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Sanches MM, Guesdon IR, Alves Meira RMS. Diversity and functional roles of floral glands in Malpighiaceae: insights in Lophopterys floribunda W.R. Anderson & C. Davis. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1555-1567. [PMID: 37338645 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Lophopterys floribunda is a Neotropical species of Malpighiaceae endemic to Brazil, occurring in both the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. Instead of the typical bi-glandular sepals reported for Neotropical Malpighiaceae, this species presents a single, large gland on the lateral sepals. In addition, ant patrolling was observed at the apex of bracts and bracteoles during fieldwork. Thus, this work aimed to describe the sepalar gland of L. floribunda and other secretory structures in its flowers and inflorescence. Samples of bracts, bracteoles, sepals, petals, and anther were collected and submitted to usual anatomical techniques. Unexpected nectaries at the apex of bracts and bracteoles, not visible to the naked eye, were described and represent a new type of structure for the family due to both their position and size. Mutualistic ants consume the exudate produced by these tiny nectaries, and such structures enable a specific visitation pattern for Lophopterys. Typical epithelial elaiophores occur on the lateral sepals, formed by an invaginated epidermis, which predominantly produce lipid secretion. The petal marginal glands are anatomically similar to the standard type of colleter, which exude mucilaginous substances. The exudate produced by the petal marginal glands was considered to have an additional role of contributing to the maintenance of the closed bud during the beginning of development. The globose epidermal cells containing lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides observed in the connective may be responsible for the typical aroma emitted by these flowers. The diversity of secretory structures reported here has application in both systematic and ecological studies of Malpighiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miller Melo Sanches
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Isabel Reis Guesdon
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas E Tecnologia, Campus de Itacoatiara, Itacoatiara-AM, CEP, 69103-128, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Strozi Alves Meira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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Wiśniewska N, Gołębiowski M, Kowalkowska AK. Labellum Features and Chemical Composition of Floral Scent in Bulbophyllum carunculatum Garay, Hamer & Siegrist (Section Lepidorhiza Schltr., Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae Juss.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1568. [PMID: 37050195 PMCID: PMC10097095 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of fly-pollinated Bulbophyllum species use a combination of visual and olfactory clues to mimic food sources and brood/oviposition sites of pollinators. The aims of the present work were to characterize the floral secretory tissue and the floral scent and compare them with those previously described in B. echinolabium. Based on the histochemical results, the labellar secretion in B. carunculatum is the protein-rich mucilage. The adaxial epidermal cells of the labellum showed typical features of secretory activity. Plastids contained plastoglobuli, which are thought to be the places for scent production in osmophores. Juxtaposed with FeCl3 staining, the presence of dihydroxyphenolic globules in the cytoplasm of the epidermis and sub-epidermis was confirmed. Phenolic derivatives were also described with GC/MS analysis of the floral scent. The number of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons was indicated in the floral scent of B. carunculatum. Moreover, pregnane-3,20-dione, occurring in the highest percentage in the floral fragrance of B. carunculatum, is a biologically active, 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma progesterone. Progesterone is a mammalian gonadal hormone, but, like other steroid hormones, has been found in plants as intermediates in different biosynthetic pathways. The research on biosynthesis and functions of progesterone and its derivatives in flowers is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka K. Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Brzosko E, Bajguz A, Burzyńska J, Chmur M. Does Reproductive Success in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations of Generalist Epipactis helleborine Depend on Flower Morphology and Nectar Composition? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4276. [PMID: 36901705 PMCID: PMC10001846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the role of flower structure and nectar composition in shaping the reproductive success (RS) of the generalist orchid Epipactis helleborine in natural and anthropogenic populations. We supposed that the distinct character of two groups of habitats creates different conditions for plant-pollinator relationships, thus influencing reproductive success in E. helleborine populations. Both pollinaria removal (PR) and fruiting (FRS) were differentiated between the populations. On average, FRS was almost two times higher in the anthropogenic than in the natural populations. The difference between the two population groups in PR was smaller but still statistically significant. RS parameters were correlated with some floral display and flower traits. Floral display influenced RS only in three anthropogenic populations. Flower traits had a weak influence on RS (10 of the 192 cases analyzed). The more important trait in shaping RS was nectar chemistry. The nectar of E. helleborine is relatively diluted with a lower sugar concentration in the anthropogenic