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Demidoff FC, Costa PRR, Caleffi GS. Advances in the synthesis of rearranged homoisoflavonoids. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4839-4863. [PMID: 38819298 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Rearranged homoisoflavonoids constitute a unique group of natural products, renowned for their structural diversity and complexity. These compounds, derived from modifications in the 3-benzylchroman skeleton, are categorized into four subclasses: brazilin, caesalpin, protosappanin, and scillascillin homoisoflavonoids. This review examines the advancements in the total synthesis of these complex structures, aiming to highlight the challenges and opportunities encountered. A comparative analysis of the strategies employed thus far to synthesize these compounds provides a comprehensive understanding of the progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Demidoff
- Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 27930-560 Macaé, Brazil
| | - Paulo R R Costa
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme S Caleffi
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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Wootton JM, Tam JKF, Unsworth WP. Cascade ring expansion reactions for the synthesis of medium-sized rings and macrocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4999-5009. [PMID: 38655659 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This Feature Article discusses recent advances in the development of cascade ring expansion reactions for the synthesis of medium-sized rings and macrocycles. Cascade ring expansion reactions have much potential for use in the synthesis of biologically important medium-sized rings and macrocycles, most notably as they don't require high dilution conditions, which are commonly used in established end-to-end macrocyclisation methods. Operation by cascade ring expansion method can allow large ring products to be accessed via rearrangements that proceed exclusively by normal-sized ring cyclisation steps. Ensuring that there is adequate thermodynamic driving force for ring expansion is a key challenge when designing such methods, especially for the expansion of normal-sized rings into medium-sized rings. This Article is predominantly focused on methods developed in our own laboratory, with selected works by other groups also discussed. Thermodynamic considerations, mechanism, reaction design, route planning and future perspective for this field are all covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Jerry K F Tam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Chattapadhyay D, Aydogan A, Doktor K, Maity A, Wu JW, Michaudel Q. Harnessing Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange Click Chemistry and Photocatalysis for Deaminative Benzylic Arylation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:7263-7268. [PMID: 37655265 PMCID: PMC10468006 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
While among the most common functional handles present in organic molecules, amines are a widely underutilized linchpin for C-C bond formation. To facilitate C-N bond cleavage, large activating groups are typically used but result in the generation of stoichiometric amounts of organic waste. Herein, we report an atom-economic activation of benzylic primary amines relying on the Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry and the aza-Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction. This two-step sequence allows the high-yielding generation of 1,2-dialkyldiazenes from primary amines via loss of SO2. Excitation of the diazenes with blue light and an Ir photocatalyst affords radical pairs upon expulsion of N2, which can be coaxed into the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds upon diffusion and capture by a Ni catalyst. This arylative strategy relying on a traceless click approach was harnessed in a variety of examples and its mechanism was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Doktor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Arunava Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jiun Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Xu M, Liu L, Wang T, Luo H, Hou M, Du L, Xin X, Lu Q, Li B. Acid-catalyzed ring-expansion of 4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01747k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A direct ring-opening/semipinacol rearrangement reaction catalyzed by the Brønsted acid of 4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)-1,2,3-triazole is reported, in which the usage of metal catalysts and the reservation of sulfonyl groups are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchuan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Han Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Meili Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Luan Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Qixing Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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5
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Strong acid-catalyzed electrophilic ring expansion of oxetanes and sulfoxonium ylides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Touqeer S, Ielo L, Miele M, Urban E, Holzer W, Pace V. Direct and straightforward transfer of C1 functionalized synthons to phosphorous electrophiles for accessing gem-P-containing methanes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2425-2429. [PMID: 33666635 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct transfer of different α-substituted methyllithium reagents to chlorinated phosphorous electrophiles of diverse oxidation state (phosphates, phosphine oxides and phosphines) is proposed as an effective strategy to synthesize geminal P-containing methanes. The methodology relies on the efficient nucleophilic substitution conducted on the P-chlorine linkage. Uniformly high yields are observed regardless the specific nature of the carbanion employed: once established the conditions for generating the competent nucleophile (LiCH2Hal, LiCHHal2, LiCH2CN, LiCH2SeR etc.) the homologated compounds are obtained via a single operation. Some P-containing formal carbanions have been evaluated in transferring processes, including the carbonyl-difluoromethylation of the opioid agent Hydrocodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Touqeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, Austria
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Ielo L, Pillari V, Miele M, Holzer W, Pace V. Consecutive C1‐Homologation / Displacement Strategy for Converting Thiosulfonates into
O,S‐
Oxothioacetals. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Veronica Pillari
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
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Senatore R, Malik M, Touqeer S, Listro R, Collina S, Holzer W, Pace V. Straightforward and direct access to β-seleno- amines and sulfonylamides via the controlled addition of phenylselenomethyllithium (LiCH2SePh) to imines. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ielo L, Pace V, Pillari V, Miele M, Castiglione D. Carbenoid-Mediated Homologation Tactics for Assembling (Fluorinated) Epoxides and Aziridines. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Homologation strategies provide highly versatile tools in organic synthesis for the introduction of a CH2 group into a given carbon skeleton. The operation can result in diverse structural motifs by tuning of the reaction conditions and the nature of the homologating agent. In this Account, concisely contextualizing our work with lithium carbenoids (LiCH2X, LiCHXY etc) for homologating carbon-centered electrophiles, we focus on the assembly of three-membered cycles featuring fluorinated substituents. Two illustrative case studies are considered: (1) the development and employment of fluorinated carbenoids en route to rare α-fluoroepoxides and aziridines, and (2) the installation of up to halomethylenic groups on trifluoroimidoylacetyl chlorides (TFAICs) for preparing CF3-containing halo- and halomethylaziridines. Collectively, we demonstrate that the initial homologation event generated by the installation of the carbenoid, upon modulation of the conditions, serves as a tool for creating fluorinated building blocks in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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