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Amin N, Sinha RP, Kannaujiya VK. Effects of ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation on morphogenesis, antioxidants and photoprotective defense mechanism in a hot-spring cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain VKB02. Res Microbiol 2024:104180. [PMID: 38199600 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2024.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The continuous increase in global temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes profound impacts on the growth and physiology of photosynthetic microorganisms. The hot-spring cyanobacteria have a wide range of mitigation mechanisms to cope up against current unsustainable environmental conditions. In the present investigation, we have explored the indispensable mitigation strategies of an isolated hot-spring cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain VKB02 under simulated ultraviolet (UV-A, UV-B) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The adaptive morphological changes were more significantly observed under PAB (PAR, UV-A, and UV-B) exposure as compared to P and PA (PAR and UV-A) irradiations. PAB exposure also exhibited a marked decline in pigment composition and photosynthetic efficiency by multi-fold increment of free radicals. To counteract the oxidative stress, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants defense were significantly enhanced many folds under PAB exposure as compared to the control. In addition, the cyanobacterium has also produced shinorine as a strong free radicals scavenger and excellent UV absorber for effective photoprotection against UV radiation. Therefore, the hot-spring cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain VKB02 has unique defense strategies for survival under prolonged lethal UVR conditions. This study will help in the understanding of environment-induced defense strategies and production of highly value-added green photo-protectants for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Amin
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Rajeshwar P Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Vinod K Kannaujiya
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
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Sahu N, Mishra S, Kesheri M, Kanchan S, Sinha RP. Identification of Cyanobacteria-Based Natural Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Druggable Target ACE2 Using Molecular Docking Study, ADME and Toxicity Analysis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:361-373. [PMID: 35812791 PMCID: PMC9255548 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2019-2020, the novel "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)" had emerged as the biggest challenge for humanity, causing "coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)". Scientists around the world have been putting continuous efforts to unfold potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. We have performed computational studies that help us to identify cyanobacterial photoprotective compounds as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 druggable target human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), which plays a vital role in the attachment and entry of the virus into the cell. Blocking the receptor-binding domain of ACE2 can prevent the access of the virus into the compartment. A molecular docking study was performed between photoprotective compounds mycosporine-like amino acids, scytonemins and ACE2 protein using AutoDock tools. Among sixteen molecularly docked metabolites, seven compounds were selected with binding energy < 6.8 kcal/mol. Afterwards, drug-likeness and toxicity of the top candidate were predicted using Swiss ADME and Pro Tox-II online servers. All top hits show desirable drug-likeness properties, but toxicity pattern analysis discloses the toxic effect of scytonemin and its derivatives, resulting in the elimination from the screening pipeline. Further molecular interaction study of the rest two ligands, mycosporine-glycine-valine and shinorine with ACE2 was performed using PyMol, Biovia Discovery studio and LigPlot+. Lastly biological activity of both the ligands was predicted by using the PASS online server. Combining the docking score and other studied properties, we believe that mycosporine-glycine-valine and shinorine have potential to be potent inhibitors of ACE2 and can be explored further to use against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sahu
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Sonal Mishra
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Minu Kesheri
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Swarna Kanchan