than in the natural populations. In the natural populations, domination of sucrose over hexoses was found, while in the anthropogenic populations, hexoses were more abundant and the participation of sugars was balanced. In some populations, sugars influenced RS. In E. helleborine nectar, 20 proteogenic and 7 non-proteogenic amino acids (AAs) were found with a clear domination of glutamic acid. We noted relationships between some AAs and RS, but distinct AAs shaped RS in different populations, and their impact was independent of their participation. Our results indicate that the flower structure and nectar composition of E. helleborine reflect its generalistic character and meet the requirements of a wide range of pollinators. Simultaneously, the differentiation of flower traits suggests a variation in pollinator assemblages in particular populations. Knowledge about the factors influencing RS in distinct habitats helps to understand the evolutionary potential of species and to understand mechanisms and processes crucial for shaping interactions between plants and pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzosko
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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Lipińska MM, Gołębiowski M, Szlachetko DL, Kowalkowska AK. Floral attractants in the black orchid Brasiliorchis schunkeana (Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae): clues for presumed sapromyophily and potential antimicrobial activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:575. [PMID: 36496375 PMCID: PMC9737770 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids have evolved various strategies that aim to ensure their reproduction success. These may include the production of rewards for pollinators, or on the contrary, deception. Specific sets of features such as flower morphology, color, nectar, and odor presence (or lack thereof) are considered to determine suitability for pollination by different groups of animals. Stingless bees are thought to be the primary pollinators of the orchids of the Neotropical subtribe Maxillariinae. However, almost black flowered Brasiliorchis schunkeana at first glance presents floral adaptations that may suggest another pollination syndrome-sapromyophily. RESULTS A few traces of secretion were noticed on the glabrous lip callus and lip apex built by conical to villiform papillae (SEM analysis). Histochemical studies revealed huge amounts of lipids in the epidermis, subepidermis, and some parenchyma cells (SBB test) with various stages of lipids accumulation between cells. Further TEM analysis showed a heterogeneous (lipoid and phenolic) nature of secretion. The dense osmiophilic cytoplasm contained organelles (RER, free ribosomes, dictyosomes, plastids with plastoglobuli, nucleus) and vesicles migrating to plasmalemma. The vesicles, osmiophilic globules, and flocculent material were visible in periplasmic space. The central vacuole possessed osmiophilic phenolic content and flocculent material. GC-MS analysis revealed in floral extract the presence of 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (77.06%) and 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (16.65%). Both compounds are known for their biological activity. CONCLUSIONS The juxtaposition of results led us to the conclusion that the labellar tissue produces lipoid and phenolic material, which is responsible for the glossiness and rotten herring scent. This type of secretion could be classified as a phenolic resin. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of five semiochemicals that are known to be attractants for some Diptera, which together with the rest of the results constitutes a strong premise that representatives of this order could be potential pollinators of B. schunkeana. Field observations however are still needed to confirm this pollination syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Foundation Polish Orchid Association, 81-825, Sopot, Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Chitchak N, Stewart AB, Traiperm P. Functional Ecology of External Secretory Structures in Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152068. [PMID: 35956546 PMCID: PMC9370475 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous secretory structures that fulfill diverse roles and shape their interactions with other organisms. Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) is one species that possesses various external secretory organs hypothesized to be ecologically important. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate five secretory structures (nectary disc, petiolar nectaries, calycinal glands, staminal hairs, and foliar glands) using micromorphology, anatomy, histochemistry, and field observations of plant–animal interactions in order to assess the functional contributions of these structures. Results show that the nectary disc and petiolar nectaries are complex working units consisting of at least epidermis and ground tissue, while the other structures are glandular trichomes. Various groups of metabolites (lipids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids) were detected in all structures, while starch grains were only found in the nectary disc, petiolar nectaries, and their adjacent tissues. Integrating preliminary observation of animal visitors with micromorphological, anatomical, and histochemical results, two hypotheses are proposed: (I) nectary disc and staminal hairs are important for pollination as they potentially attract and reward floral visitors, and (II) petiolar nectaries, calycinal glands, and foliar glands contribute to plant defense. Specifically, petiolar nectaries and calycinal glands provide protection from herbivores via guard ants, while calycinal and foliar glands may use plant metabolites to help prevent tissue damage from dehydration and insolation.
