1
|
Hao M, Xu H. Chemistry and Biology of Podophyllotoxins: An Update. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302595. [PMID: 37814110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is an aryltetralin lignan lactone derived from different plants of Podophyllum. It consists of five rings with four chiral centers, one trans-lactone and one aryl tetrahydronaphthalene skeleton with multiple modification sites. Moreover, podophyllotoxin and its derivatives showed lots of bioactivities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and insecticidal properties. The demand for podophyllotoxin and its derivatives is rising as a result of their high efficacy. As a continuation of our previous review (Chem. Eur. J., 2017, 23, 4467-4526), herein, total synthesis, biotransformation, structural modifications, bioactivities, and structure-activity relationships of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives from 2017 to 2022 are summarized. Meanwhile, a piece of update information on the origin of new podophyllotoxin analogues from plants from 2014 to 2022 was compiled. We hope that this review will provide a reference for future high value-added applications of podophyllotoxin and its analogues in the pharmaceutical and agricultural fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xian Yang Shi, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xian Yang Shi, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mu D, Shao Y, He J, Zhu L, Qiu D, Wilson IW, Zhang Y, Pan L, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Tang Q. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Normalizing RT-qPCR and Analysis of the Expression Patterns of WRKY1 Transcription Factor and Rhynchophylline Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Uncaria rhynchophylla. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16330. [PMID: 38003520 PMCID: PMC10671239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil, a traditional medicinal herb, is enriched with several pharmacologically active terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). At present, no method has been reported that can comprehensively select and evaluate the appropriate reference genes for gene expression analysis, especially the transcription factors and key enzyme genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of TIAs in U. rhynchophylla. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is currently the most common method for detecting gene expression levels due to its high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and ease of use. However, this methodology is dependent on selecting an optimal reference gene to accurately normalize the RT-qPCR results. Ten candidate reference genes, which are homologues of genes used in other plant species and are common reference genes, were used to evaluate the expression stability under three stress-related experimental treatments (methyl jasmonate, ethylene, and low temperature) using multiple stability analysis methodologies. The results showed that, among the candidate reference genes, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAM) exhibited a higher expression stability under the experimental conditions tested. Using SAM as a reference gene, the expression profiles of 14 genes for key TIA enzymes and a WRKY1 transcription factor were examined under three experimental stress treatments that affect the accumulation of TIAs in U. rhynchophylla. The expression pattern of WRKY1 was similar to that of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) under ETH treatment. This research is the first to report the stability of reference genes in U. rhynchophylla and provides an important foundation for future gene expression analyses in U. rhynchophylla. The RT-qPCR results indicate that the expression of WRKY1 is similar to that of TDC under ETH treatment. It may coordinate the expression of TDC, providing a possible method to enhance alkaloid production in the future through synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detian Mu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingying Shao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jialong He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Iain W Wilson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Limei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dai-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Danaeipour Z, Garoosi G, Tohidfar M, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Mirjalili MH. Comprehensive RNA-Seq-based study and metabolite profiling to identify genes involved in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Linum album Kotschy ex Boiss. (Linaceae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:9219. [PMID: 37286620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Linum album is a well-known rich source of anticancer compounds, i.e., podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and other lignans. These compounds play an important role in the plant's defensive system. The RNA-Seq data of flax (L. usitatissimum) were analyzed under various biotic and abiotic stresses to comprehend better the importance of lignans in plant defense responses. Then, the association between the lignan contents and some related gene expressions was experimented with HPLC and qRT-PCR, respectively. Transcriptomic profiling showed a specific expression pattern in different organs, and just the commonly regulated gene EP3 was detected with a significant increase under all stresses. The in silico analysis of the PTOX biosynthesis pathway identified a list of genes, including laccase (LAC11), lactoperoxidase (POD), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase (SDH). These genes increased significantly under individual stresses. The HPLC analysis showed that the measured lignan contents generally increased under stress. In contrast, a quantitative expression of the genes involved in this pathway using qRT-PCR showed a different pattern that seems to contribute to regulating PTOX content in response to stress. Identified modifications of critical genes related to PTOX biosynthesis in response to multiple stresses can provide a baseline for improving PTOX content in L. album.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Danaeipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 3414916818, Iran
| | - Ghasemali Garoosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 3414916818, Iran.
