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Wang S, Wu H, Zhang Y, Sun G, Qian W, Qu F, Zhang X, Hu J. Transcriptome Reveals the Regulation of Exogenous Auxin Inducing Rooting of Non-Rooting Callus of Tea Cuttings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8080. [PMID: 39125650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuttage is the main propagation method of tea plant cultivars in China. However, some tea softwood cuttings just form an expanded and loose callus at the base, without adventitious root (AR) formation during the propagation period. Meanwhile, exogenous auxin could promote the AR formation of tea plant cuttings, but the regulation mechanism has not yet explained clearly. We conducted this study to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of exogenous auxin-induced adventitious root (AR) formation of such cuttings. The transcriptional expression profile of non-rooting tea calluses in response to exogenous IBA and NAA was analyzed using ONT RNA Seq technology. In total, 56,178 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, and most of genes were significantly differentially expressed after 12 h of exogenous auxin treatment. Among these DEGs, we further identified 80 DEGs involved in the auxin induction pathway and AR formation. Specifically, 14 auxin respective genes (ARFs, GH3s, and AUX/IAAs), 3 auxin transporters (AUX22), 19 auxin synthesis- and homeostasis-related genes (cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and calmodulin-like protein (CML) genes), and 44 transcription factors (LOB domain-containing protein (LBDs), SCARECROW-LIKE (SCL), zinc finger protein, WRKY, MYB, and NAC) were identified from these DEGs. Moreover, we found most of these DEGs were highly up-regulated at some stage before AR formation, suggesting that they may play a potential role in the AR formation of tea plant cuttings. In summary, this study will provide a theoretical foundation to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanism of AR formation in tea cuttings induced by auxin during propagation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huanran Wu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yazhao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guodong Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenjun Qian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fengfeng Qu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jianhui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Wakeman A, Bennett T. Auxins and grass shoot architecture: how the most important hormone makes the most important plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6975-6988. [PMID: 37474124 PMCID: PMC10690731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a group of grasses cultivated by humans for their grain. It is from these cereal grains that the majority of all calories consumed by humans are derived. The production of these grains is the result of the development of a series of hierarchical reproductive structures that form the distinct shoot architecture of the grasses. Being spatiotemporally complex, the coordination of grass shoot development is tightly controlled by a network of genes and signals, including the key phytohormone auxin. Hormonal manipulation has therefore been identified as a promising potential approach to increasing cereal crop yields and therefore ultimately global food security. Recent work translating the substantial body of auxin research from model plants into cereal crop species is revealing the contribution of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signalling to the development of grass shoot architecture. This review discusses this still-maturing knowledge base and examines the possibility that changes in auxin biology could have been a causative agent in the evolution of differences in shoot architecture between key grass species, or could underpin the future selective breeding of cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wakeman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Cai K, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Yuan H, Li H, Han L, Li X, Li K, Jiang T, Zhao X. Unraveling the Guardians of Growth: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Aux/ IAA and ARF Gene Families in Populus simonii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3566. [PMID: 37896029 PMCID: PMC10610179 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) and auxin response factor (ARF) genes are two crucial gene families in the plant auxin signaling pathway. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge regarding the Aux/IAA and ARF gene families in Populus simonii. In this study, we first identified 33 putative PsIAAs and 35 PsARFs in the Populus simonii genome. Analysis of chromosomal location showed that the PsIAAs and PsARFs were distributed unevenly across 17 chromosomes, with the greatest abundance observed on chromosomes 2. Furthermore, based on the homology of PsIAAs and PsARFs, two phylogenetic trees were constructed, classifying 33 PsIAAs and 35 PsARFs into three subgroups each. Five pairs of PsIAA genes were identified as the outcome of tandem duplication, but no tandem repeat gene pairs were found in the PsARF family. The expression profiling of PsIAAs and PsARFs revealed that several genes exhibited upregulation in different tissues and under various stress conditions, indicating their potential key roles in plant development and stress responses. The variance in expression patterns of specific PsIAAs and PsARFs was corroborated through RT-qPCR analysis. Most importantly, we instituted that the PsIAA7 gene, functioning as a central hub, exhibits interactions with numerous Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Furthermore, subcellular localization findings indicate that PsIAA7 functions as a protein localized within the nucleus. To conclude, the in-depth analysis provided in this study will contribute significantly to advancing our knowledge of the roles played by PsIAA and PsARF families in both the development of P. simonii tissue and its responses to stress. The insights gained will serve as a valuable asset for further inquiries into the biological functions of these gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.C.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (T.J.)
| | - Qiushuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.C.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (T.J.)
| | - Jinwang Zhang
- Tongliao Forestry and Grassland Science Research Institute, Tongliao 028000, China; (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Tongliao Forestry and Grassland Science Research Institute, Tongliao 028000, China; (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.C.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (T.J.)
| | - Lu Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Xuebo Li
- Changling County Front Seven State-Owned Forest Protection Center, Changling 131500, China
| | - Kailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.C.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (T.J.)
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.C.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (T.J.)
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.C.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (T.J.)
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
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Li L, Li Y, Quan W, Ding G. Effects of PmaIAA27 and PmaARF15 genes on drought stress tolerance in pinus massoniana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:478. [PMID: 37807055 PMCID: PMC10561430 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin plays an important role in plant resistance to abiotic stress. The modulation of gene expression by Auxin response factors (ARFs) and the inhibition of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins play crucial regulatory roles in plant auxin signal transduction. However, whether the stress resistance of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana), as a representative pioneer species, is related to Aux/IAA and ARF genes has not been thoroughly studied and explored. RESULTS The present study provides preliminary evidence for the regulatory role of the PmaIAA27 gene in abiotic stress response in Masson pine. We investigated the effects of drought and hormone treatments on Masson pine by examining the expression patterns of PmaIAA27 and PmaARF15 genes. Subsequently, we conducted gene cloning, functional testing using transgenic tobacco, and explored gene interactions. Exogenous auxin irrigation significantly downregulated the expression of PmaIAA27 while upregulating PmaARF15 in Masson pine seedlings. Moreover, transgenic tobacco with the PmaIAA27 gene exhibited a significant decrease in auxin content compared to control plants, accompanied by an increase in proline content - a known indicator of plant drought resistance. These findings suggest that overexpression of the PmaIAA27 gene may enhance drought resistance in Masson pine. To further investigate the interaction between PmaIAA27 and PmaARF15 genes, we performed bioinformatics analysis and yeast two-hybrid experiments which revealed interactions between PB1 structural region of PmaARF15 and PmaIAA27. CONCLUSION The present study provides new insights into the regulatory functions of Aux/IAA and ARF genes in Masson pine. Overexpression of PmaIAA gene may have negative effects on the growth of Masson pine, but may improve the drought resistance. Therefore, this study has great application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Forest Resources and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Institute of Mountain Resources of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Yan Li
- Forest Resources and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Wenxuan Quan
- Forest Resources and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Forest Resources and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
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Lin JX, Ali A, Chu N, Fu HY, Huang MT, Mbuya SN, Gao SJ, Zhang HL. Identification of ARF transcription factor gene family and its defense responses to bacterial infection and salicylic acid treatment in sugarcane. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1257355. [PMID: 37744907 PMCID: PMC10513436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factor (ARF) is a critical regulator in the auxin signaling pathway, involved in a variety of plant biological processes. Here, gene members of 24 SpapARFs and 39 SpnpARFs were identified in two genomes of Saccharum spontaneum clones AP85-441 and Np-X, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all ARF genes were clustered into four clades, which is identical to those ARF genes in maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The gene structure and domain composition of this ARF family are conserved to a large degree across plant species. The SpapARF and SpnpARF genes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes 1-8 and 1-10 in the two genomes of AP85-441 and Np-X, respectively. Segmental duplication events may also contribute to this gene family expansion in S. spontaneum. The post-transcriptional regulation of ARF genes likely involves sugarcane against various stressors through a miRNA-medicated pathway. Expression levels of six representative ShARF genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR assays on two sugarcane cultivars [LCP85-384 (resistant to leaf scald) and ROC20 (susceptible to leaf scald)] triggered by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) and Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) infections and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. ShARF04 functioned as a positive regulator under Xa and Aaa stress, whereas it was a negative regulator under SA treatment. ShARF07/17 genes played positive roles against both pathogenic bacteria and SA stresses. Additionally, ShARF22 was negatively modulated by Xa and Aaa stimuli in both cultivars, particularly LCP85-384. These findings imply that sugarcane ARFs exhibit functional redundancy and divergence against stressful conditions. This work lays the foundation for further research on ARF gene functions in sugarcane against diverse environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Na Chu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ting Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sylvain Ntambo Mbuya
