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Fiorillo A, Parmagnani AS, Visconti S, Mannino G, Camoni L, Maffei ME. 14-3-3 Proteins and the Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Are Involved in Maize ( Zea mays) Magnetic Induction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2887. [PMID: 37571041 PMCID: PMC10421175 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The geomagnetic field (GMF) is a natural component of the biosphere, and, during evolution, all organisms experienced its presence while some evolved the ability to perceive magnetic fields (MF). We studied the response of 14-3-3 proteins and the plasma membrane (PM) proton pump H+-ATPase to reduced GMF values by lowering the GMF intensity to a near-null magnetic field (NNMF). Seedling morphology, H+-ATPase activity and content, 14-3-3 protein content, binding to PM and phosphorylation, gene expression, and ROS quantification were assessed in maize (Zea mays) dark-grown seedlings. Phytohormone and melatonin quantification were also assessed by LG-MS/MS. Our results suggest that the GMF regulates the PM H+-ATPase, and that NNMF conditions alter the proton pump activity by reducing the binding of 14-3-3 proteins. This effect was associated with both a reduction in H2O2 and downregulation of genes coding for enzymes involved in ROS production and scavenging, as well as calcium homeostasis. These early events were followed by the downregulation of IAA synthesis and gene expression and the increase in both cytokinin and ABA, which were associated with a reduction in root growth. The expression of the homolog of the MagR gene, ZmISCA2, paralleled that of CRY1, suggesting a possible role of ISCA in maize magnetic induction. Interestingly, melatonin, a widespread molecule present in many kingdoms, was increased by the GMF reduction, suggesting a still unknown role of this molecule in magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fiorillo
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (S.V.)
| | - Ambra S. Parmagnani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy; (A.S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Sabina Visconti
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (S.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy; (A.S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Camoni
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (S.V.)
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy; (A.S.P.); (G.M.)
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Ali J, Wei D, Mahamood M, Zhou F, King PJH, Zhou W, Shamsi IH. Exogenous Application of Methyl Salicylate Induces Defence in Brassica against Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091770. [PMID: 37176828 PMCID: PMC10180576 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants use a variety of secondary metabolites to defend themselves against herbivore insects. Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a natural plant-derived compound that has been used as a plant defence elicitor and a herbivore repellent on several crop plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MeSA treatment of Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis ('Hanakan' pak choi) on its interactions with peach potato aphids, Myzus persicae, and their natural enemy, Diaeretiella rapae. For this, we selected two concentrations of MeSA (75 mg/L and 100 mg/L). Our results showed that aphid performance was significantly reduced on plants treated with MeSA (100 mg/L). In a cage bioassay, the MeSA (100 mg/L)-treated plants showed lower adult survival and larviposition. Similarly, the MeSA (100 mg/L)-treated plants had a significantly lower aphid settlement in a settlement bioassay. In contrast, the M. persicae aphids did not show any significant difference between the MeSA (75 mg/L)-treated and control plants. In a parasitoid foraging bioassay, the parasitoid D. rapae also did not show any significant difference in the time spent on MeSA-treated and control plants. A volatile analysis showed that the MeSA treatment induced a significant change in volatile emissions, as high numbers of volatile compounds were detected from the MeSA-treated plants. Our results showed that MeSA has potential to induce defence in Brassica against M. persicae and can be utilised in developing sustainable approaches for the management of peach potato aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Ali
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Dongming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mohammad Mahamood
- Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fanrui Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Patricia Jie Hung King
- Institute of Ecosystem Science Borneo, University Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97000, Malaysia
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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McPike SM, Evenden ML. Host Plant Volatile Lures Attract Apanteles polychrosidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Ash Trees Infested With Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.701954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloptilia fraxinella Ely (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), the ash leaf-cone roller, is an aesthetic pest of horticultural ash trees (Oleaceae, Genus Fraxinus) in prairie communities across Canada. Because pesticide use is undesirable in urban centers, biological control of C. fraxinella is a preferred approach. The native parasitoid wasp, Apanteles polychrosidis Vierek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), has shifted hosts and is the primary parasitoid of C. fraxinella in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and has potential as a biological control agent. Here, in an effort to increase parasitism of C. fraxinella, lures releasing methyl salicylate (MeSA) and two green leaf volatiles (GLVs), [(Z)-3-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate], at both low and high release rates, were tested to enhance attraction and retention of A. polychrosidis in infested ash trees. Attraction of A. polychrosidis to baited trees was measured by capture on yellow sticky cards positioned in the tree canopy, and wasp activity was assessed by the parasitism rate of C. fraxinella. More male and female A. polychrosidis were captured on yellow sticky traps positioned in trees baited with the low dose of both MeSA + GLVs than to unbaited, infested ash trees. The increased attraction of wasps did not correlate with an increase in parasitism of C. fraxinella. The high release rate lures did not enhance attraction of A. polychrosidis to infested ash trees. Parasitism rate, however, was negatively correlated with host density in both field experiments. There was no evidence of close-range attraction to lures in an olfactometer assay. Synthetic HIPVs attract A. polychrosidis to ash trees infested with C. fraxinella, but the effect of wasp attraction on parasitism rate requires further research if HIPVs are to be used to enhance biological control in this system.
