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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Świątek P. Syncytia in Utricularia: Origin and Structure. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:143-155. [PMID: 37996677 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals and plants, multinucleate cells (syncytia and coenocytes) are essential in ontogeny and reproduction. Fuso-morphogenesis is the formation of multinucleated syncytia by cell-cell fusion, but coenocytes are formed as a result of mitosis without cytokinesis. However, in plants, coenocytes are more widespread than true syncytia. Except for articulated laticifers, most plant syncytia have a trophic function. Here, we summarize the results of histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses of syncytia in the Utricularia species from the Lentibulariaceae family. Utricularia syncytia, known only from a few species, are heterokaryotic because the syncytium possesses nuclei from two different sources: cells of maternal sporophytic nutritive tissue (placenta) and endosperm haustorium. Thus, syncytium contains both maternal and paternal genetic material. In species from section Utricularia, syncytia are highly active structures (with hypertrophied nuclei, cell wall ingrowths, and extensive cytoskeleton) that exist only during embryo development. They serve as an example of evolutionary unique trophic structures in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Povilus RA, Gehring M. Maternal-filial transfer structures in endosperm: A nexus of nutritional dynamics and seed development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102121. [PMID: 34801784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the ultimate purpose of a seed is the successful establishment of the next generation, seed development involves more than embryo growth. In angiosperms, seed development requires the intimate coordination of three distinct entities - maternal tissue and two offspring, embryo and embryo-nourishing endosperm. Although seeds are cornerstones of many terrestrial ecosystems and human diets, we are only beginning to understand the interactions among seed tissues and the molecular processes and genes that determine them. Recent studies of gene expression and function in distantly related angiosperms, combined with over 100 years of embryological research, have repeatedly highlighted the endosperm associated with maternal-filial boundaries as a central point in seed developmental dynamics. In this review, we highlight evidence that links this zone with nutritional dynamics, developmental signaling, and imprinted gene expression. We suggest that the underappreciated diversity of this specialized endosperm across angiosperms deserves further study from developmental, molecular, and genetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Povilus
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mary Gehring
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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González-Gutiérrez AG, Verdín J, Rodríguez-Garay B. Simple Whole-Mount Staining Protocol of F-Actin for Studies of the Female Gametophyte in Agavoideae and Other Crassinucellate Ovules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:384. [PMID: 32328076 PMCID: PMC7161591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During plant sexual reproduction, F-actin takes part in the elongation of the pollen tube and the movement of sperm cells along with it. Moreover, F-actin is involved in the transport of sperm cells throughout the embryo sac when double fertilization occurs. Different techniques for analysis of F-actin in plant cells have been developed: from classical actin-immunolocalization in fixed tissues to genetically tagged actin with fluorescent proteins for live imaging of cells. Despite the implementation of live cell imaging tools, fixed plant tissue methods for cytoskeletal studies remain an essential tool for genetically intractable systems. Also, most of the work on live imaging of the cytoskeleton has been conducted on cells located on the plant's surface, such as epidermal cells, trichomes, and root hairs. In cells situated in the plant's interior, especially those from plant species with thicker organ systems, it is necessary to utilize conventional sectioning and permeabilization methods to allow the label access to the cytoskeleton. Studies about the role of F-actin cytoskeleton during double fertilization in plants with crassinucellate ovules (e.g., Agave, Yucca, Polianthes, Prochnyantes, and Manfreda) remain scarce due to the difficulties to access the female gametophyte. Here, we have developed a straightforward method for analysis of F-actin in the female gametophyte of different Agavoideae sub-family species. The procedure includes the fixation of whole ovules with formaldehyde, followed by membrane permeabilization with cold acetone, a prolonged staining step with rhodamine-phalloidin, and Hoechst 33342 as a counterstain and two final steps of dehydration of samples in increasing-concentration series of cold isopropanol and clarification of tissues with methyl salicylate. This technique allows the analysis of a large number of samples in a short period, cell positioning relative to neighbor cells is maintained, and, with the help of a confocal microscope, reconstruction of a single 3D image of F-actin structures into the embryo sac can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
