to costs and rapidity, immunochemical methods have gained much interest in the last decade. In this review an introduction to immunochemistry and assay design will be given to elucidate the principles. Further, the application of the various formats to the detection and quantification of ochratoxin will be described, including the use of commercially available kits.
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HE J, FAN MT, LIANG Y, LIU XJ. Application of Anti-idiotype Antibody in Small Molecules Immunoassay. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van Dorst B, Mehta J, Bekaert K, Rouah-Martin E, De Coen W, Dubruel P, Blust R, Robbens J. Recent advances in recognition elements of food and environmental biosensors: a review. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1178-94. [PMID: 20729060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive monitoring of contaminants in food and environment, such as chemical compounds, toxins and pathogens, is essential to assess and avoid risks for both, human and environmental health. To accomplish this, there is a high need for sensitive, robust and cost-effective biosensors that make real time and in situ monitoring possible. Due to their high sensitivity, selectivity and versatility, affinity-based biosensors are interesting for monitoring contaminants in food and environment. Antibodies have long been the most popular affinity-based recognition elements, however recently a lot of research effort has been dedicated to the development of novel recognition elements with improved characteristics, like specificity, stability and cost-efficiency. This review discusses three of these innovative affinity-based recognition elements, namely, phages, nucleic acids and molecular imprinted polymers and gives an overview of biosensors for food and environmental applications where these novel affinity-based recognition elements are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Van Dorst
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Skottrup PD. Small biomolecular scaffolds for improved biosensor performance. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:1-7. [PMID: 20599637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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