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Deng S, Wang WX. Dynamic Regulation of Intracellular Labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) Cycle in Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Disrupting the Balance by Cu Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5255-5266. [PMID: 38471003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The labile metal pool involved in intracellular trafficking and homeostasis is the portion susceptible to environmental stress. Herein, we visualized the different intracellular distributions of labile Cu(I) and Cu(II) pools in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We first demonstrated that labile Cu(I) predominantly accumulated in the granules within the cytoplasmic matrix, whereas the labile Cu(II) pool primarily localized in the pyrenoid and chloroplast. The cell cycle played an integral role in balancing the labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) pools. Specifically, the labile Cu(II) pool primarily accumulated during the SM phase following cell division, while the labile Cu(I) pool dynamically changed during the G phase as cell size increased. Notably, the labile Cu(II) pool in algae at the SM stage exhibited heightened sensitivity to environmental Cu stress. Exogenous Cu stress disrupted the intracellular labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) cycle and balance, causing a shift toward the labile Cu(II) pool. Our proteomic analysis further identified a putative cupric reductase, potentially capable of reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), and four putative multicopper oxidases, potentially capable of oxidizing Cu(I) to Cu(II), which may be involved in the conversion between the labile Cu(I) pool and labile Cu(II) pool. Our study elucidated a dynamic cycle of the intracellular labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) pools, which were accessible and responsive to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxi Deng
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Tanaka N, Mogi Y, Fujiwara T, Yabe K, Toyama Y, Higashiyama T, Yoshida Y. CZON-cutter - a CRISPR-Cas9 system for multiplexed organelle imaging in a simple unicellular alga. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258948. [PMID: 34633046 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has a simple cellular structure; each cell has one nucleus, one mitochondrion, one chloroplast and one peroxisome. This simplicity offers unique advantages for investigating organellar proliferation and the cell cycle. Here, we describe CZON-cutter, an engineered clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) system for simultaneous genome editing and organellar visualization. We engineered a C. merolae strain expressing a nuclear-localized Cas9-Venus nuclease for targeted editing of any locus defined by a single-guide RNA (sgRNA). We then successfully edited the algal genome and visualized the mitochondrion and peroxisome in transformants using fluorescent protein reporters with different excitation wavelengths. Fluorescent protein labeling of organelles in living transformants allows us to validate phenotypes associated with organellar proliferation and the cell cycle, even when the edited gene is essential. Combined with the exceptional biological features of C. merolae, CZON-cutter will be instrumental for investigating cellular and organellar division in a high-throughput manner. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Mogi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiwara
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kannosuke Yabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiho Toyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yamato Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Growth under Different Trophic Regimes and Synchronization of the Red Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070939. [PMID: 34202768 PMCID: PMC8301940 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremophilic unicellular red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophyceae) is able to grow autotrophically, or mixo- and heterotrophically with 1% glycerol as a carbon source. The alga divides by multiple fission into more than two cells within one cell cycle. The optimal conditions of light, temperature and pH (500 µmol photons m-2 s-1, 40 °C, and pH 3; respectively) for the strain Galdieria sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola 002 were determined as a basis for synchronization experiments. For synchronization, the specific light/dark cycle, 16/8 h was identified as the precondition for investigating the cell cycle. The alga was successfully synchronized and the cell cycle was evaluated. G. sulphuraria attained two commitment points with midpoints at 10 and 13 h of the cell cycle, leading to two nuclear divisions, followed subsequently by division into four daughter cells. The daughter cells stayed in the mother cell wall until the beginning of the next light phase, when they were released. Accumulation of glycogen throughout the cell cycle was also described. The findings presented here bring a new contribution to our general understanding of the cell cycle in cyanidialean red algae, and specifically of the biotechnologically important species G. sulphuraria.