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta R, Sood H. Optimizing nutrient media conditions for continuous production of shoot biomass enriched in major medicinal constituents, amarogentin and mangiferin of endangered medicinal herb, Swertia chirayita. VEGETOS (BAREILLY, INDIA) 2022; 36:1-9. [PMID: 36061345 PMCID: PMC9423889 DOI: 10.1007/s42535-022-00464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis and accumulation of Amarogentin and Mangiferin from shoot culture of endangered herb Swertia chirayita helped in rescuing its natural population along with continuous production of quality rich herbal material. Although, presence of Amarogentin and Mangiferin had already been reported, but such studies did not elaborate the significant developmental stages at two varying temperature (15 ± 1 °C and 25 ± 1 °C) in shoot cultures of S. chirayita. Different developmental stages involved throughout from callus induction to complete regeneration of plant by using shoot cultures of S. chirayita, reveal different amounts of significant medicinal compounds having high pharmacological importance like bearing anti-diabetic and anti-cancerous properties. So in the present study, different developmental stages i.e. plant segment as leaf disc explants, initiation of callus formation, callus mass development, shoots primordial, manifold shoot formation and shoot elongation with complete growth were explored for accumulation of Amarogentin and Mangiferin. The Amarogentin content was 4.72 µg/mg at 15 ± 1 °C and 4.41 µg/mg at 25 ± 1 °C whereas Mangiferin content was 15.54 µg/mg at 15 ± 1 °C and 9.70 µg/mg at 25 ± 1 °C in leaf discs provided with the medium MS + 2,4D = 1 mg/L, 6BAP = 0.5 mg/L, TDZ = 0.5 mg/L, respectively. The accumulation of Amarogentin and Mangiferin started from callus cultures differentiating into shoots and reached to the detectable amount equivalent to actual leaf explants in fully grown shoots with content of 5.79 µg/mg at 15 ± 1 °C and 5.35 µg/mg at 25 ± 1 °C whereas 15.56 µg/mg at 15 ± 1 °C and 13.15 µg/mg at 25 ± 1 °C provided with the medium MS + IBA = 3 mg/L, KN = 1 mg/L, respectively. Maximum accumulation of bioactive compounds was observed in ≈3 months old in-vitro grown shoots at 15 ± 1˚ C wherein, the content of Amarogentin was ≈8.51 folds higher and Mangiferin was ≈4.09 folds higher than the ≈3 months old green house grown shoots. So, the in-vitro raised shoots of S. chirayita enriched with marker medicinal compounds would be utilized as ready to use raw material for pharmaceutical industries for herbal drug formulations and can be utilized to transfer under natural habitats for conserving its diminishing population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolika Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234 India
| | - Hemant Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Javadian N, Karimzadeh G, Sharifi M, Moieni A. Effect of ploidy level on podophyllotoxin content and expression of genes related to its biosynthesis in callus cultures of Linum album. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
6
|
Evaluation of Angelica decursiva reference genes under various stimuli for RT-qPCR data normalization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18993. [PMID: 34556773 PMCID: PMC8460625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica decursiva is one of the lending traditional Chinese medicinal plants producing coumarins. Notably, several studies have focused on the biosynthesis and not the RT-qPCR (quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) study of coumarins. This RT-qPCR technique has been extensively used to investigate gene expression levels in plants and the selection of reference genes which plays a crucial role in standardizing the data form the RT-qPCR analysis. In our study, 11 candidate reference genes were selected from the existing transcriptome data of Angelica decursiva. Here, four different types of statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct) were used to calculate and evaluate the stability of gene expression under different external treatments. Subsequently, RefFinder analysis was used to determine the geometric average of each candidate gene ranking, and to perform comprehensive index ranking. The obtained results showed that among all the 11 candidate reference genes, SAND family protein (SAND), protein phosphatase 2A gene (PP2A), and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP) were the most stable reference genes, where Nuclear cap binding protein 2 (NCBP2), TIP41-like protein (TIP41), and Beta-6-tubulin (TUBA) were the least stable genes. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to evaluate the stability of reference genes in the Angelica decursiva which has provided an important foundation on the use of RT-qPCR for an accurate and far-reaching gene expression analysis in this medicinal plant.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ivanova DI, Nedialkov PT, Tashev AN, Olech M, Nowak R, Ilieva YE, Kokanova-Nedialkova ZK, Atanasova TN, Angelov G, Najdenski HM. Junipers of Various Origins as Potential Sources of the Anticancer Drug Precursor Podophyllotoxin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175179. [PMID: 34500615 PMCID: PMC8433965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Juniper representatives are natural sources of plenty of bioactive metabolites and have been used since ancient times as folk remedies against tapeworms, warts, cancer, etc. The antiproliferative activities of junipers are attributed to podophyllotoxin (PPT), which is a precursor for the synthesis of efficient anticancer drugs. However, the natural sources of PPT, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying and Podophyllum peltatum L., are already endangered species because of their intensive industrial exploitation. Therefore, identification of other sources of PPT is necessary. This study is a broad comparative investigation of junipers, for which original sources have been accessed from different continents of the world. The present research is aimed at the identification of species, producing PPT and other lignans at concentrations that are sufficient for the high antiproliferative activity of the corresponding extracts. Cytotoxic juniper leaf extracts demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity on a panel of cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative properties of junipers were attributed to the combined activity of great diversity of lignans (podophyllotoxin, deoxypodophyllotoxin, β-peltatin, yatein, matairesinol, anhydropodorhizol, etc.), detected by UHPLC-HRMS and LC-ESI-MS/MS in the corresponding extracts. Several species of the genus Juniperus L. were outlined as perspective sources of drug precursors with potential pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. Ivanova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence: (D.I.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Paraskev T. Nedialkov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.T.N.); (Y.E.I.); (Z.K.K.-N.); (T.N.A.)