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Barranco-Guzmán AM, González-Gutiérrez AG, Rout NP, Verdín J, Rodríguez-Garay B. Cytosolic calcium localization and dynamics during early endosperm development in the genus Agave (Asparagales, Asparagaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1079-1092. [PMID: 30923921 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a secondary messenger that regulates and coordinates the cellular responses to environmental cues. Despite calcium being a key player during fertilization in plants, little is known about its role during the development of the endosperm. For this reason, the distribution, abundance, and dynamics of cytosolic calcium during the first stages of endosperm development of Agave tequilana and Agave salmiana were analyzed. Cytosolic calcium and actin filaments detected in the embryo sacs of Agave tequilana and A. salmiana revealed that they play an important role during the division and nuclear migration of the endosperm. After fertilization, a relatively high concentration of cytosolic calcium was located in the primary nucleus of the endosperm, as well as around migrating nuclei during the development of the endosperm. Cytosolic calcium participates actively during the first mitosis of the endosperm mother cell and interacts with the actin filaments that generate the motor forces during the migration of the nuclei through the large cytoplasm of the central cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Martín Barranco-Guzmán
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandra G González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nutan Prasad Rout
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Płachno BJ, Świątek P, Jobson RW, Małota K, Brutkowski W. Serial block face SEM visualization of unusual plant nuclear tubular extensions in a carnivorous plant (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:673-680. [PMID: 28541416 PMCID: PMC5691799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims In Utricularia nelumbifolia , the nuclei of placental nutritive tissue possess unusually shaped projections not known to occur in any other flowering plant. The main aim of the study was to document the morphology and ultrastructure of these unusual nuclei. In addition, the literature was searched to find examples of nuclear tubular projections in other plant groups, and the nuclei of closely related species of Utricularia (i.e. sects Iperua , Orchidioides , Foliosa and Utricularia ) were examined. Methods To visualize the complexity of the nuclear structures, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used, and 3-D ultrastructural reconstructions were made using the serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) technique. The nuclei of 11 Utricularia species, i.e. U. nelumbifolia , U. reniformis , U. cornigera , U. nephrophylla (sect. Iperua ), U. asplundii , U. alpina , U. quelchii (sect. Orchidioides ), U. longifolia (sect. Foliosa ), U. intermedia , U. minor and U. gibba (sect. Utricularia ) were examined. Key Results Of the 11 Utricularia species examined, the spindle-like tubular projections (approx. 5 μm long) emanating from resident nuclei located in placental nutritive tissues were observed only in U. nelumbifolia . These tubular nuclear extensions contained chromatin distributed along hexagonally shaped tubules. The apices of the projections extended into the cell plasma membrane, and in many cases also made contact at the two opposing cellular poles, and with plasmodesmata via a short cisterna of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum. Images from the SBEM provide some evidence that the nuclear projections are making contact with those of neighbouring cells. Conclusions The term chromatubules (chromatin-filled tubules) for the nuclear projections of U. nelumbifolia placental tissue was proposed here. Due to the apparent association with the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata, it was also speculated that chromatubules are involved in nucleus-cell-cell communication. However, further experimental evidence is required before any functional hypothesis can be entertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Richard W Jobson
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Karol Małota
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Brutkowski
- Laboratory for Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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Slazak B, Kapusta M, Malik S, Bohdanowicz J, Kuta E, Malec P, Göransson U. Immunolocalization of cyclotides in plant cells, tissues and organ supports their role in host defense. PLANTA 2016; 244:1029-1040. [PMID: 27394154 PMCID: PMC5052299 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of cyclotides was visualized in plant cells, tissues and organs using immunohistochemistry. Finding of cyclotides in tissues potentially vulnerable to pathogen attacks supports their role as defense molecules. The cyclotide family of plant peptides is characterized by the cyclic cystine knot motif and its diverse biological activities. Given their insecticidal and antimicrobial properties, the role of cyclotides in planta is probably associated with host defense. Our current understanding of the cellular compartmentalization of cyclotides in the vacuole is based on indirect studies on transgenic model plants that do not express cyclotides naturally. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging has also been used to study the distribution of cyclotides, but the technique's resolution was insufficient to determine their tissue or cell distribution. To avoid the limitations of these approaches, immunohistochemical visualization methods were used. Antibodies were raised in rabbits using cycloviolacin O2 (cyO2), and their specificity was determined by Western and dot blot experiments. Slides for immunohistochemical analysis were prepared from leaf, petiole and root fragments of Viola odorata and Viola uliginosa, and specimens were visualized using indirect epifluorescence microscopy. The antibodies against cyclotides were specific against selected bracelet cyclotides with high similarity (cyO2, cyO3, cyO8, cyO13) and suitable for immunohistochemistry. The tissue distribution of the cyclotides visualized in this way is consistent with their proposed role in host defense-relatively large quantities were observed in the leaf and petiole epidermis in both Viola species. Cyclotides were also found in vascular tissue in all the assessed plant organs. The vacuole storage of cyclotides was directly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Slazak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science, 46 Lubicz St, 31-512, Cracow, Poland.
