1
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Torregrosa-Chinillach A, Chinchilla R. Visible Light-Induced Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenation of C-N/C-O to C=N/C=O Bonds Using Metal-Free Photocatalysts: Recent Developments. Molecules 2022; 27:497. [PMID: 35056812 PMCID: PMC8780101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing synthetic transformation using visible light as energy source, in the presence of a photocatalyst as a promoter, is currently of high interest, and oxidation reactions carried out under these conditions using oxygen as the final oxidant are particularly convenient from an environmental point of view. This review summarizes the recent developments achieved in the oxidative dehydrogenation of C-N and C-O bonds, leading to C=N and C=O bonds, respectively, using air or pure oxygen as oxidant and metal-free homogeneous or recyclable heterogeneous photocatalysts under visible light irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mora-Rodríguez SE, Camacho-Ramírez A, Cervantes-González J, Vázquez MA, Cervantes-Jauregui JA, Feliciano A, Guerra-Contreras A, Lagunas-Rivera S. Organic dyes supported on silicon-based materials: synthesis and applications as photocatalysts. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01751a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most important advance in photocatalysis in the last decade has been the synthesis and application of organic compounds to promote this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma E. Mora-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Abygail Camacho-Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Javier Cervantes-González
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Vázquez
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Cervantes-Jauregui
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Alberto Feliciano
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Antonio Guerra-Contreras
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato Institution, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Selene Lagunas-Rivera
- Cátedra-CONACyT, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, DCNyE, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto., 36050, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trenker S, Grunenberg L, Banerjee T, Savasci G, Poller LM, Muggli KIM, Haase F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. A flavin-inspired covalent organic framework for photocatalytic alcohol oxidation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15143-15150. [PMID: 34909156 PMCID: PMC8612393 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a number of key properties that predestine them to be used as heterogeneous photocatalysts, including intrinsic porosity, long-range order, and light absorption. Since COFs can be constructed from a practically unlimited library of organic building blocks, these properties can be precisely tuned by choosing suitable linkers. Herein, we report the construction and use of a novel COF (FEAx-COF) photocatalyst, inspired by natural flavin cofactors. We show that the functionality of the alloxazine chromophore incorporated into the COF backbone is retained and study the effects of this heterogenization approach by comparison with similar molecular photocatalysts. We find that the integration of alloxazine chromophores into the framework significantly extends the absorption spectrum into the visible range, allowing for photocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes even with low-energy visible light. In addition, the activity of the heterogeneous COF photocatalyst is less dependent on the chosen solvent, making it more versatile compared to molecular alloxazines. Finally, the use of oxygen as the terminal oxidant renders FEAx-COF a promising and “green” heterogeneous photocatalyst. In this manuscript, we report the development of a novel alloxazine COF inspired by naturally occurring flavin cofactors for photoredox catalysis.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trenker
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus Rajasthan 333031 India
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Laura M Poller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Katharina I M Muggli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Frederik Haase
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rehpenn A, Walter A, Storch G. Molecular Editing of Flavins for Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1458-2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe diverse activity of flavoenzymes in organic transformations has fascinated researchers for a long time. However, when applied outside an enzyme environment, the isolated flavin cofactor only shows largely reduced activity. This highlights the importance of embedding the reactive isoalloxazine core of flavins in defined surroundings. The latter include crucial non-covalent interactions with amino acid side chains or backbone as well as controlled access to reactants such as molecular oxygen. Nevertheless, molecular flavins are increasingly applied in the organic laboratory as valuable organocatalysts. Chemical modification of the parent isoalloxazine structure is of particular interest in this context in order to achieve reactivity and selectivity in transformations, which are so far only known with flavoenzymes or even unprecedented. This review aims to give a systematic overview of the reported designed flavin catalysts and highlights the impact of each structural alteration. It is intended to serve as a source of information when comparing the performance of known catalysts, but also when designing new flavins. Over the last few decades, molecular flavin catalysis has emerged from proof-of-concept reactions to increasingly sophisticated transformations. This stimulates anticipating new flavin catalyst designs for solving contemporary challenges in organic synthesis.1 Introduction2 N1-Modification3 N3-Modification4 N5-Modification5 C6–C9-Modification6 N10-Modification7 Conclusion
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu J, Han S, Hu Y, Pao CW. Fabrication and characterization of a novel PMO containing riboflavin-5'-phosphate sodium salt for sensitive detection of pesticide ferbam. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Zhang W, Carpenter KL, Lin S. Electrochemistry Broadens the Scope of Flavin Photocatalysis: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:409-417. [PMID: 31617271 PMCID: PMC6923568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin-derived photocatalysts have been extensively studied in the context of alcohol oxidation. However, to date, the scope of this catalytic methodology has been limited to benzyl alcohols. In this work, mechanistic understanding of flavin-catalyzed oxidation reactions, in either the absence or presence of thiourea as a cocatalyst, was obtained. The mechanistic insights enabled development of an electrochemically driven photochemical oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols using a pair of flavin and dialkylthiourea catalysts. Electrochemistry makes it possible to avoid using O2 and an oxidant and generating H2 O2 as a byproduct, both of which oxidatively degrade thiourea under the reaction conditions. This modification unlocks a new mechanistic pathway in which the oxidation of unactivated alcohols is achieved by thiyl radical mediated hydrogen-atom abstraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Keith L Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tolba AH, Vávra F, Chudoba J, Cibulka R. Tuning Flavin-Based Photocatalytic Systems for Application in the Mild Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Substrates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hassan Tolba
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - František Vávra
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Josef Chudoba
- Central Laboratories; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang W, Carpenter KL, Lin S. Electrochemistry Broadens the Scope of Flavin Photocatalysis: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Keith L. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Organopolymer with dual chromophores and fast charge-transfer properties for sustainable photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1837. [PMID: 31015478 PMCID: PMC6478678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic polymers offer an alternative to prevailing organometallics and nanomaterials, and they may benefit from polymer-mediated catalytic and material enhancements. MPC-1, a polymer photoredox catalyst reported herein, exhibits enhanced catalytic activity arising from charge transfer states (CTSs) between its two chromophores. Oligomeric and polymeric MPC-1 preparations both promote efficient hydrodehalogenation of α-halocarbonyl compounds while exhibiting different solubility properties. The polymer is readily recovered by filtration. MPC-1-coated vessels enable batch and flow photocatalysis, even with opaque reaction mixtures, via “backside irradiation.” Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy indicates a fast charge-transfer process within 20 ps of photoexcitation. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements reveal an approximate 10 ns lifetime for bright valence states. Ultrafast measurements suggest a long CTS lifetime. Empirical catalytic activities of small-molecule models of MPC-1 subunits support the CTS hypothesis. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations are in good agreement with experimental spectra, spectral peak assignment, and proposed underlying energetics. While photoredox catalysis offers a new dimension to chemical synthesis, there are few heterogeneous organocatalysts for metal-free transformations. Here, authors prepare and perform in-depth studies on polymeric photocatalyst scaffolds for organic chemistry transformations.
Collapse
|