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Ichinose TM, Iwane AH. Long-term live cell cycle imaging of single Cyanidioschyzon merolae cells. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:651-660. [PMID: 33580410 PMCID: PMC8052221 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Live cell imaging by fluorescence microscopy is a useful tool for elucidating the localization and function of proteins and organelles in single cells. Especially, time-lapse analysis observing the same field sequentially can be used to observe cells of many organisms and analyze the dynamics of intracellular molecules. By single-cell analysis, it is possible to elucidate the characteristics and fluctuations of individual cells, which cannot be elucidated from the data obtained by averaging the characteristics of an ensemble of cells. The primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has a very simple structure and is considered a useful model organism for studying the mechanism of organelle division, since the division is performed synchronously with the cell cycle. However, C. merolae does not have a rigid cell wall, and environmental changes such as low temperature or high pH cause morphological change and disruption easily. Therefore, morphological studies of C. merolae typically use fixed cells. In this study, we constructed a long-term time-lapse observation system to analyze the dynamics of proteins in living C. merolae cells. From the results, we elucidate the cell division process of single living cells, including the function of intracellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako M Ichinose
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, Riken, 3-10-23, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, Riken, 3-10-23, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier BioScience for Systems Science of Biological Dynamics, Osaka University, 1-3, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
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Martins-Duarte ÉS, Sheiner L, Reiff SB, de Souza W, Striepen B. Replication and partitioning of the apicoplast genome of Toxoplasma gondii is linked to the cell cycle and requires DNA polymerase and gyrase. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:493-504. [PMID: 33581138 PMCID: PMC8113025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexans are the causative agents of numerous important infectious diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis. Most of them harbour a chloroplast-like organelle called the apicoplast that is essential for the parasites' metabolism and survival. While most apicoplast proteins are nuclear encoded, the organelle also maintains its own genome, a 35 kb circle. In this study we used Toxoplasma gondii to identify and characterise essential proteins involved in apicoplast genome replication and to understand how apicoplast genome segregation unfolds over time. We demonstrated that the DNA replication enzymes Prex, DNA gyrase and DNA single stranded binding protein localise to the apicoplast. We show in knockdown experiments that apicoplast DNA Gyrase A and B, and Prex are required for apicoplast genome replication and growth of the parasite. Analysis of apicoplast genome replication by structured illumination microscopy in T. gondii tachyzoites showed that apicoplast nucleoid division and segregation initiate at the beginning of S phase and conclude during mitosis. Thus, the replication and division of the apicoplast nucleoid is highly coordinated with nuclear genome replication and mitosis. Our observations highlight essential components of apicoplast genome maintenance and shed light on the timing of this process in the context of the overall parasite cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica S Martins-Duarte
- Laboratório de Quimioterapia de Protozoários Egler Chiari, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO) - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lilach Sheiner
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah B Reiff
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens (CENABIO) - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Biomagens (INBEB), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. USA
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6
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Kuroiwa T, Ohnuma M, Imoto Y, Yagisawa F, Misumi O, Nagata N, Kuroiwa H. Evolutionary significance of the ring-like plastid nucleus in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae as revealed by drying. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1069-1078. [PMID: 32185527 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary plastids originated from a free-living cyanobacterial ancestor and possess their own genomes-probably a few DNA copies. These genomes, which are organized in centrally located plastid nuclei (CN-type pt-nuclei), are produced from preexisting plastids by binary division. Ancestral algae with a CN-type pt-nucleus diverged and evolved into two basal eukaryotic lineages: red algae with circular (CL-type) pt-nuclei and green algae with scattered small (SN-type) pt-nuclei. Although the molecular dynamics of pt-nuclei in green algae and plants are now being analyzed, the process of the conversion of the original algae with a CN-type pt-nucleus to red algae with a CL-type one has not been studied. Here, we show that the CN-type pt-nucleus in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae can be changed to the CL-type by application of drying to produce slight cell swelling. This result implies that CN-type pt-nuclei are produced by compact packing of CL-type ones, which suggests that a C. merolae-like alga was the original progenitor of the red algal lineage. We also observed that the CL-type pt-nucleus has a chain-linked bead-like structure. Each bead is most likely a small unit of DNA, similar to CL-type pt-nuclei in brown algae. Our results thus suggest a C. merolae-like alga as the candidate for the secondary endosymbiont of brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Institute of Technology, Hiroshima College, 4272-1 Higashino, Osakikamijima-cho Toyota-gun, Hiroshima, 725-0231, Japan