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Liu B, Kaurilind E, Jiang Y, Niinemets Ü. Methyl salicylate differently affects benzenoid and terpenoid volatile emissions in Betula pendula. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1513-1525. [PMID: 29931321 PMCID: PMC6863746 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a long-distance signal transduction chemical that plays an important role in plant responses to abiotic stress and herbivore and pathogen attacks. However, it is unclear how photosynthesis and elicitation of plant volatile organic compounds (VOC) from different metabolic pathways respond to the dose of MeSA. We applied different MeSA concentrations (0-50 mM) to study how exogenous MeSA alters VOC profiles of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaves from application through recovery (0.5-23 h). Methyl salicylate application significantly reduced net assimilation rate in 10 mM and 20 mM MeSA-treated plants. No significant effects of MeSA were observed on the stomatal conductance at any MeSA concentration. Methyl salicylate elicited emissions of benzenoids (BZ), monoterpenes (MT) and fatty acid derived compounds (LOX products). Emission rates of BZ were positively, but emission rates of MT were negatively correlated with MeSA concentration. Total emission of LOX products was not influenced by MeSA concentration. Emission rate of MT was negatively correlated with BZ and the share of MT in the total emission blend decreased and the share of BZ increased with increasing MeSA concentration. Although the share of LOX products was similar across MeSA treatments, some LOX products responded differently to MeSA concentration, ultimately resulting in unique VOC blends. Overall, this study demonstrates inverse responses of MT and BZ to different MeSA doses such that plant defense mechanisms induced by lower MeSA doses mainly lead to enhanced MT synthesis, whereas greater MeSA doses trigger BZ-related defense mechanisms. Our results will contribute to improving the understanding of birch defenses induced upon regular herbivore attacks and pathogen infections in boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life
Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Eve Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life
Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life
Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life
Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Singh S, Mishra AK. Unraveling of cross talk between Ca(2+) and ROS regulating enzymes in Anabaena 7120 and ntcA mutant. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:762-78. [PMID: 26374944 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand a cross talk between Ca(2+) and ROS regulating enzymes and the possible involvement of ntcA gene, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and its derivative ntcA mutant grown in varied levels of calcium chloride (0, 1, 10, and 100 mM) have been investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed abnormal structure formation at high calcium concentration (100 mM) both in wild type and mutant. Fv /Fm values suggested that 100 mM calcium concentration was detrimental for photosynthetic apparatus. SOD, catalase, APX, GR, and peroxidase activity were found to be maximum for 100 mM and minimum for 1 mM of exogenously supplied calcium salt. NADPH contents were higher for wild type than mutant. RAPD-PCR and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a difference in DNA as well as proteome pattern with changes in calcium chloride regime. Prominent bands of approximately 70, 33, 21, and 14 kDa expressed in the wild type served as the marker polypeptide bands under calcium supplementation. Results suggest that higher levels of calcium ion disturb the cellular homeostasis generating ROS, thereby inducing enhanced levels of antioxidative enzymes. Further, data also suggests possible involvement of ntcA gene in cross talk between calcium ion and ROS regulating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Singh
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Espinosa F, Garrido I, Álvarez-Tinaut MC. Reflexions on some aspects of the interactions among ROS, RNS, and Ca(2+) in response to a mycorrhizal or a pathogenic fungus. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1049789. [PMID: 26366845 PMCID: PMC4883917 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1049789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo redox activities in the apoplast of axenically cultured intact seedling roots (superoxide anion generation, and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities) in contact with the compatible arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) were clearly attenuated in comparison with those in contact with the pathogenic fungus (PF) or treated with MeJA, even at the early stages of treatment. Contact of roots with the AMF did not enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid glycosides), while contact with the PF significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of all phenolic fractions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species both seemed to be involved in these responses from the first moments of contact, but the fluorescence imaging of roots showed that ROS were mainly accumulated in the apoplast while NO was mainly stored in the cytosol. In conclusion, intact olive seedling roots clearly differentiated between AMF and PF.