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Rajeshwar P. Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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Celis-Plá PS, Rearte TA, Neori A, Masojídek J, Bonomi-Barufi J, Álvarez-Gómez F, Ranglová K, Carmo da Silva J, Abdala R, Gómez C, Caporgno M, Torzillo G, Silva Benavides AM, Ralph PJ, Fávero Massocato T, Atzmüller R, Vega J, Chávez P, Figueroa FL. A new approach for cultivating the cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola (MACC-612) to produce biomass and bioactive compounds using a thin-layer raceway pond. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Singh SK, Kaur R, Rahman MA, Mishra M, Sundaram S. Evaluation of potent cyanobacteria species for UV-protecting compound synthesis using bicarbonate-based culture system. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:412. [PMID: 34476170 PMCID: PMC8364896 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation evaluates the potential of three cyanobacteria species Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc commune and Synechococcus BDUSM-13 for photo-protecting mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) synthesis using bicarbonate-based culture system. Current investigations witnessed noteworthy bicarbonate tolerance of all species (NaHCO3; 0.5, 1 and 2 g L- 1) in terms of their growth rate, chlorophyll content, biomass productivity and carbon fixation ability. Among all strains, Synechococcus BDUSM-13 showed maximum surge in specific growth rate (i.e. 0.72 day-1) at 1 g L-1, productivity (i.e. 0.92 ± 0.06 g day-1 L-1) and chlorophyll content (i.e. 0.09 g L-1) at 2 g day-1 L-1. Synechococcus cells were also has the 0.48 g dw-1 carbon content with highest CO2 fixation rate (i.e. 0.653 g.CO2 mL-1 day-1) at 2 g L-1. Though, they were not able to produce MAAs after long UV-B exposure (i.e. 24 and 48 h). A. cylindrica strain was the most competent species for the bicarbonate-based approach, produced UV-protecting iminomycosporine compound (i.e. shinorine, λ max at 334 ± 2 nm) along with carbon fixation (i.e. 0.49 g CO2 mL-1 day-1) at 2 g L-1 NaHCO3. This suggests the bicarbonate supplementation during cultivation is a promising strategy to increase cellular abundance, biomass productivity and carbon fixation in cyanobacteria. However, UV-B irradiation may cause species-specific differences in the MAAs synthesis to produce UV-protecting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Rupali Kaur
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Md Akhlaqur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, S. S. Khanna Girls Degree College, Prayagraj, 211012 India
| | - Manjita Mishra
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Shanthy Sundaram
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
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Kultschar B, Dudley E, Wilson S, Llewellyn CA. Response of Key Metabolites during a UV-A Exposure Time-Series in the Cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912. Microorganisms 2021; 9:910. [PMID: 33923254 PMCID: PMC8145266 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UV-A) is the major component of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, causing indirect damage to photosynthetic organisms via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In comparison, UV-B causes both direct damage to biomolecules and indirect damage. UV-B is well studied in cyanobacterial research due to their long evolutionary history and adaptation to high levels of UV, with less work on the effects of UV-A. In this study, the response of key metabolites in Chlorogloeopsis fritschii (C. fritschii) during 48 h of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 15 µmol·m-2·s-1) supplemented with UV-A (11 µmol·m-2·s-1) was investigated using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed an overall significant increase in metabolite levels up to 24 h of UV-A exposure. Compared with previously reported UV-B (PAR + UV-B) and PAR only results, UV-A showed more similarity compared to PAR only exposure as opposed to supplemented UV-B. The amino acids glutamate, phenylalanine and leucine showed differences in levels between UV (both supplemented UV-A and supplemented UV-B) and PAR only (non-supplemented PAR), hinting to their relevance in UV stress response. The fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid, showed positive log2 fold-change (FC) in supplemented UV-A and PAR only experiments but negative log2 FC in UV-B, indicating the more harmful effect of UV-B on primary metabolism. Less research has been conducted on UV-A exposure and cyanobacteria, a potential environmental stimuli for the optimisation of metabolites for industrial biotechnology. This study will add to the literature and knowledge on UV-A stress response at the metabolite level in cyanobacteria, especially within the less well-known species C. fritschii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Kultschar
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Ed Dudley
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Steve Wilson
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