| | - Yuuta Imoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolf Street, Biophysics 100, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Center for Research Advancement and Collaboration, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Osami Misumi
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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7
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Nick P. Tracking footprints of plastid evolution. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1019-1020. [PMID: 32572583 PMCID: PMC7329753 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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IMOTO Y, ABE Y, OKUMOTO K, OHNUMA M, KUROIWA H, KUROIWA T, FUJIKI Y. Dynamics of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase protein DYNAMO2 correlates with the changes in the global GTP level during the cell cycle of Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:75-85. [PMID: 30745504 PMCID: PMC6403433 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
GTP is an essential source of energy that supports a large array of cellular mechanochemical structures ranging from protein synthesis machinery to cytoskeletal apparatus for maintaining the cell cycle. However, GTP regulation during the cell cycle has been difficult to investigate because of heterogenous levels of GTP in asynchronous cell cycles and genetic redundancy of the GTP-generating enzymes. Here, in the unicellular red algae Cyanidioschyzon merolae, we demonstrated that the ATP-GTP-converting enzyme DYNAMO2 is an essential regulator of global GTP levels during the cell cycle. The cell cycle of C. merolae can be highly synchronized by light/dark stimulations to examine GTP levels at desired time points. Importantly, the genome of C. merolae encodes only two isoforms of the ATP-GTP-converting enzyme, namely DYNAMO1 and DYNAMO2. DYNAMO1 regulates organelle divisions, whereas DYNAMO2 is entirely localized in the cytoplasm. DYNAMO2 protein levels increase during the S-M phases, and changes in GTP levels are correlated with these DYNAMO2 protein levels. These results indicate that DYNAMO2 is a potential regulator of global GTP levels during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta IMOTO
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yuichi ABE
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanji OKUMOTO
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mio OHNUMA
- Institute of Technology, Hiroshima College, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruko KUROIWA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi KUROIWA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio FUJIKI
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Imoto Y, Abe Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T, Fujiki Y. Defining the dynamin-based ring organizing center on the peroxisome-dividing machinery isolated from Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:853-867. [PMID: 28115534 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle division is executed through contraction of a ring-shaped supramolecular dividing machinery. A core component of the machinery is the dynamin-based ring conserved during the division of mitochondrion, plastid and peroxisome. Here, using isolated peroxisome-dividing (POD) machinery from a unicellular red algae, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, we identified a dynamin-based ring organizing center (DOC) that acts as an initiation point for formation of the dynamin-based ring. C. merolae contains a single peroxisome, the division of which can be highly synchronized by light-dark stimulation; thus, intact POD machinery can be isolated in bulk. Dynamin-based ring homeostasis is maintained by the turnover of the GTP-bound form of the dynamin-related protein Dnm1 between the cytosol and division machinery via the DOC. A single DOC is formed on the POD machinery with a diameter of 500-700 nm, and the dynamin-based ring is unidirectionally elongated from the DOC in a manner that is dependent on GTP concentration. During the later step of membrane fission, the second DOC is formed and constructs the double dynamin-based ring to make the machinery thicker. These findings provide new insights to define fundamental mechanisms underlying the dynamin-based membrane fission in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Imoto
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Nick P. You need to see what you want to understand--ultrastructure helps to uncover the mysteries of early life. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:797-798. [PMID: 23900778 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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11
