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Wen L, Chan BCL, Qiu MH, Leung PC, Wong CK. Artemisinin and Its Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:3886. [PMID: 39202965 PMCID: PMC11356986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin is a natural sesquiterpene lactone obtained from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua L. (qinghao). Artemisinin and its derivatives share an unusual endoperoxide bridge and are extensively used for malaria treatment worldwide. In addition to antimalarial activities, artemisinin and its derivatives have been reported to exhibit promising anticancer effects in recent decades. In this review, we focused on the research progress of artemisinin and its derivatives with potential anticancer activities. The pharmacological effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical trials in cancer therapy of artemisinin and its derivatives were discussed. This review may facilitate the future exploration of artemisinin and its derivatives as effective anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Wen
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.W.); (P.-C.L.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Ben Chung-Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.W.); (P.-C.L.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.W.); (P.-C.L.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.W.); (P.-C.L.); (C.-K.W.)
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Vamvoukaki G, Antoniou AI, Baltas M, Mouray E, Charneau S, Grellier P, Athanassopoulos CM. Synthesis of Novel Artemisinin, Ciprofloxacin, and Norfloxacin Hybrids with Potent Antiplasmodial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:142. [PMID: 38391528 PMCID: PMC10886162 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation of new hybrids combining the pharmacophore structures of artemisinin, ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin, and 7-chloroquinoline are reported in this study. The first step for all of the syntheses is the obtainment of key piperazine esters intermediates bearing the drugs ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Using these platforms, 18 final compounds were synthesized through a multistep procedure with overall yields ranging between 8 and 20%. All compounds were screened for their antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum FcB1 strain. Compounds 20, 21, 22, and 28, bearing an artesunate fragment with ciprofloxacin, exhibited IC50 values in the range of 3.5-5.4 nM and excellent selectivity indices. Among the compounds bearing the artesunate moiety on the norfloxacin, two of them, 23 and 24, afforded IC50 values of 1.5 nM and 1.9 nM, respectively. They also showed excellent selectivity indices. The most potent compounds were also evaluated against the CQ-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum, demonstrating that those compounds incorporating the artesunate fragment were the most potent. Finally, the combination of artesunate with either ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin moieties in a single molecular entity proved to substantially enhance the activity and selectivity when compared to the administration of the unconjugated counterparts artesunate/ciprofloxacin and artesunate/norfloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Vamvoukaki
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Antonia I Antoniou
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Michel Baltas
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie, de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Mouray
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 63 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Charneau
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 63 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Philippe Grellier
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 63 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
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Marchesi E, Gentili V, Bortolotti D, Preti L, Marchetti P, Cristofori V, Fantinati A, Rizzo R, Trapella C, Perrone D, Navacchia ML. Dihydroartemisinin-Ursodeoxycholic Bile Acid Hybrids in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:45078-45087. [PMID: 38046338 PMCID: PMC10688034 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose the molecular hybridization of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and ursodeoxycholic bile acid (UDCA), approved drugs, for the preparation of antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. DHA and UDCA were selected on the basis of their recently demonstrated in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. A selection of DHA-UDCA-based hybrids obtained by varying the nature of the linkage and the bile acid conjugation point as well as unconjugated DHA and UDCA were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity on Vero E6 and Calu-3 human lung cells. The hybrid DHA-t-UDCMe, obtained by conjugation via click chemistry on a gram scale, was identified as a potential candidate for SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment due to significant reduction of viral replication, possibly involving ACE2 downregulation, no cytotoxicity, and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marchesi
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Preti
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Virginia Cristofori
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Navacchia
- Institute
for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research
Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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Munnik BL, Kaschula CH, Harding CR, Chellan P. Investigation of new ferrocenyl-artesunate derivatives as antiparasitics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15786-15797. [PMID: 37681434 PMCID: PMC10628858 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Artesunate (Ars) is a semisynthetic antimalarial drug and is a part of the artemisinin-based combination therapy arsenal employed for malaria treatment. The drug functions mainly by activation of its endoperoxide bridge leading to increased oxidative stress in malaria parasites. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the antiparasitic effects of combining ferrocene and Arsvia short or long chain ester or amide linkages (C1-C4). The compounds were evaluated for growth inhibition activity on the apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). All the complexes demonstrated good activity against T. gondii with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.28-1.2 μM) and good to excellent antimalarial activity against a chloroquine sensitive strain of P. falciparum (NF54). Further investigations on T. gondii revealed that the likely mode of action (MoA) is through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, immunofluorescence microscopy suggested a novel change in the morphology of the parasite by complex C3, an artesunate-ferrocenyl ethyl amide complex. The complexes were not cytotoxic or showed low cytotoxicity to two normal cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Munnik
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Catherine H Kaschula
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Clare R Harding
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