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Morphological, anatomical, ultrastructural, and histochemical study of flowers and nectaries of Iris sibirica L. Micron 2022; 158:103288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jakubska-Busse A, Czeluśniak I, Kobyłka MJ, Hojniak M. Why does an obligate autogamous orchid produce insect attractants in nectar? - a case study on Epipactis albensis (Orchidaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:196. [PMID: 35418038 PMCID: PMC9006510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flowers of some species of orchids produce nectar as a reward for pollination, the process of transferring pollen from flower to flower. Epipactis albensis is an obligatory autogamous species, does not require the presence of insects for pollination, nevertheless, it has not lost the ability to produce nectar, the chemical composition of which we examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for identification of potential insect attractants. RESULTS During five years of field research, we did not observe any true pollinating insects visiting the flowers of this species, only accidental insects as ants and aphids. As a result of our studies, we find that this self-pollinating orchid produces in nectar inter alia aliphatic saturated and unsaturated aldehydes such as nonanal (pelargonal) and 2-pentenal as well as aromatic ones (i.e., syringaldehyde, hyacinthin). The nectar is low in alkenes, which may explain the absence of pollinating insects. Moreover, vanillin and eugenol derivatives, well-known as important scent compounds were also identified, but the list of chemical compounds is much poorer compared with a closely related species, insect-pollinating E. helleborine. CONCLUSION Autogamy is a reproductive mechanism employed by many flowering plants, including the orchid genus Epipactis, as an adaptation to growing in habitats where pollinating insects are rarely observed due to the lack of nectar-producing plants they feed on. The production of numerous chemical attractants by self-pollinated E. albensis confirms the evolutionary secondary process, i.e., transition from ancestral insect-pollinating species to obligatory autogamous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubska-Busse
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Michał J Kobyłka
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 50-353, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Hojniak
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 50-353, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ornithophily in the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae) proven with a case study of Ornithidium fulgens in Guatemala. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5273. [PMID: 35379839 PMCID: PMC8980101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithophily has been long speculated to occur in the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae), relying either solely on micromorphological analyses or scarce field observations of undefined species. In Guatemala we were able to observe regular visits of the azure-crowned hummingbirds feeding on flowers of Ornithidium fulgens. These observations have led us to investigation of floral attractants by means of scanning and transmission microscopy, histochemical and chemical analyses (GC–MS). Conducted investigation revealed that the epidermis of basal protuberance of column-foot has features proving the secretory activity and that secreted nectar is sucrose-dominant. Slight secretion on the middle part of the lip is puzzling. The presence of other potential pollinators has not been reported. Based on the results of this study, we confirmed that the flowers of O. fulgens meet all criteria of ornithophily and thus that the hypothesis about bird pollination in the subtribe Maxillariinae is proven. The presented results confirm that the previously described floral features predicting the bird pollination in this group are justified. This strengthens the theory about floral adaptations to different pollinators and gives valid reasons to consider species with flowers with a certain set of traits as ornithophilous, even in the absence of the pollination observation.