| | | | - Marta Olech
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (D.I.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Yana E. Ilieva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.T.N.); (Y.E.I.); (Z.K.K.-N.); (T.N.A.)
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | | | - Teodora N. Atanasova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.T.N.); (Y.E.I.); (Z.K.K.-N.); (T.N.A.)
| | - George Angelov
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Hristo M. Najdenski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Podophyllotoxin: History, Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040603. [PMID: 33921719 PMCID: PMC8073934 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin, along with its various derivatives and congeners are widely recognized as broad-spectrum pharmacologically active compounds. Etoposide, for instance, is the frontline chemotherapeutic drug used against various cancers due to its superior anticancer activity. It has recently been redeveloped for the purpose of treating cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. Podophyllotoxin and its naturally occurring congeners have low bioavailability and almost all these initially discovered compounds cause systemic toxicity and development of drug resistance. Moreover, the production of synthetic derivatives that could suffice for the clinical limitations of these naturally occurring compounds is not economically feasible. These challenges demanded continuous devotions towards improving the druggability of these drugs and continue to seek structure-optimization strategies. The discovery of renewable sources including microbial origin for podophyllotoxin is another possible approach. This review focuses on the exigency of innovation and research required in the global R&D and pharmaceutical industry for podophyllotoxin and related compounds based on recent scientific findings and market predictions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Changxing L, Galani S, Hassan FU, Rashid Z, Naveed M, Fang D, Ashraf A, Qi W, Arif A, Saeed M, Chishti AA, Jianhua L. Biotechnological approaches to the production of plant-derived promising anticancer agents: An update and overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110918. [PMID: 33254434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom is a rich source of bioactive compounds, many of which have been used since pre-history for their therapeutic properties to treat a range of illnesses. These metabolites have recently attracted attention to their antineoplastic activities to treat various cancers relying on different mechanisms. Some of these molecules are glycosides, which have proven useful as anti-cancer agents, namely podophyllotoxin (PPT) anaryltetralin lignan or alkaloids. There are three primary forms of alkaloids, such as indole alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine from Catharanthus roseus), quinoline alkaloid (camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata), and diterpenoid alkaloid (taxol and it's analogous from Taxus and Corylus species). This review considers various plant biotechnology approaches used to enhance the production of these anticancer molecules in different species. In this regard, many in vitro culture techniques such as stimulation of suspension culture and hairy roots are being used to investigate the effects of plant growth regulators and elicitors on various explants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000,P.R China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province,712100, P.R China
| | - Saddia Galani
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zubia Rashid
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211166, P.R China
| | - Daidong Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000,P.R China
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, G. C. University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wang Qi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000,P.R China
| | - Afsheen Arif
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 6300, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ali Chishti
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Li Jianhua
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000,P.R China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palaniyandi K, Jun W. Low temperature enhanced the podophyllotoxin accumulation vis-a-vis its biosynthetic pathway gene(s) expression in Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng – A pharmaceutically important medicinal plant. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Morales-Sánchez V, Fe Andrés M, Díaz CE, González-Coloma A. Factors Affecting the Metabolite Productions in Endophytes: Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Metabolites. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:1855-1873. [PMID: 31241432 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190626154421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 1980, many species and different strains from endophytic genera of Phomopsis, Fusarium, Pestaliopsis and Aspergillus have been studied because of their ability to produce medicinal compounds found in their host plants. Some of these medicinal agents such as Taxol, Brefeldine A, Camptothecin and Podophyllotoxin are being produced in large-scale after an optimization process. However, the potential of fungal endophytes to produce host-like medicinal compounds remains largely unexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Fe Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, CSIC, Serrano 115-dpdo, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Carmen Elisa Díaz