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Ahmed H, Pathak J, Rajneesh, Sonkar PK, Ganesan V, Häder DP, Sinha RP. Responses of a hot spring cyanobacterium under ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation: photosynthetic performance, antioxidative enzymes, mycosporine-like amino acid profiling and its antioxidative potentials. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:10. [PMID: 33442509 PMCID: PMC7778668 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study summarizes the response of a hot spring cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. strain HKAR-14, under simulated light conditions of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), PAR + UV-A (PA) and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (PAB). Exposure to UVR caused a decline in growth and Chl a while total carotene content increased under PA and PAB. Maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F v /F m) and relative electron transport rate decreased significantly in PA and PAB exposure. Higher non-photochemical quenching and lower photochemical quenching values were observed in UVR-exposed samples as compared to the control. Levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased significantly in PAB and PA. Fluorescence microscopic images showed an increase in green fluorescence, indicating the generation of ROS in UVR. The antioxidant machinery including superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase showed an increase of 1.76-fold and 2.5-fold superoxide dismutase, 2.4-fold and 3.7-fold catalase, 1.83-fold and 2.5-fold peroxidase activities under PA and PAB, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses reveal the occurrence of a single mycosporine-like amino acid, shinorine (λ max 332.3 ± 2 nm, m/z 333.1), with a retention time of 1.157 min. The electrochemical characterization of shinorine was determined by cyclic voltammetry. The shinorine molecule possesses electrochemical activity and represents diffusion-controlled process in 0.1 M (pH 7.0) phosphate buffer. An antioxidant assay of shinorine showed its efficient activity as antioxidant which increased in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseen Ahmed
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
- Department of Botany, Government Girls P.G. College, Satna, MP 485001 India
| | - Jainendra Pathak
- Department of Botany, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru College, Banda, 210001 India
| | - Rajneesh
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Piyush K. Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vellaichamy Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Donat-P. Häder
- Department of Biology, Emeritus of Friedrich-Alexander University, Neue Str. 9, 91096 Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - Rajeshwar P. Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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Cyanobacteria and Red Macroalgae as Potential Sources of Antioxidants and UV Radiation-Absorbing Compounds for Cosmeceutical Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120659. [PMID: 33371308 PMCID: PMC7767163 DOI: 10.3390/md18120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on natural products has gained considerable attention, particularly in the cosmetic industry, which is looking for new bio-active and biodegradable molecules. In this study, cosmetic properties of cyanobacteria and red macroalgae were analyzed. The extractions were conducted in different solvents (water, ethanol and two combinations of water:ethanol). The main molecules with antioxidant and photoprotective capacity were mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin and phenolic compounds. The highest contents of scytonemin (only present in cyanobacteria) were observed in Scytonema sp. (BEA 1603B) and Lyngbya sp. (BEA 1328B). The highest concentrations of MAAs were found in the red macroalgae Porphyra umbilicalis, Gelidium corneum and Osmundea pinnatifida and in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. Scytonema sp. was the unique species that presented an MAA with maximum absorption in the UV-B band, being identified as mycosporine-glutaminol for the first time in this species. The highest content of polyphenols was observed in Scytonema sp. and P. umbilicalis. Water was the best extraction solvent for MAAs and phenols, whereas scytonemin was better extracted in a less polar solvent such as ethanol:dH2O (4:1). Cyanobacterium extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than those of red macroalgae. Positive correlations of antioxidant activity with different molecules, especially polyphenols, biliproteins and MAAs, were observed. Hydroethanolic extracts of some species incorporated in creams showed an increase in the photoprotection capacity in comparison with the base cream. Extracts of these organisms could be used as natural photoprotectors improving the diversity of sunscreens. The combination of different extracts enriched in scytonemin and MAAs could be useful to design broad-band natural UV-screen cosmeceutical products.