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Espinosa F, Garrido I, Ortega A, Casimiro I, Álvarez-Tinaut MC. Redox activities and ROS, NO and phenylpropanoids production by axenically cultured intact olive seedling roots after interaction with a mycorrhizal or a pathogenic fungus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100132. [PMID: 24967716 PMCID: PMC4072634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Roots of intact olive seedlings, axenically cultured, were alternatively placed in contact with Rhizophagus irregularis (mycorrhizal) or Verticillim dahliae (pathogenic) fungi. MeJA treatments were also included. In vivo redox activities in the apoplast of the intact roots (anion superoxide generation, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities) were measured. All our results showed that apoplastic redox activities of intact seedling roots in contact with the compatible mycorrhizal fungus were clearly attenuated in comparison with the pathogenic fungus or treated with MeJA, even at the early stages of treatment used. Total phenolics, flavonoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides were also quantified. Roots in contact with the mycorrhizal fungus did not enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with respect to controls, while those in contact with the pathogenic one significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of all phenolic fractions measured. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxid accumulation in roots were examined by fluorescence microscopy. All of them presented much higher accumulation in roots in contact with the pathogenic than with the mycorrhizal fungus. Altogether these results indicate that intact olive seedling roots clearly differentiated between mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi, attenuating defense reactions against the first to facilitate its establishment, while inducing a strong and sustained defense reaction against the second. Both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species seemed to be involved in these responses from the first moments of contact. However, further investigations are required to clarify the proposed crosstalk between them and their respective roles in these responses since fluorescence images of roots revealed that reactive oxygen species were mainly accumulated in the apoplast (congruently with the measured redox activities in this compartment) while nitric oxid was mainly stored in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Garrido
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen Álvarez-Tinaut
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain
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Garrido I, Espinosa F, Alvarez-Tinaut MC. Apoplastic superoxide production and peroxidase activity by intact and excised axenically grown seedling roots of sunflower. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:1071-80. [PMID: 22101944 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Excised and cold-preincubated sunflower seedling roots were compared with intact non-preincubated roots to test the effect of the injury stress and cold preincubation on the oxidative burst measured as apoplastic superoxide (O (2) (.-) ) generation and exocellular peroxidase (ECPOX) activity. Preincubated excised or intact roots released into the medium apoplastic proteins with peroxidase activity. Intact and excised roots responded to methyl jasmonate by an immediate oxidative burst that could not be induced by salicylic acid; both phytohormones also induced a slight and slow O (2)(.-) generation and ECPOX activity on excised roots, when added to the cold preincubation medium. The results with cyanide, azide, SHAM (ECPOX inhibitors) and diphenylene iodonium (inhibitor of trans-plasma membrane NAD(P)H-oxidases (NOX)-respiratory burst oxidase homologue in plants (RBOH), the trans-plasmamembrane nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) are consistent with the hypothesis that different systems may be the origin of O (2) (.-) in intact and excised roots; ECPOX was an important component of them in both, together with NOX-RBOH in intact roots, but in excised roots the last one was replaced by an oxidase sensitive to the same inhibitors as the alternative mitochondrial oxidase. According to our hypothesis, these results could be explained if the electron flux would be deviated to different interconnected plasma membrane-redox systems, with different terminal oxidases, activated by different effectors or stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Garrido
- Plant Physiology, Extremadura University, Campus Avd. Elvas, 06071, Badajoz, Spain.
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Almagro L, Bru R, Pugin A, Pedreño MA. Early signaling network in tobacco cells elicited with methyl jasmonate and cyclodextrins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 51:1-9. [PMID: 22153233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We analyze, for the first time, the early signal transduction pathways triggered by methyl jasmonate (MJ) and cyclodextrins (CDs) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell cultures, paying particular attention to changes in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)), the production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO), and late events like the induction of capsidiol. Our data indicate that MJ and CDs trigger a [Ca(2+)](cyt) rise promoted by Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+)-permeable channels. The joint presence of MJ and CDs provokes a first increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) similar to that observed in MJ-treated cells, followed by a second peak similar to that found in the presence of CDs alone. Moreover, oxidative burst induced by MJ is more pronounced when tobacco cells are incubated with CDs alone or in combination with MJ. The presence of both elicitors provokes H(2)O(2) production similar to that found in CD-treated cells, and a sustained response similar to that found in MJ-treated cells. In all treatments, H(2)O(2) production is dependent on Ca(2+) influx and protein phosphorylation events. Similarly, the joint action of both elicitors provokes NO accumulation, although to a lesser extent that in MJ-treated cells because CDs alone do not trigger this accumulation. This NO production is dependent on Ca(2+) influx but independent of both H(2)O(2) production and staurosporine-sensitive phosphorylation events. Taken as a whole, these results suggest the existence of different intracellular signaling pathways for both elicitors. Likewise, CDs might act by regulating the signaling pathway triggered by MJ since, in the presence of both compounds, CDs neutralize the strong oxidative and nitrosative bursts triggered by MJ and therefore, they regulate both H(2)O(2) and NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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