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Yagisawa F, Fujiwara T, Ohnuma M, Kuroiwa H, Nishida K, Imoto Y, Yoshida Y, Kuroiwa T. Golgi inheritance in the primitive red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PROTOPLASMA 2013. [PMID: 23197134 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi body has important roles in modifying, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids. Eukaryotic cells have evolved in various ways to inherit the Golgi body from mother to daughter cells, which allows the cells to function properly immediately after mitosis. Here we used Cyanidioschyzon merolae, one of the most suitable systems for studies of organelle dynamics, to investigate the inheritance of the Golgi. Two proteins, Sed5 and Got1, were used as Golgi markers. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that C. merolae contains one to two Golgi bodies per cell. The Golgi body was localized to the perinuclear region during the G1 and S phases and next to the spindle poles in a microtubule-dependent manner during M phase. It was inherited together with spindle poles upon cytokinesis. These observations suggested that Golgi inheritance is dependent on microtubules in C. merolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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12
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Fujiwara T, Tanaka K, Kuroiwa T, Hirano T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of condensins I and II: evolutionary insights from the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2515-27. [PMID: 23783031 PMCID: PMC3744952 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-04-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal dynamics of condensins I and II in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae is surprisingly similar to that observed in mammalian cells. Condensin II is not essential for mitosis under laboratory growth conditions but is required for sister centromere resolution in the presence of a microtubule drug. Condensins are multisubunit complexes that play central roles in chromosome organization and segregation in eukaryotes. Many eukaryotic species have two different condensin complexes (condensins I and II), although some species, such as fungi, have condensin I only. Here we use the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae as a model organism because it represents the smallest and simplest organism that is predicted to possess both condensins I and II. We demonstrate that, despite the great evolutionary distance, spatiotemporal dynamics of condensins in C. merolae is strikingly similar to that observed in mammalian cells: condensin II is nuclear throughout the cell cycle, whereas condensin I appears on chromosomes only after the nuclear envelope partially dissolves at prometaphase. Unlike in mammalian cells, however, condensin II is confined to centromeres in metaphase, whereas condensin I distributes more broadly along arms. We firmly establish a targeted gene disruption technique in this organism and find, to our surprise, that condensin II is not essential for mitosis under laboratory growth conditions, although it plays a crucial role in facilitating sister centromere resolution in the presence of a microtubule drug. The results provide fundamental insights into the evolution of condensin-based chromosome architecture and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujiwara
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Imoto Y, Kuroiwa H, Yoshida Y, Ohnuma M, Fujiwara T, Yoshida M, Nishida K, Yagisawa F, Hirooka S, Miyagishima SY, Misumi O, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. Single-membrane-bounded peroxisome division revealed by isolation of dynamin-based machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9583-8. [PMID: 23696667 PMCID: PMC3677435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303483110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes (microbodies) are ubiquitous single-membrane-bounded organelles and fulfill essential roles in the cellular metabolism. They are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells and basically multiply by division. However, the mechanochemical machinery involved in peroxisome division remains elusive. Here, we first identified the peroxisome-dividing (POD) machinery. We isolated the POD machinery from Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a unicellular red alga containing a single peroxisome. Peroxisomal division in C. merolae can be highly synchronized by light/dark cycles and the microtubule-disrupting agent oryzalin. By proteomic analysis based on the complete genome sequence of C. merolae, we identified a dynamin-related protein 3 (DRP3) ortholog, CmDnm1 (Dnm1), that predominantly accumulated with catalase in the dividing-peroxisome fraction. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that Dnm1 formed a ring at the division site of the peroxisome. The outlines of the isolated dynamin rings were dimly observed by phase-contrast microscopy and clearly stained for Dnm1. Electron microscopy revealed that the POD machinery was formed at the cytoplasmic side of the equator. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the POD machinery consisted of an outer dynamin-based ring and an inner filamentous ring. Down-regulation of Dnm1 impaired peroxisomal division. Surprisingly, the same Dnm1 serially controlled peroxisomal division after mitochondrial division. Because genetic deficiencies of Dnm1 orthologs in multiperoxisomal organisms inhibited both mitochondrial and peroxisomal proliferation, it is thought that peroxisomal division by contraction of a dynamin-based machinery is universal among eukaryotes. These findings are useful for understanding the fundamental systems in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Imoto
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8562, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yamato Yoshida
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiwara