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Amador-Castro F, Rodriguez-Martinez V, Carrillo-Nieves D. Robust natural ultraviolet filters from marine ecosystems for the formulation of environmental friendlier bio-sunscreens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141576. [PMID: 33370909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has detrimental effects on human health. It induces oxidative stress, deregulates signaling mechanisms, and produces DNA mutations, factors that ultimately can lead to the development of skin cancer. Therefore, reducing exposure to UVR is of major importance. Among available measures to diminish exposure is the use of sunscreens. However, recent studies indicate that several of the currently used filters have adverse effects on marine ecosystems and human health. This situation leads to the search for new photoprotective compounds that, apart from offering protection, are environmentally friendly. The answer may lie in the same marine ecosystems since molecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin can serve as the defense system of some marine organisms against UVR. This review will discuss the harmful effects of UVR and the mechanisms that microalgae have developed to cope with it. Then it will focus on the biological distribution, characteristics, extraction, and purification methods of MAAs and scytonemin molecules to finally assess its potential as new filters for sunscreen formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Amador-Castro
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201 Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201 Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201 Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Fuentes-Tristan S, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HMN, Carrillo-Nieves D. Bioinspired biomolecules: Mycosporine-like amino acids and scytonemin from Lyngbya sp. with UV-protection potentialities. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2019; 201:111684. [PMID: 31733505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of life on Earth, cyanobacteria have been exposed to natural ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 315-400 nm) and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm), affecting their cells' biomolecules. These photoautotrophic organisms have needed to evolve to survive and thus, have developed different mechanisms against ultraviolet radiation. These mechanisms include UVR avoidance, DNA repair, and cell protection by producing photoprotective compounds like Scytonemin, carotenoids, and Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Lyngbya marine species are commercially important due to their secondary metabolites that show a range of biological activities including antibacterial, insecticidal, anticancer, antifungal, and enzyme inhibitor. The main topic in this review covers the Lyngbya sp., a cyanobacteria genus that presents photoprotection provided by the UV-absorbing/screening compounds such as MAAs and Scytonemin. These compounds have considerable potentialities to be used in the cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and biomedical sectors and other related manufacturing industries with an additional value of environment friendly in nature. Scytonemin has UV protectant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and antioxidant activity. MAAs act as sunscreens, provide additional protection as antioxidants, can be used as UV protectors, activators of cell proliferation, skin-care products, and even as photo-stabilizing additives in paints, plastics, and varnishes. The five MAAs identified so far in Lyngbya sp. are Asterina-330, M-312, Palythine, Porphyra-334, and Shinorine are capable of dissipating absorbed radiation as harmless heat without producing reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Fuentes-Tristan
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldivar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico.
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, Zapopan C.P. 45138, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Pathak J, Ahmed H, Rajneesh, Singh SP, Häder DP, Sinha RP. Genetic regulation of scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Inoue-Sakamoto K, Nazifi E, Tsuji C, Asano T, Nishiuchi T, Matsugo S, Ishihara K, Kanesaki Y, Yoshikawa H, Sakamoto T. Characterization of mycosporine-like amino acids in the cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:203-211. [PMID: 29709901 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aquatic cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum forms macroscopic colonies in streams, and its appearance is superficially similar to that of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. N. verrucosum is sensitive to desiccation, unlike N. commune, although these Nostoc cyanobacterial species share physiological features, including massive extracellular polysaccharide production and trehalose accumulation capability. In this study, water-soluble sunscreen pigments of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were characterized in N. verrucosum, and the mysABCD genes responsible for MAA biosynthesis in N. verrucosum and N. commune were compared. N. verrucosum produced porphyra-334 and shinorine, with porphyra-334 accounting for >90% of the total MAAs. Interestingly, porphyra-334 is an atypical cyanobacteial MAA, whereas shinorine is known as a common and dominant MAA in cyanobacteria. Porphyra-334 from N. verrucosum showed little or no radical scavenging activity in vitro, although the glycosylated derivatives of porphyra-334 from N. commune are potent radical scavengers. The presence of the mysABCD gene cluster in N. commune strain KU002 (genotype A) supported its porphyra-334 producing capability via the Nostoc-type mechanism, although the genotype A of N. commune mainly produces the arabinose-bound porphyra-334. The mysABC gene cluster was conserved in N. verrucosum, but the mysD gene was not included in the cluster. These results suggest that the mysABCD gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of porphyra-334 commonly in these Nostoc species, and that the genotype A of N. commune additionally acquired the glycosylation of porphyra-334.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Inoue-Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Bioscience and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology