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sohaib Malik
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Slazak B, Kapusta M, Malik S, Bohdanowicz J, Kuta E, Malec P, Göransson U. Immunolocalization of cyclotides in plant cells, tissues and organ supports their role in host defense. PLANTA 2016. [PMID: 27394154 DOI: 10.1016/10.1007/s00425-016-2562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of cyclotides was visualized in plant cells, tissues and organs using immunohistochemistry. Finding of cyclotides in tissues potentially vulnerable to pathogen attacks supports their role as defense molecules. The cyclotide family of plant peptides is characterized by the cyclic cystine knot motif and its diverse biological activities. Given their insecticidal and antimicrobial properties, the role of cyclotides in planta is probably associated with host defense. Our current understanding of the cellular compartmentalization of cyclotides in the vacuole is based on indirect studies on transgenic model plants that do not express cyclotides naturally. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging has also been used to study the distribution of cyclotides, but the technique's resolution was insufficient to determine their tissue or cell distribution. To avoid the limitations of these approaches, immunohistochemical visualization methods were used. Antibodies were raised in rabbits using cycloviolacin O2 (cyO2), and their specificity was determined by Western and dot blot experiments. Slides for immunohistochemical analysis were prepared from leaf, petiole and root fragments of Viola odorata and Viola uliginosa, and specimens were visualized using indirect epifluorescence microscopy. The antibodies against cyclotides were specific against selected bracelet cyclotides with high similarity (cyO2, cyO3, cyO8, cyO13) and suitable for immunohistochemistry. The tissue distribution of the cyclotides visualized in this way is consistent with their proposed role in host defense-relatively large quantities were observed in the leaf and petiole epidermis in both Viola species. Cyclotides were also found in vascular tissue in all the assessed plant organs. The vacuole storage of cyclotides was directly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Slazak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science, 46 Lubicz St, 31-512, Cracow, Poland.
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sohaib Malik
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Atypical mechanoreceptors in larvae of biting midges Forcipomyia nigra (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Micron 2016; 88:68-76. [PMID: 27428285 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral setae of Forcipomyia nigra have been investigated. They are mechanoreceptors, sensilla trichoidea, innerved by a single neuron. The tubular body is located at the base of the hair shaft. Although the fine structure of the dorsolateral setae is similar to dorsal setae that perform a double function: secretion of a hygroscopic viscous substance through the pores and mechanoreception dorsolateral setae, they do not secrete any fluid. In both types of setae, trichogen cells (hair forming cells) produce the hair shafts and thereafter do not retract from the cavity of the setae. They contain a large polyploid nucleus and expanded bundles of microtubules. In dorsolateral mechanoreceptors, the microtubules form a network around the nucleus of the trichogen cell and are especially numerous in the cytoplasm invading the interior of the seta, which is evidenced by immunofluorescence light microscopy. No tormogen cell, responsible for the production of the setal socket, was found. Our observations indicate that the dorsolateral setae are solely mechanoreceptors but their trichogen cells reveal some glandular activity.
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