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Konarska A, Chmielewski P. Taxonomic traits in the microstructure of flowers of parasitic Orobanche picridis with particular emphasis on secretory structures. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:299-317. [PMID: 31529247 PMCID: PMC6982642 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Orobanche picridis is an obligate root parasite devoid of chlorophyll in aboveground organs, which infects various Picris species. Given the high level of phenotypic variability of the species, the considerable limitation of the number of taxonomically relevant traits (mainly in terms of generative elements), and the low morphological variation between species, Orobanche is regarded as one of the taxonomically most problematic genera. This study aimed to analyse the taxonomic traits of O. picridis flowers with the use of stereoscopic and bright-field microscopy as well as fluorescence, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The micromorphology of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils was described. For the first time, the anatomy of parasitic Orobanche nectaries and the ultrastructure of nectaries and glandular trichomes were presented. Special attention was paid to the distribution and types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as the types of metabolites contained in these structures. It was demonstrated that the nectary gland was located at the base of the gynoecium and nectar was secreted through modified nectarostomata. The secretory parenchyma cells contained nuclei, large amyloplasts with starch granules, mitochondria, and high content of endoplasmic reticulum profiles. Nectar was transported via symplastic and apoplastic routes. The results of histochemical assays and fluorescence tests revealed the presence of four groups of metabolites, i.e. polyphenols (tannins, flavonoids), lipids (acidic and neutral lipids, essential oil, sesquiterpenes, steroids), polysaccharides (acidic and neutral polysaccharides), and alkaloids, in the trichomes located on perianth elements and stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- Zamość Wildlife Association, Partyzantów 74/59, 22-400, Zamość, Poland
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Chwil M, Kostryco M, Matraszek-Gawron R. Comparative studies on structure of the floral nectaries and the abundance of nectar production of Prunus laurocerasus L. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1705-1726. [PMID: 31312908 PMCID: PMC6820602 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
There is very scanty information concerning the floral nectary structure and nectar secretion in Prunus laurocerasus L. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the micromorphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of nectaries; the abundance of nectar production; and the quantitative and qualitative composition of sugars contained in the nectar of two P. laurocerasus cultivars: 'Schipkaensis' and 'Zabeliana'. The nectary structure was studied using light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The nectar sugars were analysed with HPLC. The 'Schipkaensis' had longer inflorescences with a larger number of flowers and a longer perianth than 'Zabeliana'. The micromorphological structure of the nectaries in 'Schipkaensis' exhibited denser (approx. 39%) and larger (approx. 50%) stomata and thicker (approx. 13%) cuticular striae forming wider bands (approx. 26%) than in 'Zabeliana'. The results provide new data on the micromorphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of these floral nectaries. Nectary cuticle ornamentation as well as the size, type and density of stomata and stomatal complex topography can have a diagnostic value in Prunus. The nectar sugar weight indicates a significant apicultural value of the cherry laurel, especially in the case of 'Schipkaensis'. Cherry laurel is an entomophilous species recommended for cultivation in nectariferous zones and insect pollinator refuges; however, climatic conditions eliminating the invasiveness of these plants should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Chwil
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Kostryco
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Matraszek-Gawron
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Hernández MP, Katinas L. Technique for the identification of osmophores in flowers of herbarium material (TIOFH). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1753-1765. [PMID: 31183550 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The histochemical studies that search for osmophores differ in the protocol they follow for fixation and discoloration of the samples, and also in the type and number of stains utilized. Despite these differences, all the studies have one point in common: the use of fresh material either collected directly in the field or cultivated in botanical gardens and greenhouses. This is an obvious limitation for the studies of osmophores. Flower parts of herbarium specimens of different dates of collection and different plant families were exposed to variable times and percentages of discoloration agents and under different stains for finding if it is possible to positively test osmophores in this type of material. We obtained positive results discoloring the samples with ethyl alcohol 96° and sodium hypochlorite, and staining with Lugol, Oil Red O, and Neutral Red (TIOFH). A protocol (TIOFH3) for osmophore testing that combines these three stains into a single procedure is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo P Hernández
- Laboratorio de Morfología Comparada de Espermatófitas (LAMCE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Liliana Katinas
- División Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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