| | - Ehsan Nazifi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Chieri Tsuji
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Tomoya Asano
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
| | - Kenji Ishihara
- Marine Biochemistry Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | | | - Toshio Sakamoto
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University.,Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University.,School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
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12
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Kumar D, Kannaujiya VK, Pathak J, Sundaram S, Sinha RP. Composition and functional property of photosynthetic pigments under circadian rhythm in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:885-898. [PMID: 29255959 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an important endogenous biological signal for sustainable growth and development of cyanobacteria in natural ecosystems. Circadian effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiations on pigment composition have been studied in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis under light (L)/dark (D) oscillation with a combination of 4/20, 8/16, 12/12, 16/8, 20/4 and 24/24 h time duration. Circadian exposure of PAR + UV-A (PA) and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (PAB) showed more than twofold decline in Chl a, total protein and phycocyanin (PC) in light phase and significant recovery was achieved in dark phase. The fluorescence emission wavelength of PC was shifted towards lower wavelengths in the light phase of PAB in comparison to P and PA whereas the same wavelength was retrieved in the dark phase. The production of free radicals was accelerated twofold in the light phase (24 h L) whereas the same was retrieved to the level of control during the dark phase. Oxidatively induced damage was alleviated by antioxidative enzymes such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the light phase (0-24-h L) whereas the dark phase showed significant inhibition of the same enzymes. Similar characteristic inhibition of free radicals and recovery of PC was observed inside cellular filament after circadian rhythm of 24/24 h (L/D). Circadian exposure of P, PA and PAB significantly altered the synthesis and recovery of pigments that could be crucial for optimization and sustainable production of photosynthetic products for human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Kannaujiya
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Jainendra Pathak
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shanthy Sundaram
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Rajeshwar P Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Effect of UV-B Radiation and Desiccation Stress on Photoprotective Compounds Accumulation in Marine Leptolyngbya sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:35-47. [PMID: 28584967 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased awareness regarding the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation has led to the search for new sources of natural UV-B protecting compounds. Mycosporine-like amino acids are one of such promising compounds found in several organisms. Cyanobacteria are ideal organisms for isolation of these compounds due to their compatibility and adaptability to thrive under harsh environmental conditions. In the following investigation, we report the production of shinorine in Leptolyngbya sp. isolated from the intertidal region. Based on the spectral characteristics and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the UV-absorbing compound was identified as shinorine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of shinorine in Leptolyngbya sp. We also investigated the effect of artificial UV-B radiation and periodic desiccation on chlorophyll-a, total carotenoids, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) production. The UV-B radiation had a negative effect on growth and chlorophyll concentration, whereas it showed an inductive effect on the production of total carotenoids and MAAs. Desiccation along with UV-B radiation led to an increase in the concentration of photoprotective compounds. These results indicate that carotenoids and MAAs thus facilitate cyanobacteria to avoid and protect themselves from the deleterious effects of UV-B and desiccation.
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Jain S, Prajapat G, Abrar M, Ledwani L, Singh A, Agrawal A. Cyanobacteria as efficient producers of mycosporine-like amino acids. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:715-727. [PMID: 28543536 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids are the most common group of transparent ultraviolet radiation absorbing intracellular secondary metabolites. These molecules absorb light in the range of ultraviolet-A and -B with a maximum absorbance between 310 and 362 nm. Cyanobacteria might have faced the most deleterious ultraviolet radiation, which leads to an evolution of ultraviolet protecting mycosporine-like amino acids for efficient selection in the environment. In the last 30 years, scientists have investigated various cyanobacteria for novel mycosporine-like amino acids, applying different induction techniques. This review organizes all the cyanobacterial groups that produce various mycosporine-like amino acids. We found out that cyanobacteria belonging to orders Synechococcales, Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, and Nostocales are frequently studied for the presence of mycosporine-like amino acids, while orders Gloeobacterales, Spirulinales, Pleurocapsales, and Chroococcidiopsidales are still need to be investigated. Nostoc and Anabaena strains are major studied genus for the mycosporine-like amino acids production. Hence, this review will give further insight to the readers about potential mycosporine-like amino acid producing cyanobacterial groups in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ganshyam Prajapat
- Energy and Environment Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mustari Abrar