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Integrative Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Wyss Institute of Biological Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0377
| | - Shunsuke Hirooka
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; and
| | - Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; and
| | - Osami Misumi
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8562, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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14
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Yoshida Y, Fujiwara T, Imoto Y, Yoshida M, Ohnuma M, Hirooka S, Misumi O, Kuroiwa H, Kato S, Matsunaga S, Kuroiwa T. The kinesin-like protein TOP promotes Aurora localisation and induces mitochondrial, chloroplast and nuclear division. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2392-400. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.116798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle usually refers to the mitotic cycle, but the cell-division cycle in the plant kingdom consists of not only nuclear but also mitochondrial and chloroplast division cycle. However an integrated control system that initiates division of the three organelles has not been found. We first report that a novel C-terminal kinesin-like protein, three-organelle divisions inducing protein (TOP), controls nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast divisions in red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. A proteomics revealed that TOP was contained in the complex of mitochondrial-dividing (MD) and plastid-dividing (PD) machineries (MD/PD machinery complex) just prior to constriction. After TOP localized on the MD/PD machinery complex, mitochondrial and chloroplast divisions were performed and the components of the MD/PD machinery complexes were phosphorylated. Furthermore, TOP down-regulation impaired both mitochondrial and chloroplast divisions. MD/PD machinery complexes were formed normally at each division site but they were neither phosphorylated nor constricted in these cells. Immunofluorescence signals of Aurora kinase (AUR) were localized around the MD machinery before constriction whereas AUR was dispersed in cytosol by TOP down-regulation, suggesting that AUR is presumably required for the constriction. Taken together, TOP is likely to induce protein phosphorylation of MD/PD machinery components to accomplish mitochondrial and chloroplast divisions prior to nuclear division by transferring of AUR. Concurrently, the involvement of TOP in mitochondrial and chloroplast division, given the presence of TOP homologs throughout eukaryotes, may illuminate the original function of C-terminal kinesin-like proteins.
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15
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Yagisawa F, Fujiwara T, Kuroiwa H, Nishida K, Imoto Y, Kuroiwa T. Mitotic inheritance of endoplasmic reticulum in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:1129-35. [PMID: 22160190 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major site for secretory protein folding and lipid synthesis. Since ER cannot be synthesized de novo, it must be inherited during the cell cycle. Studying ER inheritance can however be difficult because the ER of typical plant and animal cells is morphologically complex. Therefore, our study used Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a species that has a simple ER structure, to investigate the inheritance of this organelle. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that C. merolae contains a nuclear ER (nuclear envelope) and a small amount of peripheral ER extending from the nuclear ER. During mitosis, the nuclear ER became dumbbell-shaped and underwent division. Peripheral ER formed ring-like structures during the G1 and S phases, and extended toward the mitochondria and cell division planes during the M phase. These observations indicated that C. merolae undergoes closed mitosis, whereby the nuclear ER does not diffuse, and the peripheral ER contains cell cycle-specific structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan.
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16
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Kuroiwa T, Ohnuma M, Imoto Y, Misumi O, Fujiwara T, Miyagishima SY, Sumiya N, Kuroiwa H. Lipid Droplets of Bacteria, Algae and Fungi and a Relationship between their Contents and Genome Sizes as Revealed by BODIPY and DAPI Staining. CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
| | - Yuuta Imoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
| | - Osami Misumi
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
| | | | - Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics
| | - Nobuko Sumiya
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
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17
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Imoto Y, Yoshida Y, Yagisawa F, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. The cell cycle, including the mitotic cycle and organelle division cycles, as revealed by cytological observations. Microscopy (Oxf) 2011; 60 Suppl 1:S117-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Fujiwara T, Yagisawa F, Ohnuma M, Yoshida Y, Yoshida M, Nishida K, Misumi O, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. The Vacuole Binding to Mitochondria by VIG1 Contributes an Equal Inheritance of the Vacuoles in Cyanidioschyzon merolae. CYTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.75.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Yamato Yoshida
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Osami Misumi
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
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