- Instituto de Productos naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC. Avda. Astrofísico F. Sanchez, 3. 38206 La Laguna, Tenertife, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun H, Jiang X, Sun M, Cong H, Qiao F. Evaluation of reference genes for normalizing RT-qPCR in leaves and suspension cells of Cephalotaxus hainanensis under various stimuli. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:31. [PMID: 30962812 PMCID: PMC6434779 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a widely used approach for investigating gene expression levels in plants because of its high reproducibility, sensitivity, accuracy and rapidness. Evaluation of reference genes for normalizing RT-qPCR data is a necessary step, especially in new plant varieties. Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a precious medicinal plant belonging to the family of Cephalotaxaceae and no RT-qPCR studies have been reported on it. RESULTS In this study, 9 candidate reference genes were selected from the transcriptome data of C. hainanensis; 3 statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper) were applied to evaluate their expression stabilities through 180 samples under 6 stimuli treatments in leaves and leaf-derived suspension cultured cells; a comprehensive stabilities ranking was also performed by RefFinder. The results showed that suitable reference genes in C. hainanensis should be selected for normalization relative to different experimental sets. 18S showed a higher stability than other candidate reference genes which ranked at the top two suitable genes under all experimental setups in this study. CONCLUSION This study is the first to evaluate the stability of reference genes in C. hainanensis and supply an important foundation to use the RT-qPCR for an accurate and far-reaching gene expression analysis in C. hainanensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources/Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengli Sun
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources/Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Cong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lalaleo L, Alcazar R, Palazon J, Moyano E, Cusido RM, Bonfill M. Comparing aryltetralin lignan accumulation patterns in four biotechnological systems of Linum album. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 228:197-207. [PMID: 29960916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Linum album is a herbaceous plant with medical interest due to its content of podophyllotoxin (PTOX), an aryltetralin lignan with cytotoxic activity. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that cell suspension cultures of L. album produced more PTOX than methoxypodophyllotoxin (6-MPTOX), both lignans being formed from the same precursor after divergence close to the end of the biosynthetic pathway. In contrast, the hairy roots produced more 6-MPTOX than PTOX. Taking into account this variability, we were interested to know if the lignan profile of an in vitro PTOX-producing L. album plant changes according to the biotechnological system employed and, if so, if this is due to cell dedifferentiation and/or transformation events. With this aim, we established four biotechnological systems: (1) Wild type cell suspensions, (2) transformed cell suspensions, (3) adventitious roots and (4) hairy roots. We determined the production of four aryltetralin lignans: PTOX, 6-MPTOX, deoxypodophyllotoxin (dPTOX) and β-peltatin. The results show that in vitro plantlets, WT cells and transformed cells predominantly produced PTOX, production being 11-fold higher in the plantlets. Otherwise, the adventitious and hairy roots predominantly produced 6-MPTOX, the adventitious roots being the most productive, with MPTOX levels 1.58-fold higher than in transformed roots. We can infer from these results that in the studied plants, cell differentiation promoted the formation of 6-MPTOX over PTOX, while transformation did not influence the lignan pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Lalaleo
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Rubén Alcazar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Avda. Dr. Aiguader 80, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Cusido
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pal T, Padhan JK, Kumar P, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Comparative transcriptomics uncovers differences in photoautotrophic versus photoheterotrophic modes of nutrition in relation to secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Swertia chirayita. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:77-98. [PMID: 29349608 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-017-4135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Swertia chirayita is a high-value medicinal herb exhibiting antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antiediematogenic and antipyretic properties. Scarcity of its plant material has necessitated in vitro production of therapeutic metabolites; however, their yields were low compared to field grown plants. Possible reasons for this could be differences in physiological and biochemical processes between plants grown in photoautotrophic versus photoheterotrophic modes of nutrition. Comparative transcriptomes of S. chirayita were generated to decipher the crucial molecular components associated with the secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Illumina HiSeq sequencing yielded 57,460 and 43,702 transcripts for green house grown (SCFG) and tissue cultured (SCTC) plants, respectively. Biological role analysis (GO and COG assignments) revealed major differences in SCFG and SCTC transcriptomes. KEGG orthology mapped 351 and 341 transcripts onto secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathways for SCFG and SCTC transcriptomes, respectively. Nineteen out of 30 genes from primary metabolism showed higher in