- Energy and Environment Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lalita Ledwani
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Agrawal
- Energy and Environment Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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Kannaujiya VK, Sinha RP. Impacts of diurnal variation of ultraviolet-B and photosynthetically active radiation on phycobiliproteins of the hot-spring cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain HKAR-2. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:423-433. [PMID: 27026262 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of diurnal variation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation on phycobiliproteins (PBPs) and photosynthetic pigments (PP) have been studied in the hot-spring cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain HKAR-2. The variations in PBPs and PP were monitored by alternating light and dark under PAR, UV-B, and PAR + UV-B radiations over a period of 25 h. There was a decline in the amount of Chl a and PBPs during light periods of UV-B and PAR + UV-B and an increase during dark periods showing a circadian rhythm by destruction and resynthesis of pigment-protein complex. However, a marked induction in carotenoids was recorded during light periods of the same radiations. Moreover, the ratio of Chl a/PE and Chl a/PC was increased in dark periods showing the resynthesis of bleached Chl a. The wavelength shift in emission fluorescence of PBPs toward shorter wavelengths further indicated the bleaching and destruction of PBPs during light periods. Oxidative damage upon exposure to PAR, UV-B, and PAR + UV-B was alleviated by induction of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The studied cyanobacterium exhibits a significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX upon exposure to UV-B and PAR + UV-B radiations. The results indicate that pigment-protein composition of Nostoc sp. stain HKAR-2 was significantly altered during diurnal variation of light/radiation, which might play an important role in optimization for their productivity in a particular cyanobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Kannaujiya
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajeshwar P Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Immunomodulatory Effects of the Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids Shinorine and Porphyra-334. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060119. [PMID: 27338421 PMCID: PMC4926078 DOI: 10.3390/md14060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are secondary metabolites, produced by a large variety of microorganisms including algae, cyanobacteria, lichen and fungi. MAAs act as UV-absorbers and photo-protectants. MAAs are suggested to exert pharmaceutical relevant bioactivities in the human system. We particularly focused on their effect on defence and regulatory pathways that are active in inflamed environments. The MAAs shinorine and porphyra-334 were isolated and purified from the red algae Porphyra sp. using chromatographic methods. The effect of MAAs on central signaling cascades, such as transcription factor nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB) activation, as well as tryptophan metabolism, was investigated in human myelomonocytic THP-1 and THP-1-Blue cells. Cells were exposed to the MAAs in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). NF-κB activity and the activity of tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) were used as readout. Compounds were tested in the concentration range from 12.5 to 200 µg/mL. Both MAAs were able to induce NF-κB activity in unstimulated THP-1-Blue cells, whereby the increase was dose-dependent and more pronounced with shinorine treatment. While shinorine also slightly superinduced NF-κB in LPS-stimulated cells, porphyra-334 reduced NF-κB activity in this inflammatory background. Modulation of tryptophan metabolism was moderate, suppressive in stimulated cells with the lower treatment concentration of both MAAs and with the unstimulated cells upon porphyra-334 treatment. Inflammatory pathways are affected by MAAs, but despite the structural similarity, diverse effects were observed.
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Characterization of the diversity of mycosporine-like amino acids in lichens from high altitude region of Himalaya. Amino Acids 2015; 48:129-36. [PMID: 26286672 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are tolerant to a number of environmental variables including high-intensity solar radiations, which is mainly due to the presence of chemical substances in the thallus. Especially, cyanobacterial lichens synthesize a unique class of chemical substances known as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) the primary characteristic of which is strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption between 300 and 360 nm. In view of its UV-protecting potential, the applicability of mass spectral fragmentation using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis for the characterization of MAAs in lichen samples was explored. MAA compounds were characterized in four cyanobacteria-containing lichen species belonging to genus Peltigera, Stereocaulon and Lobaria. Among them, Peltigera and Lobaria are true cyanobacteria containing lichens (cyanolichens) while Stereocaulon is a tripartite lichen, as it contains both green algae (in the thallus) and cyanobacteria (in the cephalodia), collected from higher altitudes of Himalaya (Tungnath-Chopta in Garhwal Himalaya, 3432 m) from an exposed locality experiencing high light intensity. Mass spectral data of distinctive fragmentation pattern revealed that all the four species have good diversity of MAA compounds, especially Lobaria retigera was found to be enriched with highest diversity of oxo and imino MAAs. Overall, different numbers of oxo and imino MAA compounds were detected in the remaining lichen species. Good diversity of imino MAAs has ecological significance which is required to be investigated further. Moreover, the impressive diversity characterized in each lichen species suggests that lichens should be thoroughly studied for their MAAs contents.
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