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Département de production végétale, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biofortification, Defense et Valorisation des Cultures (BioDev), Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Li Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Chen H, Song Z, Wang L, Lai X, Chen W, Li X, Zhu X. Auxin-responsive protein MaIAA17-like modulates fruit ripening and ripening disorders induced by cold stress in 'Fenjiao' banana. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125750. [PMID: 37453644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress severely affects the banana fruit softening and de-greening, significantly inhibiting the ripening processes. However, the mechanism of ripening disorder caused by chilling injury (CI) in banana fruit remains largely unknown. Herein, MaIAA17-like, an Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) family member, was found to be highly related to the softening and de-greening in 'Fenjiao' banana. Its expression was rapidly increased with fruit ripening and then gradually decreased under normal ripening conditions (22 °C). Notably, cold storage severely repressed MaIAA17-like expression but was rapidly increased following ethephon treatment for ripening in fruits without CI. However, the expression repression was not reverted in fruits with serious CI symptoms after 12 days of storage at 7 °C. AtMaIAA17-like bound and regulated the activities of promoters of chlorophyll (MaNOL and MaSGR1), starch (MaBAM6 and MaBAM8), and cell wall (MaSUR14 and MaPL8) degradation-related genes. MaIAA17-like also interacted with ethylene-insensitive 3-binding F-box protein (MaEBF1), further activating the expression of MaNOL, MaBAM8, MaPL8, and MaSUR14. Generally, the transient overexpression of MaIAA17-like promoted fruit ripening by inducing the expression of softening and de-greening related genes. However, silencing MaIAA17-like inhibited fruit ripening by reducing the expression of softening and de-greening related genes. These results imply that MaIAA17-like modulates fruit ripening by transcriptionally upregulating the key genes related to fruit softening and de-greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangcong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zunyang Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiuhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Weixin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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Bai Y, Ma Y, Chang Y, Zhang W, Deng Y, Zhang N, Zhang X, Fan K, Hu X, Wang S, Jiang Z, Hu T. Identification and transcriptome data analysis of ARF family genes in five Orchidaceae species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 112:85-98. [PMID: 37103774 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae is a large family of perennial herbs especially noted for the exceptional diversity of specialized flowers. Elucidating the genetic regulation of flowering and seed development of orchids is an important research goal with potential utility in orchid breeding programs. Auxin Response Factor (ARF) genes encode auxin-responsive transcription factors, which are involved in the regulation of diverse morphogenetic processes, including flowering and seed development. However, limited information on the ARF gene family in the Orchidaceae is available. In this study, 112 ARF genes were identified in the genomes of 5 orchid species (Apostasia shenzhenica, Dendrobium catenatum, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Phalaenopsis equestris and Vanilla planifolia,). These genes were grouped into 7 subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationships. Compared with the ARF family in model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, one group of ARF genes involved in pollen wall synthesis has been lost during evolution of the Orchidaceae. This loss corresponds with absence of the exine in the pollinia. Through mining of the published genomic and transcriptomic data for the 5 orchid species: the ARF genes of subfamily 4 may play an important role in flower formation and plant growth, whereas those of subfamily 3 are potentially involved in pollen wall development. the study results provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of unique morphogenetic phenomena of orchids, which lay a foundation for further analysis of the regulatory mechanisms and functions of sexual reproduction-related genes in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Bai
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Ma
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Pingxiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanting Chang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Pingxiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, Guangxi, China
| | - Yayun Deng
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Keke Fan
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Jiang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
- Pingxiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, Guangxi, China.
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