silico expression (FPKM) in SCFG versus SCTC, possibly indicating their involvement in regulating the central carbon pool. In silico data were validated by RT-qPCR using a set of 16 genes, wherein 10 genes showed similar expression pattern across both the methods. Comparative transcriptomes identified differentially expressed transcription factors and ABC-type transporters putatively associated with secondary metabolism in S. chirayita. Additionally, functional classification was performed using NCBI Biosystems database. This study identified the molecular components implicated in differential modes of nutrition (photoautotrophic vs. photoheterotrophic) in relation to secondary metabolites production in S. chirayita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Jibesh Kumar Padhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Hemant Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Rajinder S Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, a Times Group Initiative, Plot No 8-11, TechZone II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar P, Jaiswal V, Pal T, Singh J, Chauhan RS. Comparative whole-transcriptome analysis in Podophyllum species identifies key transcription factors contributing to biosynthesis of podophyllotoxin in P. hexandrum. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:217-228. [PMID: 26733390 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllum species (Podophyllum hexandrum Royle and Podophyllum peltatum) are a major source of deriving anticancer drugs from their major chemical constituent, podophyllotoxin. However, information lacks on regulatory components of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis; therefore, different classes of transcription factors were identified through mining transcriptomes of Podophyllum species and validated through qRT-PCR analysis vis-à-vis podophyllotoxin contents in different tissues/organs of Podophyllum hexandrum. A total of 82, 278, 70, and 90 transcripts were identified in shoots and 89, 273, 72, and 91 transcripts in rhizomes of P. hexandrum transcriptome; 70, 268, 48, and 92 transcripts were in shoots and 58, 245, 41, and 85 transcripts in rhizomes of P. peltatum transcriptome corresponding to bZIP, MYB, WRKY, and bHLH families of transcription factors, which have been shown in regulating biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Two unique transcripts encoding bHLH and MYB/SANT TFs in shoots of P. peltatum (medp_podpe_41091 and medp_podpe_2547) and bZIP and MYB TFs in rhizomes of P. hexandrum (medp_podhe_163581 and medp_podhe_147614) correlated with podophyllotoxin content. Quantification of podophyllotoxin and comparative expression analysis between high (2.51 %) versus low (0.59) podophyllotoxin content accessions revealed 0.04 to ~16-folds increase in transcripts of transcription factors, thereby further supporting the association of identified transcription factors with podophyllotoxin content. bZIP TF showed the highest transcript abundance (19.60-folds) in P. hexandrum rhizomes (2.51 % podophyllotoxin) compared to shoots (0.01 %). In silico analysis of putative promoter regions of pathway genes in other plant species revealed the presence of sequence elements for MYB and WRKY transcription factors, thereby suggesting their role in controlling the production of podophyllotoxin. A repertoire of additional transcription factors has been provided, which can be functionally validated and used in designing a suitable genetic intervention strategy towards enhanced production of podophyllotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Agroforestry and Extension Division, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, 171009, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder S Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vasundhara M, Kumar A, Reddy MS. Molecular Approaches to Screen Bioactive Compounds from Endophytic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1774. [PMID: 27895623 PMCID: PMC5108243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are capable of producing plant associated metabolites and their analogs with therapeutic value. In order to identify the potential endophytic isolates producing bioactive compounds, one need to screen all isolated endophytes, which may run into hundreds. Isolation of endophytic fungi is relatively a simple process; but screening of the isolated fungi for required metabolite production is a cumbersome process. Endophytic fungi producing plant associated metabolites may contain genes involved in the entire biosynthetic pathway(s). Therefore, ascertaining the presence of key enzymes of a particular biosynthetic pathway could serve as a molecular marker for screening of these endophytes to produce that metabolite. In absence of entire biosynthetic pathways in endophytic fungi, plant genes associated with that metabolic pathway could serve as markers. This review focuses on the impact of molecular approaches to screen the endophytic fungi for the production of bioactive compounds. An attempt has been made on screening of anticancer compounds like taxol (paclitaxel), podophyllotoxin, and camptothecin using molecular markers. The advantages of molecular approaches over conventional methods to screen endophytic fungi and also identification of endophytic fungi are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumari A, Singh D, Kumar S. Biotechnological interventions for harnessing podophyllotoxin from plant and fungal species: current status, challenges, and opportunities for its commercialization. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:739-753. [PMID: 27644897 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1228597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is an aryltetralin lignan synthesized in several plant species, which is used in chemotherapies for cancers and tumor treatment. More potent semisynthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin such as etoposide and teniposide are being developed and evaluated for their efficacy. To meet the ever increasing pharmaceutical needs, species having podophyllotoxin are uprooted extensively leading to the endangered status of selective species mainly Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. This has necessitated bioprospection of podophyllotoxin from different plant species to escalate the strain on this endangered species. The conventional and non-conventional mode of propagation and bioprospection with the integration of biotechnological interventions could contribute to sustainable supply of podophyllotoxin from the available plant resources. This review article is focused on the understanding of different means of propagation, development of genomic information, and its implications for elucidating podophyllotoxin biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of pathways. In addition, various strategies for sustainable production of this valuable metabolite are also discussed, besides a critical evaluation of future challenges and opportunities for the commercialization of podophyllotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- a Division of Biotechnology, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India
| | - Dharam Singh
- a Division of Biotechnology, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- a Division of Biotechnology, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Comparative transcriptome analysis in different tissues of a medicinal herb, Picrorhiza kurroa pinpoints transcription factors regulating picrosides biosynthesis. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1395-1409. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Sharma N, Chauhan RS, Sood H. Discerning picroside-I biosynthesis via molecular dissection of in vitro shoot regeneration in Picrorhiza kurroa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1601-1615. [PMID: 27038441 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression analysis of primary and secondary metabolic pathways genes vis-à-vis shoot regeneration revealed developmental regulation of picroside-I biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurroa. Picroside-I (P-I) is an important iridoid glycoside used in several herbal formulations for treatment of various disorders. P-I is synthesized in shoots of Picrorhiza kurroa and Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Current study reports on understanding P-I biosynthesis in different morphogenetic stages, viz. plant segment (PS), callus initiation (CI), callus mass (CM), shoot primordia (SP), multiple shoots (MS) and fully developed (FD) stages of P. kurroa. Expression analysis of genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism revealed that genes encoding HMGR, PMK, DXPS, ISPE, GS, G10H, DAHPS and PAL enzymes of MVA, MEP, iridoid and shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathways showed significant modulation of expression in SP, MS and FD stages in congruence with P-I content compared to CM stage. While HK, PK, ICDH, MDH and G6PDH showed high expression in MS and FD stages of P. kurroa, RBA, HisK and CytO showed high expression with progress in regeneration of shoots. Quantitative expression analysis of secondary metabolism genes at two temperatures revealed that 7 genes HMGR, PMK, DXPS, GS, G10H, DAHPS and PAL showed high transcript abundance (32-87-folds) in FD stage derived from leaf and root segments at 15 °C compared to 25 °C in P. kurroa. Further screening of these genes at species level showed high expression pattern in P. kurroa (6-19-folds) vis-à-vis P. scrophulariiflora that was in corroboration with P-I content. Therefore, current study revealed developmental regulation of P-I biosynthesis in P. kurroa which would be useful in designing a suitable genetic intervention study by targeting these genes for enhancing P-I production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, HP, India
| | - Rajinder Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, HP, India
| | - Hemant Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, HP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kundu CN, Das S, Nayak A, Satapathy SR, Das D, Siddharth S. Anti-malarials are anti-cancers and vice versa - one arrow two sparrows. Acta Trop 2015; 149:113-27. [PMID: 25963804 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing is the novel means of drug discovery in modern science due to its affordability, safety and availability. Here, we systematically discussed the efficacy and mode of action of multiple bioactive, synthetic compounds and their potential derivatives which are used to treat/prevent malaria and cancer. We have also discussed the detailed molecular pathway involved in anti-cancer potentiality of an anti-malarial drug and vice versa. Although the causative agents, pathophysiology and manifestation of both the diseases are different but special emphasis has been given on similar pathways governing disease manifestation and the drugs which act through deregulating those pathways. Finally, a future direction has been speculated to combat these two diseases by a single agent developed using nanotechnology. Extended combination and new formulation of existing drugs for one disease may lead to the discovery of drug for other diseases like an arrow for two sparrows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanakya Nath Kundu
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Sarita Das
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Anmada Nayak
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Dipon Das
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| |
Collapse
|