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Marchesi E, Perrone D, Navacchia ML. Molecular Hybridization as a Strategy for Developing Artemisinin-Derived Anticancer Candidates. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2185. [PMID: 37765156 PMCID: PMC10536797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin is a natural compound extracted from Artemisia species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Currently, artemisinin and its derivatives are considered among the most significant small-molecule antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin and its derivatives have also been shown to possess selective anticancer properties, however, there are several limitations and gaps in knowledge that retard their repurposing as effective anticancer agents. Hybridization resulting from a covalent combination of artemisinin with one or more active pharmacophores has emerged as a promising approach to overcome several issues. The variety of hybridization partners allows improvement in artemisinin activity by tuning the ability of conjugated artemisinin to interact with various molecule targets involved in multiple biological pathways. This review highlights the current scenario of artemisinin-derived hybrids with potential anticancer activity. The synthetic approaches to achieve the corresponding hybrids and the structure-activity relationships are discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marchesi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Navacchia
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
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von Bredow L, Schäfer TM, Hogenkamp J, Tretbar M, Stopper D, Kraft FB, Schliehe-Diecks J, Schöler A, Borkhardt A, Bhatia S, Held J, Hansen FK. Synthesis, Antiplasmodial, and Antileukemia Activity of Dihydroartemisinin–HDAC Inhibitor Hybrids as Multitarget Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030333. [PMID: 35337131 PMCID: PMC8952208 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the gold standard for the treatment of malaria, but the efficacy is threatened by the development of parasite resistance. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are an emerging new class of potential antiplasmodial drugs. In this work, we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a mini library of dihydroartemisinin–HDACi hybrid molecules. The screening of the hybrid molecules for their activity against selected human HDAC isoforms, asexual blood stage P. falciparum parasites, and a panel of leukemia cell lines delivered important structure–activity relationships. All synthesized compounds demonstrated potent activity against the 3D7 and Dd2 line of P. falciparum with IC50 values in the single-digit nanomolar range. Furthermore, the hybrid (α)-7c displayed improved activity against artemisinin-resistant parasites compared to dihydroartemisinin. The screening of the compounds against five cell lines from different leukemia entities revealed that all hydroxamate-based hybrids (7a–e) and the ortho-aminoanilide 8 exceeded the antiproliferative activity of dihydroartemisinin in four out of five cell lines. Taken together, this series of hybrid molecules represents an excellent starting point toward the development of antimalarial and antileukemia drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas von Bredow
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.v.B.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas Martin Schäfer
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (T.M.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Julian Hogenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Maik Tretbar
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.v.B.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Stopper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (D.S.); (F.B.K.)
| | - Fabian B. Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (D.S.); (F.B.K.)
| | - Julian Schliehe-Diecks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.v.B.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Jana Held
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (T.M.S.); (J.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (D.S.); (F.B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Degotte G, Pirotte B, Frédérich M, Francotte P. Polyhydroxybenzoic acid derivatives as potential new antimalarial agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100190. [PMID: 34346088 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With more than 200 million cases and 400,000 related deaths, malaria remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases of 2021. Unfortunately, despite the availability of efficient treatments, we have observed an increase in people infected with malaria since 2015 (from 211 million in 2015 to 229 million in 2019). This trend could partially be due to the development of resistance to all the current drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new alternatives. We have, thus, selected common natural scaffolds, polyhydroxybenzoic acids, and synthesized a library of derivatives to better understand the structure-activity relationships explaining their antiplasmodial effect. Only gallic acid derivatives showed a noticeable potential for further developments. Indeed, they showed a selective inhibitory effect on Plasmodium (IC50 ~20 µM, SI > 5) often associated with interesting water solubility. Moreover, this has confirmed the critical importance of free phenolic functions (pyrogallol moiety) for the antimalarial effect. Methyl 4-benzoxy-3,5-dihydroxybenzoate (39) has, for the first time, been recognized as a potential lead for future research because of its marked inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum and its significant hydrosolubility (3.72 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Degotte
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Khanal P. Antimalarial and anticancer properties of artesunate and other artemisinins: current development. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021; 152:387-400. [PMID: 33814617 PMCID: PMC8008344 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a recent perspective of artesunate and other artemisinins as antimalarial drugs and their uses in cancer therapy. Artesunate is an artemisinin derivative. Artemisinin is extracted from the plant Artemisia annua. Artemisinin and its derivatives have been the most useful drug for malarial treatment in human history. The artesunate has an advantage of a hydrophilic group over other artemisinins which makes it a more potent drug. On the industrial scale, artemisinins are synthesized in semisynthetic ways. The 1,2,4-endoperoxide bridge of artemisinins is responsible for the drug's antimalarial activity. There is the emergence of artemisinin resistance on Plasmodium falciparum and pieces of evidence suggest that it is mainly due to the mutation at Kelch13 protein of P. falciparum. Clinical trial data show that the artesunate is more favorable than quinine and other artemisinins to treat patients with severe malaria. Pieces of evidence indicate that artemisinins can be developed as anticancer drugs. The mechanism of actions on how artemisinins act as an anticancer drug involves oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, and various types of cell deaths. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitambar Khanal
- Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Gaidakot-2, Nawalparasi Purva, Gandaki, Nepal
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Bogaerts J, Desmet F, Aerts R, Bultinck P, Herrebout W, Johannessen C. A combined Raman optical activity and vibrational circular dichroism study on artemisinin-type products. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18014-18024. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03257c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin and two of its derivatives, dihydroartemisinin and artesunate, front line drugs against malaria, were studied using Raman optical activity (ROA), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Desmet
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Roy Aerts
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | | | - Wouter Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
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